《第一講翻譯概論》ppt課件

1、英漢翻譯理論與實踐,,第一部分 翻譯概論,1 翻譯的定義2 翻譯的目的 3 翻譯的意義4 翻譯的標準5 翻譯的條件6 翻譯的分類7 翻譯的方法8 翻譯的步驟,1 翻譯的定義,《辭?！罚喊岩环N語言文字的意義用另一種語言文字表達出來一種語言符號解釋另一種語言符號Oxford: to turn from one language into anotherWebster: to turn into one’s own o

2、r another language,Definitions of translation,Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. —Columbia EncyclopediaTranslating is t

3、he replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). —J. C. Carford,Definitions of translation,Translating consists

4、 in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.（ 翻譯是指從語義到文體在譯語中用最切近而又最自然的對等語再現(xiàn)原文的信息。）

5、 —Eugene A. NidaTo translate is to change into another language, retaining as much of the sense as one can. —Samuel Johnson,Def

6、initions of translation,(Translating ) is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. —Peter NewmarkTranslation is an art tha

7、t involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. —Malcolm Cowley,Definitions of translation,A translation is taken to be any targe

8、t-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. —Gideon TouryTranslation is the production of a function

9、al target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text. —Christiane N

10、ord,Definitions of translation,Translation is an externally motivated industrial activity, supported by information technology, which is diversified in response to the particular needs of this form of communication.

11、 —Jean Sager,Elements involved in the process of translating,Author of ST—ST—Translator—TT—Readers of TT,Elements involved in the process of translating,Intermediate informat

12、ion receiverAuthor of ST—ST—Translator—TT—Readers of TT Secondary information dispatcher,Definitions of translation,翻譯是一種跨文化的信息交流與交換活動，其本質(zhì)是傳播，是傳播學(xué)中一個有特殊性質(zhì)的領(lǐng)域。

13、 ――呂俊翻譯是把具有某一種文化背景的發(fā)送者用某種語言（文字）所表述的內(nèi)容盡可能充分地、有效地傳達給使用另一種語言（文字）、具有另一種文化背景的接受者?！?――沈蘇儒,Definitions of translation,翻譯是兩個語言社會之間的交際過程和

14、交際工具，它的目的是要促進本語言社會的政治、經(jīng)濟和文化進步，它的任務(wù)是要把原作中包含的現(xiàn)實世界的邏輯映像或藝術(shù)映像，完好無損地從一種語言譯注到另一種語言中去。 ――張今,,是一種語言活動，是“把一種語言表達的思維內(nèi)容忠實地用另一種語言表達出來的語言活動”。是一種語言活動，是“把一種語言表達的思維內(nèi)容忠實地用另一種語言表達出來的語言活動”，它包

15、含著一個對原文含義的理解逐步深入，對原文含義的表達逐步完善的過程。（古今明，P4）,,翻譯是科學(xué)。翻譯是藝術(shù)。翻譯是技能、技藝。翻譯是跨文化交際。,,,翻譯工作作為一種腦力勞動，其目的是將文學(xué)、科學(xué)方面的材料從一種語言譯成另一種語言，從事這一工作的人承擔(dān)著由該工作性質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的特殊義務(wù)。,,（Translation，being an intellectual activity, the object of which is the t

16、ransfer of literary, scientific and technical texts from one language into another，imposes on those who practice it specific obligations inherent in its very nature..）國際翻譯工作者聯(lián)合會翻譯工作者憲章(THE TRANSLATOR'S CHARTER of T

17、he International Federation of Translators),What is translation?,Translation is a science.Translation is an art.Translation is a craft.Translation is a skill.Translation is an operation.Translation is a language act

18、ivity.Translation is communicating. --劉重德 《文學(xué)翻譯十講》，1998,,2 翻譯的目的,交流信息，克服語言障礙學(xué)習(xí)其他語言的文化和文明，幫助向更高的文明發(fā)展幫助經(jīng)濟、政治等各方面的交流和發(fā)展其他特定文本的翻譯具有其特定的目的，有其預(yù)設(shè)的讀者群,3 翻譯的意義,尤金·奈達Eugene Nida：翻譯是“人們所能從事的最復(fù)雜的腦力勞

19、動”。Richards：翻譯是開天辟地以來最為復(fù)雜的事件。,,語言和文化的障礙(Language / Cultural Barriers)Translatability is lower when (1) the work to be translated is quite distant both in time and space; (2) its form is very much unique; (3) the conten

