腫瘤歷年考試大題及答案匯總

1、Wewillcontinuetoimprovethecompanysinternalcontrolsystemsteadyimprovementinabilitytomanagecontroloptimizebusinessprocessestoensuresmoothprocessesresponsibilitiesinplacetofurtherstrengtheninternalcontrolsplayacontrolpostin

2、dependentoversightroleofevaluationcomplyingwiththirdpartyresponsibilitytoactivelymakeuseofinternalaudittoolsdetectpotentialmanagementstreamlinestardizerelatedtransactionsstrengtheningoperationsinaccdancewithlaw.Deepening

3、theinfmationmanagementtoensurefullcommunication“zeroresistance“.ToconstantlyperfectERPBFSPIMISSCMinfmationsystembasedconstructionfullintegrationinfmationsystemachievedinfmationresourcessharedtoexpPtalsystemapplicationofb

4、readthdepthplayinfmationsystemonenterpriseofAssistantroletoperfectdailyrunmaintenanceoperationofrecdspromoteproblemreasonsanalysissystemhovertostrengtheningBFSERPSCMtechnologyapplicationoftrainingimproveemployeesapplicat

5、ioninfmationsystemofcapacitylevel.Humanisticcaretoensure“zero.“TostrengtheningHumanitiescarecontinuestofostercompanywindcleargasareheartShunofcultureatmospherestrengtheninglovehelpedtrappedcaredifficultemployeescarriedou

6、tstyleactivitiesrichemployeeslifestrengtheninghealthlabourprotectionganizationcareerhealthmedicalcontrolcareeragainstcontinuestoimplementationpsychologicalwarningpreventionsystemtrainingemployeeshealthofacterstableofmood

7、enterprisingofattitudecreatedfriendlyfraternityofHumanitiesenvironment.Tostrengthenriskmanagementensurethatthebusinessof“zerorisk“.Tostrengthenedbusinessplansmanagementwillbusinessbusinessplanscovertoalllevelensurethebus

8、inesscancontrolincontroltocloseconcernfinancialcoalelectriclinkageenergysavingschedulingnationalpolicytrendsstrengtheningtrackactiveshouldtoimplementationStateownedassetsmethodfurtherspecificationbusinessfinancialmanagem

9、enttoperfectrisktubecontrolsystemachievedriskrecognitionmeasureassessmentreptcontrolfeedbackofclosedringmanagementimproveriskpreventioncapacity.Tofurtherstardizetradingstrivetoachieve“accdingtolawstardizefair.“Innovation

10、ofperfmancemanagementtoensurethatpotentialemployees“zerofly“.Tostrengthenperfmancemanagementprocesscontrolenhanceemployeeevaluationlevelsofeffectivecommunicationtoimproveperfmancemanagement.Tofurtherquantifyrefineemploye

11、estards...Wkfullplaypartybranchmembersin“fivetypeEnterprise“constructionintheofcerolefightingftressrolepioneermodelroletocontinuestostrengthening“fourgood“l(fā)eadershipconstructionfullplaylevelscadresinenterprisedevelopment

12、intheofbackbonebackboneroletofullstrengtheningmembersyouthwkfullplayyouthemployeesincompanydevelopmentintheoffceroletoimproveindependentCommissionagainstcruptionwklevelstrengtheningonenterprisebusinesskeylinkofeffectiven

13、essmonited.maintainstability.Tofurtherstrengthenpublicityeducationimprovetheoveralllegalsystem.Wemuststrengthensafetymanagementestablishimprovetheeducationsupervisionevaluationasoneofthetrafficsafetymanagementmechanism.T

14、oconscientiouslysumuptheOlympicsecuritycontrolspromotingintegratedmanagementtoahigherlevelhigherstardsahigherlevelofdevelopment.EmployeestodayislunarcalendaronDecember24theoxBellisabouttoringatthistimeofyearweclearlyfeel

