《研究生英語精讀教程》（第三版上）ppt課件

1、《研究生英語精讀教程》(第三版·上),中國人民大學(xué)出版社,Unit One,You Are What You Think,1. Text,2. Exercises,3. Supplementary Reading,You Are What You Think,And if you change your mind—from pessimism to optimism—you can change your lifeCl

2、aipe Safran,Translation,Menu,doughnut n..炸面圈 cliché n. idea or expression that has been too much used and is now outdated; stereotyped phrase; trite expression 陳腔濫調(diào) scrutinize v..make a detailed examination of

3、細(xì)查，詳審；審視,Menu,[ 1 ] Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut﹡, not upon the hole? Suddenly these clichés﹡ are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize﹡

4、 the power of positive thinking.,Translation,[ 2 ] A fast-growing body of research—104 studies so far, involving some 15 000 people—is proving that optimism﹡ can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pe

5、ssimism﹡leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression﹡, loneliness and painful shyness.,optimism※ n. belief that in the end good will triumph over evil; tendency to look upon the

6、bright side of things; confidence in success樂觀；樂觀主義 pessimism※ n. tendency to believe that the worst thing is most likely to happen, that everything is essentially evil悲觀；悲觀主義 depression※ n. being sad; low spirit沮喪，抑郁,

7、Menu,"If we could teach people to think more positively," says psychologist﹡ Craig A. Anderson of Rice University① in Houston②，"it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills.",psychologi

8、st n. 心理學(xué)家，研究心理學(xué)者,Menu,Translation,[ 3 ] "Your abilities count," explains psychologist Michael F. Scheier① of Carnegie Mellon University② in Pittsburgh③, "but the belief that you can succeed affects wheth

9、er or not you will." In part ﹡, that's because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways.,in part: to some extent在某種程度上,Menu,Translation,[ 4 ] Take, for

10、example, your job. In a major study, psychologist Martin E. P①. Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania② and colleague Peter Schulman surveyed sales representatives at the Metropolitan﹡ Life Insurance Co. They found

11、that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the negative-thinkers. Of newly hired representatives, optimists sold 20-percent more.,metropolitan※ adj. of or in a capit

12、al city大城市的，大都會的，首府的,Menu,Translation,[ 5 ] Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism. These people, who might never have been hired, sold 10 perc

13、ent more insurance than did the average representative.,Menu,Translation,[ 6 ] How did they do it? The secret to an optimist's success, according to Seligman, is in his "explanatory style". When things go

14、wrong the pessimist tends to blame himself. "I'm no good at this, " he says, "I always fail." The optimist looks for loopholes﹡. He blames the weather, the phone connection﹡, even the other person

15、.,loophole n. way of escape from control, esp. one provided by careless and inexact wording of a rule（因措詞欠妥而造成的法規(guī)上的）漏洞connection※ n. joining or being joined; point where two things 連接；連接點(diǎn)；連接物,Menu,That customer was in a

16、 bad mood, he thinks. When things go right, the optimist takes credit﹡ while the pessimist sees success as a fluke﹡.,credit※ n. honour, approval, good name or reputation榮譽(yù)；贊許；好名聲fluke n. something resulting from a fortu

17、nate accident; lucky stroke僥幸的結(jié)果；僥幸,Menu,Translation,[ 7 ] Craig Anderson had a group of students phone strangers and ask them to donate﹡ blood to the Red Cross . When they failed on the first call or two, pessimists sa

18、id, "I can't do this." Optimists told themselves, "I need to try a different approach." [ 8 ] Negative or positive, it was a self-fulfilling prophecy﹡. "If people feel hopeless, &quo

19、t;says Anderson, "they don't bother to acquire the skills they need to succeed.",donate v. give (eg money)to a charity, etc.; contribute捐贈；贈送prophecy△ n. power of telling what will happen in the future; st

20、atement that tells what will happen預(yù)言能力；預(yù)言,Menu,Translation,[9] A sense of control, according to Anderson, is the litmus﹡ test for success. The optimist feels in control of his own life. If things are going badly, he ac

21、ts quickly, looking for solutions, forming a new plan of action, and reaching out for advice. The pessimist feels like fate's plaything﹡ and moves slowly. He doesn't seek advice, since he assumes nothing can be d

22、one.,litmus n. blue colouring-matter that is turned red by acid and then restored by alkali; material stained with litmus used as a test for acids and alkalis石蕊；試驗(yàn)酸和堿用的石蕊試紙plaything n. toy;(fig. ) somebody treated as a

23、mere toy玩具；（喻）被玩弄取樂的人；玩物,Menu,Translation,[ 10 ] Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify—and sometimes that's what keeps them alive. Dr. Sandra Levy of the Pittsburgh Cancer Institute studie