20、t is not shared in the two cultures.→ Betrayal: Loss / Distortion,,,,西歐之所以有今天的文明，要“歸功于翻譯者”。Kelly，1979季羨林：中華文化之所以能常葆青春，萬靈之藥就是翻譯。翻譯之為用大矣哉?。只吞欤?997序）,,國際譯聯(lián)主席Betty Cohen：Never in history have we been so indispensable to t

21、rade, culture, peace, and humanity…Just imagine one day in the world without translation…would all be mute. We are like the electricity in the wires and the water in the tap.貿(mào)易、文化、和平、人道等都離不開翻譯，翻譯在歷史上從未如此不可或缺……請大家試想一下，世上

22、一日無翻譯會怎樣……都將鴉雀無聲。翻譯工作者就象電線中的電流，水管中的水流。,4 翻譯的標準,嚴復(fù)：信、達、雅Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance⊙信：忠實于原文⊙達：文筆流暢⊙雅：文風(fēng)典雅 （士大夫） --保持原文的風(fēng)格,Criteria of translation,“譯”事三難：信、達、雅。求其信，已大難矣。顧信矣不達，雖譯猶不譯也，則

23、達尚焉?！g文取明深意，故詞句之間，時有所顛倒附益，斤斤于字比句次，而意義則不倍本文?！猎脑~理本深，難于共喻，則當(dāng)前思后襯，以顯其意。凡此經(jīng)營，皆以為達：為達，即以為信也?！兑住吩唬骸靶揶o立誠”。子曰“辭達而已！”又曰：“言之無文，行之不遠”。三者乃文章正軌，亦即為譯事楷模。故信達而外，求其爾雅。 ―

24、―嚴復(fù)（1854－1921，《天演論·譯例言》）,,Translation has to do three difficult things: to be faithful, expressive and elegant. For a translation to be faithful to the original is difficult enough, and yet if it is not expressive,

25、it is tantamount to having no translation. Hence expressiveness should also be required….,,The Book of Changes says that rhetoric should uphold truthfulness. Confucius says that expressiveness is all that matters in lang

26、uage. He adds that if one’s language lacks grace, it will not travel far. These qualities, then, are the criterion of good writing and, I believe, of good translation too. Hence besides faithfulness and expressiveness, a

27、 translator should also aim at elegance. (王佐良 譯）,Criteria of translation,譯者不但要求達義，并且要以傳神為目的，譯文必須忠實于原文之字神句氣與言外之意。 ――林語堂以效果而論，翻譯應(yīng)像臨畫一樣，所求的不在形似，而是神似。

28、 ――傅雷,Criteria of translation,文學(xué)翻譯的最高標準可以說是“化”。把作品從一國文字轉(zhuǎn)變成另一國文字，既不能因語言習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強的痕跡，又能完全保存原作的風(fēng)味，那就算得入于“化境”。 ――錢鐘書真有靈感的譯文，像投胎重生的靈魂一般，令人覺得是一種“再創(chuàng)造”。

29、 ――余光中,Criteria of translation,We expect approximate truth in translation…what we want to have is the truest possible feel of the original. The characters, the situation, the reflection, must come

30、 to us as they were in the author’s mind and breast, not necessarily by precisely as he had them on his lips. —Oliver Edwards,Criteria of translation,A good translator is: 1) To giv

31、e a just representation of the sense of the original, 2) To convey into his version, as much as possible, in a consistency with the genius of the language with which he writes, the author’s spirit and manners, and 3) To

32、take care that the version has at least the quality of an original performance so as to appear natural and easy. —George Campbell,Criteria of translation,The best of a real translation is that it should not read

33、like translation at all. —J. B. PhilipsNo translation, however learned, is of any value that does not give at least some of the joy to the readers that was given by its original. —

34、A. J. Arborry,Criteria of translation,(Tri-ness) Faithfulness, expressiveness, and gracefulness were considered the golden rule in the field of translation.

