淺談歐盟技術(shù)貿(mào)易壁壘對(duì)中國出口貿(mào)易的影響 英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯

1、QuantifyingtheImpactofTechnicalBarrierstoTrade1IntroductionTheimpactofstardstechnicalregulationsontradeisatthefefrontofpolicydiscussions.(1)Thisisparticularlytrueinrelationtochallengesconfrontingdevelopingnationsastheyse

2、ektoincreaseproductionfglobalexptmarkets.InregardtovoluntarystardssuchasthoseintheInternationalganizationfStardization(ISO)9000seriesonqualityfexampledevelopingnationsfacecontinuedconstraintsindiffusingbestpracticeinfmat

3、iononstardsresourcesnecessarytoaidintheadoptionofappropriateprocessproductionmethods(WldBank2000).Inadditionastraditionaltradeprotectionmeasuressuchastariffsquotasvoluntaryexptrestraint(VER)agreementshavebeeneliminatedth

4、roughoutthe1990sbarrierstotradereflectedinuseofdomestictechnicalregulationshavebecomemuchmeimptantchannelsthroughwhichtradeisblocked.(2)ThesuccessofmultilateralliberalizationthroughtradetalksendinginconclusionoftheUrugua

5、yRoundin1994hashighlightedtheimptanceofnontariffbarriersinnationalstards.CertainlynotallmarketaccesscommitmentsintheWldTradeganization(WTO)Agreementsconcludedinthe1994havebeenfullyimplementedenfced.(3)Nisitthecasethatbar

6、rierstotradesuchassubsidiestoagriculturalproductionprohibitiononfeigninvestmentinservicesfexamplehavebeencompletelyeliminated.Itisclearhoweverthatdomesticregulationaffectingimptsthroughtechnicalrequirementstestingcertifi

7、cationlabelingrepresentoneofthemostimptantnewareasffocusincontinuingliberalizationeffts.Matyregulationsimposedbygovernmentsatthebdercanproduceseriousdisttionsincommercialmarkets.Domesticregulatysystemsmayrestraintradelim

8、itmarketentrythroughenvironmentalhealthsafetymatesnotbasedoninternationalnmsfexample.ThesetypesofmarketaccessrequirementsmaymaynotbediscriminatywithinthecontextofWTOdisciplinesincludingcommitmentsundertakenbyWTOmembersin

9、theAgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTrade1Thispaperfocusesonproductprocessstardsrelatedtogoodsagriculturalcommodities.Itdoesnotassessstardsastheymaybeappliedintheservicesectlabstards.2Thereareanumberofrecentstudiesthatasses

10、sthechangingnatureofbarrierstotradeinnontariffareasincludingthoseofparticularimptancetodevelopingcountries.FadiscussionoftheseissuesseeHertelMartin(1999)HertelHoekmanMartin(2000)amongothers.3Fanoverviewofthestatusofimple

11、mentationofUruguayRoundcommitmentsofparticularimptancetodevelopingcountriesseeFingerSchuler(1999).ThediscussioninWilson(2000)outlinesspecificimplementationcouldbetakentomovefwardapracticalresearchprogramofempiricalwk.Asd

12、iscussedinthefinalsectionsuchstepswouldinclude(1)administeringfirmlevelsurveysindevelopingcountries(2)Confmityassessmentinvolvestestingcertificationlabatyaccreditationrelatedlabelingrequirements.Facomprehensivediscussion

13、oftheseproceduresrelationshiptotradeseeNationalResearchCouncil(1995).3devisingmethodsfassessingthetraderestrictivenessofstardsestablishingeconometricapproachesthatcouldbeappliedtomicrodatafunderstingtheroleofstardsinexpt

14、dynamics.StardstheNewTradeAgenda:WhyEconomicAnalysisMattersThereareanumberofreasonswhyempiricalwkontechnicalregulatybarrierstotradeisparticularlyimptantinrelationtothenewtradeagenda.Demfempiricaldataanalysisofthetradeimp

15、actofstardsisbeingdriveninpartbythesimplefactthattariffbarrierstraditionalnontariffmeasuressuchasquotashavebeensignificantlycurtailedasnotedabove.Weknowagreatdealmeabouthowtariffssubsidiesaffecttradetherefetheimplication

16、soffurtherreductionsintheseprotectivemeasurestoinfmtradepolicydebatedecisionmakingthanisknownabouthownontarifftechnicalbarriersaffecttrade.Fexampleitisestimatedthatreducingby40percenttariffsexptsubsidiesinagricultureprod

17、ucesa$60billionperyearriseinrealglobalincome(HertelersonFrancoisMartin1999).Meoverbasedonsoundempiricalevidencedataoneisreasonablyconfidentinstatingthatakeyfocusonreductionsinindustrialtariffsinanewroundoftradenegotiatio

18、nswouldsignificantlybenefitglobalwelfare.FexampleHertelMartin(1999)foundthatappliedtariffsonmanufacturersreducedby40percentincreasesthevolumeofwldtradeby$380billion.Thesedataclearlyhelpinfmpolicytradeoffsnegotiatingpriit

19、ies.Therearedemonstrablebenefitsassociatedwithapriityfocusonliberalizationingoodsfdevelopingcountriesincludingnontariffbarrierstotradeinstards.Developingcountriesaccounttodayf20percentofwldtotalexptsingoodswithmanufactur

20、ingtotalingapproximately70percentofoverallexpts.Reducingduplicativediscriminatytechnicalbarrierseitherthroughchangesinthebasisofmatystardsthemselvesthroughalterationsintestingcertificationrequirementsimposedonmanufacture

21、rsshouldfurtheracceleratetrade.Thenewimptanceofempiricalwkonstardsisalsoreflectedinthefactthattherehasbeenariseintheincidenceoftechnicalregulationsasinstrumentsofcommercialpolicy.ExamplesofdisputesbroughttotheWTOamongoth