24、d women with advanced breast﹡ cancer. For the women who were generally optimistic, there was a longer disease-free interval, the best predictor of survival. In a pilot study of women in the early stages of breast cancer,

25、 Dr. Levy found the disease recurred﹡ sooner among the pessimists.,breast※ n. either of the milk-producing parts of a woman; chest; upper front part of the human body乳房；胸膛；胸部recur v. come or happen again; be repeated再來；

26、再發(fā)生；重復(fù),,Menu,Translation,[ 11 ] Optimism won't cure the incurable, but it may prevent illness. In a long term study, researchers examined the health histories of a group of Harvard graduates, all of whom were in the

27、 top half of their class and in fine physical condition. Yet some were positive thinkers, and some negative. Twenty years later, there were more middle-age diseases—hypertension﹡, diabetes﹡, heart ailments﹡ —among the p

28、essimists than the optimists.,hypertension n. high blood pressure高血壓diabetes n. disease of the pancreas in which sugar and starchy foods cannot be properly absorbed糖尿病ailment n. illness疾病,,Menu,Translation,[ 12 ] Many

29、 studies suggest that the pessimist's feeling of helplessness undermines﹡ the body's natural defenses, the immune﹡ system. Dr. Christopher Peterson① of the University of Michigan② has found that the pessimist doe

30、sn't take good care of himself.,undermine v. weaken at the base; weaken gradually使從基礎(chǔ)損壞；逐漸削弱或損壞immune※ adj. exempt from or protected against something disagreeable or harmful; not susceptible to some specified disea

31、se because of the presence of the specific antibodies免除的；安全的；免疫的,Menu,Feeling passive and unable to dodge﹡ life's blows, he expects ill health and other misfortunes﹡, no matter what he does. He munches﹡ on junk﹡ food

32、，avoids exercise, ignores the doctor, has another drink.,dodge v. move quickly to one side, change position or direction, in order to escape or avoid something; avoid (duties, etc. ) by cunning or trickery躲閃，躲避，逃避misfor

33、tune※ n. bad luck; unfortunate accident or happening不幸；災(zāi)禍；不幸事故munch v. chew with much movement of the jaw用力咀嚼；大聲咀嚼junk n. old, discarded things of little or no value 破爛物,Menu,Translation,[ 13 ] Most people are a mix o

34、f optimism and pessimism, but are inclined in one direction or the other. It is a pattern of thinking learned “at your mother‘s knee”，says Seligman. It grows out of thousands of cautions﹡ or encouragements, negative stat

35、ements or positive ones. Too many “don’ts” and warnings of danger can make a child feel incompetent, fearful—and pessimistic.,caution※ n. warning words; taking care; paying attention (to avoid danger or making mistakes)

36、警告；小心；謹(jǐn)慎,Menu,Translation,[ 14 ] As they grow, children experience small triumphs﹡, such as learning to tie shoelaces﹡. Parents can help turn these successes into a sense of control, and that breeds optimism.,triumph△ n

37、. (joy or satisfaction at a) success or victory 成功；勝利；成功或勝利的喜悅shoelace※ n. cord for fastening the edges of a shoe’s uppers 鞋帶,Menu,Translation,[ 15 ] Pessimism is a hard habit to break—but it can be done. In a series o

38、f landmark﹡ studies, Dr. Carol Dweck① of the University of Illinois② has been working with﹡ children in the early grades of school.,landmark n. object that marks the boundary of a piece of land; (fig. ) event, discovery,

39、 change, etc. that marks a stage or turning-point界標(biāo)；(喻 )劃時(shí)代的大事、發(fā)現(xiàn)等；里程碑work with (someone) : spend time and effort trying to help (someone) in some way對 (某人 )做工作以幫助,Menu,As she helps floundering﹡ students to change the e

40、xplanations for their failures—from "I must be dumb﹡" to "I didn't study hard enough“—their academic performance improves.,flounder v. make violent and usually vain efforts (as when one is in deep wate

41、r and unable to swim); (fig. ) hesitate, make mistakes, when trying to do something掙扎；(喻 )躊躇或胡亂地做事dumb adj. unable to speak;(US colloquial) stupid; dull啞的； (美口 )笨的；愚蠢的,Menu,Translation,[ 16 ] Pittsburgh's Dr. Levy

42、wondered if turning patients into optimists would lengthen their lives. In a pilot study, two groups of colon﹡-cancer patients were given the same medical treatment, but some were also given psychological help to encoura

43、ge optimism. Results showed that this worked. Now a major study is planned to determine whether this psychological﹡ change can alter the course of the disease.,colon n. lower and greater part of the large intestine結(jié)腸psy

44、chological※ adj. of the mind; mental心理的,Menu,Translation,[ 17 ] So, if you're a pessimist, there's reason for optimism. You can change. Here's how, says Steve Hollon①, a psychologist at Vanderbilt University