35、 —Herbert Rotheinstein,Criteria of translation,一是易解，二是保存原作的豐姿（魯迅）神似（similarity in spirit）（傅雷） 化境（sublimation）（錢鐘書）Alexander F. Tytler’s three principlesFunctional equivalence (Eugene A. Nida)功能相似，語義相符（similarit

36、y in function and correspondence in meaning）,Yan Fu’s three-character criterion for translation,Diverse interpretations are made of Yan Fu’s three-character criterion for translation as:“信”——Being faithful to the origin

37、al（忠實于原文）“達”——Being explicit and smooth（明白曉暢）“雅”——Being elegant in diction (words)（措辭的優(yōu)雅）,Yan Fu’s three-character criterion for translation,“信”(faithfulness)——達旨（將原文說明）“達”(expressiveness)——前后引襯，以顯其意“雅”(elegance)——爾雅

38、（用漢以前字法句法）,Alexander F. Tytler,（1）譯文應(yīng)完全傳達原文的思想。（A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.）（2）譯文的風(fēng)格和筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文一致。（The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as th

39、at of the original.）（3）譯文應(yīng)像原文一樣流暢。（A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.）,,魯迅：信和順“凡是翻譯，必須兼顧著兩面，一當(dāng)然力求其易解，一則保存原作的風(fēng)姿?！睂幮哦沩?vs 趙景深：Milky Way=牛奶路我的翻譯向來是用直譯法……我現(xiàn)在還是相信直譯法，因為我覺得沒有更好的辦法。保留一定的洋腔

40、洋調(diào),,林語堂：忠實、通順和美 faithfulness, smoothness, beauty,,劉重德：信、達、切 faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness,,傅雷：傳神論/神似說 Transference of soul or spirit“以效果而論，翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)像臨畫一樣，所求的不在形似而在神似?！?譯文同原文在內(nèi)容上一致，這叫“意似”，是翻譯的最低標準。譯文同原

41、文如果能在形式上和精神上同時一致起來，或稱“形似”和“神似”，這是翻譯的高標準。 理想的譯文仿佛是原作者的（中文）寫作。,,錢鐘書：化境說—理想 sublimed adaptation“文學(xué)翻譯的最高標準是‘化’。把作品從一國文字轉(zhuǎn)變成另一國文字，既能不因語文習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強的痕跡，又能完全保存原有的風(fēng)味，那就算得入于‘化境’?！彼^“化境”，就是原作向譯文的“投胎轉(zhuǎn)世”，文字形式雖然換了，而原文的思想、感情、風(fēng)格、神

42、韻都原原本本地化到了譯文的境界里了，絲毫不留下翻譯的痕跡，讓讀者讀譯作就完全像在讀原作一樣。,,許淵沖詩歌翻譯三美原則：意美、音美、形美,,英國 泰特勒 Tytler --《論翻譯的原則》翻譯中的三項基本原則： 一、譯文應(yīng)完全復(fù)寫出原作的思想（相當(dāng)于“信”） 二、譯文的風(fēng)格和筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文的性質(zhì)相同（相當(dāng)于“雅”） 三、譯文應(yīng)和原作同樣流暢（相當(dāng)于“達”）,,美國 奈達 Eugene Nida: 讀者反應(yīng)論忠實原文易于

43、理解形式恰當(dāng)吸引讀者使譯文讀者在讀譯文時，和原文讀者在讀原文時有著大體相同的感受natural / close; dynamic/functional equivalence,,蘇聯(lián) 費道羅夫：等值論 Equivalence 與原文作用相符（表達方面的等值）譯者選用的語言材料的等值（語言和文體的等值）,,德： 施萊爾馬赫 Shleiermacher不是尊重作者就是尊重讀者讀者接近作者vs作者接近讀者,,有關(guān)翻譯的言

44、論：意大利諺語：Traduttore, traditore. 翻譯即叛逆。翻譯好像女人，忠實的不漂亮，漂亮的不忠實理想的譯者應(yīng)成為一塊玻璃，透明得讓讀者感覺不到他的存在（果戈理）把翻譯看作是“譯者擺布文本的一個過程”（Susan Bassnett）,,關(guān)于譯者的比喻A courier of the human spirits （普希金）A sculptor who tries to recreate a work of pa

45、intingA straitjacketed dancerA musician / an actorTraduttori-traditori (Translators are traitors.),,翻譯的基本標準忠實與通順 faithfulness and smoothness“Understanding translation is embedded in the concept of faithfulness. ”忠