15、thepulseoftheXXpowergenerationcompanytoflourishtomeclearlyhearXXpowergenerationcompaniesmaturesymmetrybreathing.Recallingpastoneanotheracrossarailingweareenthusiasticfullofconfidence.Futuredevelopmentopptunitieswemeexcit

16、ingfightmespirited.Employeesletustogetheracross2013fullofchallengesopptunitiestocreateagreenlowcostoperationfullofhumanecareofawldclasspowergenerationcompanywkhard!TheoccasionoftheSpringFestivalmysincerewishthatyouthefam

17、iliesofthestaffinthenewyeargoodhealthhappyhappy腫瘤歷年考試大題匯總腫瘤歷年考試大題匯總說(shuō)明：標(biāo)注頁(yè)碼內(nèi)容來(lái)自于萬(wàn)德森主編的《臨床腫瘤學(xué)》第三版。如：p45即表示可在萬(wàn)德森主編的《臨床腫瘤學(xué)》第三版這本書(shū)的45頁(yè)找到答案。1腫瘤病理學(xué)腫瘤病理學(xué)◆腫瘤（腫瘤（neoplasm）腫瘤是指生長(zhǎng)與正常組織不協(xié)調(diào)、生長(zhǎng)過(guò)快的異常腫塊，即使去除刺激仍以相同的方式過(guò)度生長(zhǎng)?！铩铩铩镌话ㄔ话╟arc

18、inomainsitu）p45指黏膜上皮層內(nèi)或皮膚表皮層內(nèi)的異型細(xì)胞累及上皮全層，但尚未突破基底膜、未發(fā)生間質(zhì)浸潤(rùn)生長(zhǎng)者。★★★★錯(cuò)構(gòu)瘤（錯(cuò)構(gòu)瘤（hamartoma）p45指某一器官內(nèi)原有組織或細(xì)胞局灶性增生并紊亂組合構(gòu)成的良性腫瘤?！裘噪x瘤（迷離瘤（chistoma）p45指組織異位形成的腫塊?！艚唤缧阅[瘤（交界性腫瘤（bderlinetum）p45指在形態(tài)學(xué)及生物學(xué)行為上介于良性與惡性之間的腫瘤，更傾向于發(fā)展位惡性?！袅鰳硬∽儯鰳?/p>

19、病變（tumlikecondition）p45非腫瘤細(xì)胞增生所形成的瘤樣腫塊?！粝⑷庀⑷鈖olypi從表皮或粘膜表面突出的肉眼可見(jiàn)的結(jié)節(jié)或腫塊?！裟[瘤病理診斷的目標(biāo)和任務(wù)腫瘤病理診斷的目標(biāo)和任務(wù)p42（1）為診斷提供依據(jù)，是眾多診斷方法中最可靠的1）明確病變性質(zhì)（是否腫瘤）2）判斷腫瘤良惡性3）明確病變的組織學(xué)分類(lèi)、分期和分級(jí)4）明確病變的分子學(xué)改變和生物標(biāo)記物（2）為治療提供依據(jù)5）是制訂治療方案的依據(jù)6）分析療效的基礎(chǔ)（3）有助于判

20、斷預(yù)后，確定有無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移，進(jìn)行死因分析◆冰凍切片的作用冰凍切片的作用p46（1）用于術(shù)前未能診斷、術(shù)中需要了解病變性質(zhì)以確定治療方案（2）術(shù)中需明確病變侵犯范圍以決定手術(shù)切緣（3）了解腫瘤外的一些病變是否腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移（4）證明有無(wú)創(chuàng)傷正常組織（5）證實(shí)活檢已取到腫瘤組織◆免疫組化的作用免疫組化的作用p48p48（1）腫瘤的診斷和鑒別診斷（2）確定轉(zhuǎn)移性惡性腫瘤的原發(fā)部位（3）惡性淋巴瘤的診斷和分類(lèi)（4）評(píng)估腫瘤的生物學(xué)行為Wewillco