45、②: [ 18 ] 1. Pay careful attention to your thoughts when bad things happen. Write down the first thing that comes to mind, unedited and uncensored﹡.,censor△ v. examine books, periodicals, films, etc. to cut out

46、anything regarded as immoral or in other ways undesirable檢查并刪剪 (書刊、電影等 )被認(rèn)為不當(dāng)?shù)牟糠?Menu,Translation,[ 19 ] 2. Now try an experiment. Do something that's contrary to any negative reactions. Let's say something has

47、gone wrong at work. Do you think, I hate my job, but I could never get a better one? Act as if that weren't so. Send out resumés. Go to interviews. Look into training and check job leads.,Menu,Translation,[ 20 ]

48、 3. Keep track of what happens. Were your first thoughts right or wrong? "If your thoughts are holding you back, change them," says Hollon. "It's trial and error, no guarantees, but give yourself a ch

49、ance.",Menu,Translation,[ 21 ] Positive thinking leads to positive action, and reaction. What you expect from the world, the evidence suggests, is what you're likely to get.,Menu,Translation,Exercises,Ⅰ. Compr

50、ehension,Ⅱ. Vocabulary,Ⅲ. Cloze,Ⅳ. Translation (English to Chinese),Ⅴ. Translation (Chinese to English),Ⅵ. Writing,Menu,Ⅰ. Comprehension,Answer the following questions or complete the following statements by choosing t

51、he best alternative A, B, C or D under each. You are allowed 2 minutes 30 seconds for this part.,1.Those people who "keep their eye upon the doughnut rather than on the hole" _______.are considered positive-th

52、inkers by the author are likely to see their glass as half empty view their successes and failures more objectively have suddenly become the object of scientific research on clichés,Menu,Answers,Ⅰ. Comprehension,

53、2. An optimist _______. is always in control of his own life often overestimates his abilities might live longer than a pessimist when suffering from certain illness such as cancer encounters different challenges and

54、 disappointments from a pessimist 3. The pessimist ________. A. seldom succeeds in what he does B. attributes his success to luck C. tries different approaches when his first attempt fails D. knows how to take good

55、care of himself,Answers,Menu,4. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company hired 100 new employees because ________. they failed the standard industry test their high scores on optimism impressed the company they were no

56、t likely to be hired by other companies the company was impressed by the result of a study done by some psychologists,Ⅰ. Comprehension,Menu,Answers,5. The 100 new employees ______. sold 37% more insurance than the aver

57、age representatives sold 20% more insurance than the negative thinkers sold 10% more insurance than longtime representatives proved that they could do better at selling insurance than the company’s average sales repre

58、sentative,Ⅰ. Comprehension,Answers,Menu,6. According to Seligman, the secret to an optimist’s success can be found in “his explanatory style”, by which he means that the optimist ________. is able to explain more clearl

59、y to the customers sounds more pleasant in his explanationtries to find faults with other factors other than in himself for his failure has more confidence in himself than in others,Ⅰ. Comprehension,Menu,Answers,7. It

60、 can be inferred from the article that the author thinks that _______. people will be able to prevent depression and painful shyness if they learn to think more positively business companies might make better judgment

61、if they test the attitudes of the applicants instead of giving them the standard industry test before hiring them one is more likely to succeed the next time if one is able to lay blames on others when one has failed o

62、ne’s belief that one can succeed will guarantee his success,Ⅰ. Comprehension,Answers,Menu,8. Whether positive or negative, a person’s attitude towards life is a thinking habit _______. inherited from either of his paren

63、ts formed when he is very young acquired after he has gained considerable experience never to be got rid of,Ⅰ. Comprehension,Menu,Answers,9. Which of the following is true according to the passage? Most people cannot

64、 be conveniently put under the category of optimist or pessimist. There are more positive thinkers among optimists than among pessimists. It is not sure yet whether psychological treatment will help cancer patients. B

65、y looking into training opportunities and checking job leads, a pessimist will become an optimist.,Ⅰ. Comprehension,Answers,Menu,10. Which of the following is not one of the steps mentioned by the author in forming a mor

66、e positive attitude towards life? A. Document your gloomy thoughts. B. Do something against your negative inclination. C. Record what happens. D. Find the causes for your failure more objectively.,Ⅰ. Comprehension,Me

67、nu,Answers,Ⅱ. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.,1. Those who believed their religious leader’s prophecy that the end of the world

68、 would come soon went into a panic. announcementB. forecast C. prediction D. declaration 2. It became obvious when the boy floundered through the recitation in class today that he had not taken the trouble to

69、 do his homework. meditated B. faltered C. contemplated D. staggered,Answers,Menu,Ⅱ. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined w

70、ord or phrase.,3. The teacher told the students that they should avoid using clichés in their composition. A. popular proverbs B. well-known stories C. famous quotations D. trite expressions 4.