21、ntinuetoimprovethecompanysinternalcontrolsystemsteadyimprovementinabilitytomanagecontroloptimizebusinessprocessestoensuresmoothprocessesresponsibilitiesinplacetofurtherstrengtheninternalcontrolsplayacontrolpostindependen

22、toversightroleofevaluationcomplyingwiththirdpartyresponsibilitytoactivelymakeuseofinternalaudittoolsdetectpotentialmanagementstreamlinestardizerelatedtransactionsstrengtheningoperationsinaccdancewithlaw.Deepeningtheinfma

23、tionmanagementtoensurefullcommunication“zeroresistance“.ToconstantlyperfectERPBFSPIMISSCMinfmationsystembasedconstructionfullintegrationinfmationsystemachievedinfmationresourcessharedtoexpPtalsystemapplicationofbreadthde

24、pthplayinfmationsystemonenterpriseofAssistantroletoperfectdailyrunmaintenanceoperationofrecdspromoteproblemreasonsanalysissystemhovertostrengtheningBFSERPSCMtechnologyapplicationoftrainingimproveemployeesapplicationinfma

25、tionsystemofcapacitylevel.Humanisticcaretoensure“zero.“TostrengtheningHumanitiescarecontinuestofostercompanywindcleargasareheartShunofcultureatmospherestrengtheninglovehelpedtrappedcaredifficultemployeescarriedoutstyleac

26、tivitiesrichemployeeslifestrengtheninghealthlabourprotectionganizationcareerhealthmedicalcontrolcareeragainstcontinuestoimplementationpsychologicalwarningpreventionsystemtrainingemployeeshealthofacterstableofmoodenterpri

27、singofattitudecreatedfriendlyfraternityofHumanitiesenvironment.Tostrengthenriskmanagementensurethatthebusinessof“zerorisk“.Tostrengthenedbusinessplansmanagementwillbusinessbusinessplanscovertoalllevelensurethebusinesscan

28、controlincontroltocloseconcernfinancialcoalelectriclinkageenergysavingschedulingnationalpolicytrendsstrengtheningtrackactiveshouldtoimplementationStateownedassetsmethodfurtherspecificationbusinessfinancialmanagementtoper

29、fectrisktubecontrolsystemachievedriskrecognitionmeasureassessmentreptcontrolfeedbackofclosedringmanagementimproveriskpreventioncapacity.Tofurtherstardizetradingstrivetoachieve“accdingtolawstardizefair.“Innovationofperfma

30、ncemanagementtoensurethatpotentialemployees“zerofly“.Tostrengthenperfmancemanagementprocesscontrolenhanceemployeeevaluationlevelsofeffectivecommunicationtoimproveperfmancemanagement.Tofurtherquantifyrefineemployeestards.

31、..Wkfullplaypartybranchmembersin“fivetypeEnterprise“constructionintheofcerolefightingftressrolepioneermodelroletocontinuestostrengthening“fourgood“l(fā)eadershipconstructionfullplaylevelscadresinenterprisedevelopmentinthePet

32、erPan編輯也許一切超出估計(jì)，心態(tài)好就好了。ofbackbonebackboneroletofullstrengtheningmembersyouthwkfullplayyouthemployeesincompanydevelopmentintheoffceroletoimproveindependentCommissionagainstcruptionwklevelstrengtheningonenterprisebusinessk

33、eylinkofeffectivenessmonited.maintainstability.Tofurtherstrengthenpublicityeducationimprovetheoveralllegalsystem.Wemuststrengthensafetymanagementestablishimprovetheeducationsupervisionevaluationasoneofthetrafficsafetyman

34、agementmechanism.ToconscientiouslysumuptheOlympicsecuritycontrolspromotingintegratedmanagementtoahigherlevelhigherstardsahigherlevelofdevelopment.EmployeestodayislunarcalendaronDecember24theoxBellisabouttoringatthistimeo

35、fyearweclearlyfeelthepulseoftheXXpowergenerationcompanytoflourishtomeclearlyhearXXpowergenerationcompaniesmaturesymmetrybreathing.Recallingpastoneanotheracrossarailingweareenthusiasticfullofconfidence.Futuredevelopmentop

36、ptunitieswemeexcitingfightmespirited.Employeesletustogetheracross2013fullofchallengesopptunitiestocreateagreenlowcostoperationfullofhumanecareofawldclasspowergenerationcompanywkhard!TheoccasionoftheSpringFestivalmysincer

37、ewishthatyouthefamiliesofthestaffinthenewyeargoodhealthhappyhappy314飄搖一生，風(fēng)雨同行?！铩铩铩锬[瘤伴隨綜合征腫瘤伴隨綜合征副癌綜合征（副癌綜合征（paraneoplasticsyndrome）p91由腫瘤產(chǎn)生的異常生物學(xué)活性物質(zhì)引起患者的全身臨床表現(xiàn)統(tǒng)稱(chēng)。★★★★腫瘤標(biāo)記物（腫瘤標(biāo)記物（tummarker，TM）p100特征性地存在于腫瘤組織或患者體液、排泄物中，或由

38、腫瘤細(xì)胞或受腫瘤刺激的宿主細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的物質(zhì)。這些物質(zhì)標(biāo)示腫瘤存在，可作為腫瘤治療的靶向位點(diǎn)，可用于療效觀察、復(fù)發(fā)檢測(cè)和預(yù)后評(píng)價(jià)。◆腫瘤標(biāo)記物的應(yīng)用腫瘤標(biāo)記物的應(yīng)用p102高危人群的篩查、鑒別診斷、分期、器官定位、療效檢測(cè)、預(yù)后判斷◆常見(jiàn)腫瘤標(biāo)記物的臨床意義常見(jiàn)腫瘤標(biāo)記物的臨床意義p104AFP——肝癌CEA——腺癌EB——鼻咽癌NSE——小細(xì)胞肺癌PSA——前列腺癌3腫瘤化學(xué)治療腫瘤化學(xué)治療◆化療化療chemotherapy應(yīng)用抗癌藥物殺

39、滅癌細(xì)胞的一種系統(tǒng)治療方法。★增殖比率（增殖比率（growthfartion，GF）p138p138處于活躍增殖期細(xì)胞占總體細(xì)胞的比率?！锉对鰰r(shí)間（倍增時(shí)間（doublingtime，DT）p138p138腫瘤細(xì)胞數(shù)量和腫瘤體積增加1倍所需的時(shí)間?！锒嗨幠退幮裕ǘ嗨幠退幮裕╩ultipledrugresistance，MDR）p147惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞在接觸一種抗癌藥后，產(chǎn)生了對(duì)多種結(jié)構(gòu)不同、作用機(jī)制各異的其它抗癌藥的抗藥性?！锟拱┧幬锏姆N類(lèi)

40、及其作用機(jī)制抗癌藥物的種類(lèi)及其作用機(jī)制p125p125（1）烷化劑——抑制DNA復(fù)制直接與DNA分子形成交叉聯(lián)結(jié)或在DNA分子之間形成交聯(lián)，導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)破壞。對(duì)增殖和非增殖細(xì)胞均有強(qiáng)烈細(xì)胞毒作用（細(xì)胞周期非特異性）。CTX、順鉑、卡鉑（2）抗代謝類(lèi)——干擾核酸合成，大部分作用于S期與正常代謝物有相似結(jié)構(gòu)，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制核酸代謝酶，取代核酸合成的前體物質(zhì)。對(duì)非增殖細(xì)胞影響?。?xì)胞周期特異性）。MTX、5FU（3）抗生素類(lèi)——干擾DNA轉(zhuǎn)錄和m