46、實于內(nèi)容vs忠實于形式共核標準：信息傳真、風(fēng)格再現(xiàn)、可讀性好具體操作時：誰不瞄準目標以遠的地方射擊，誰就不會擊中目標 （ Cowley 考利 ）,,忠實是翻譯的首要問題要忠實于原文的真正含義忠實+通順：抓住原文的真正含義，但不要受原文結(jié)構(gòu)形式的束縛，而是按照漢語習(xí)慣用法來安排譯文。,,The commuter dies with tremendous mileage to his credit…(E. B. White: Th

47、e Three New Yorks) 原譯：上班族的人死去時有跨越千山萬水的輝煌記錄。改譯：上班族一生中有著驚人的行程。,,不可以忽視通順From there I could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village. It was all very beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with

48、 longing. (N. S. Momaday: The End of My Childhood) 原譯：從那里，我可以看見下面的整個山谷，那田野、河流和村莊。這一切非常美麗，見到后使我心里充滿了渴望。改譯：從這里望下去，整個山谷一覽無遺，只見那田野、河流和村莊，全都美不勝收，真叫我心馳神往。,,不能逐字死譯All that glitters is not gold. 原譯：所有光輝燦爛的都不是金子。改譯：所有光輝燦爛的并非

49、都是金子。 He sleeps late. 原譯：他睡得晚。改譯：他起得晚。I shall not expect you until I see you. 原譯：我不期待你直到我見到你。改譯：你隨便什么時候來吧。,,Edward Ferras was not recommended to their good opinion by any peculiar graces of person or address. He wa

50、s not handsome, and his manners required intimacy to make them pleasing. He was too diffident to do justice to himself…(J. Austin: Sense and Sensibility,Ch.3,V.I),,原譯：愛德華·弗納斯在外表或言談方面，都沒有什么特殊的風(fēng)度足以博得她們的良好印象。他相貌平平，禮貌要求

51、他親切表現(xiàn)，以使她們愉快。他過于羞怯，不能適當(dāng)?shù)靥幚碜约?。改譯：愛德華·費拉斯之所以能博得她們的好感，倒不是因為他人品出眾，風(fēng)度翩翩。他并不漂亮，那副儀態(tài)嘛，只有和他熟悉了才覺得逗人喜愛。他過于靦腆，這就使他越發(fā)不能顯現(xiàn)本色了。,,不要濫用四字格He found them pushing needles, thread, pots, pans, ribbons, yarn, scissors and buttons to

52、housewives. (C. Quinn: The Jeaning of America) 原譯：他發(fā)現(xiàn)他們在向家庭主婦推銷針頭線腦、鍋碗瓢盆?！其N針線、鍋罐、緞帶、剪刀和紐扣。,5 翻譯的條件,第一個條件就是漢語功底要好。 第二個條件就是英語語言能力要強。 第三個條件是知識面要廣。 第四個條件是譯者的責(zé)任心、工作條件等,,,Basic Qualifications required of a good transla

53、tor/interpreter,1. Knowledge: Good bilingual ability &Extensive background knowledge ---- good understanding & expressing2. Skills: Good command of the methods used in translation and the theory guiding tra

54、nslation3. Experience: through training and practice4. Attitude: Professional ethics --- stay calm & sober; responsible & loyal,,譯者的責(zé)任（Responsibility of translator）:Competent linguistic ability & bicultura

55、l knowledgeBeing as transparent as possibleBeing a good negotiator,,The craft of translator is … deeply ambivalent; it is exercised in a radical tension between impulses to facsimile and impulses to appropriate recreat

56、ion. — George Steiner譯者的技藝是一個深刻的矛盾體。這種技藝是在兩種沖動的極度張力之間形成的：一方面是依樣畫葫蘆的沖動，另一方面又有適當(dāng)再創(chuàng)作的沖動。,,不愿付諸努力、不愿忍受挫折者永遠成不了翻譯家。 —蘭德斯,,目前外語專業(yè)的本科生和研究生有３項明顯的不足：知識面窄中國語文水平低理論素養(yǎng)差（張柏然、許鈞：《面向21世紀的譯學(xué)研究》，P17）,6 翻譯的分類,工作方式●

57、筆譯 translation●口譯 interpretation●機器翻譯 machine translation●機助翻譯 machine-aided translation,,內(nèi)容題材●文學(xué)翻譯 literary translation: 詩歌、小說、戲劇、散文和其他文學(xué)作品，著重情感內(nèi)容、修辭特征以及文體風(fēng)格的傳達●實用翻譯 pragmatic translation: 科技資料、公文、商務(wù)或其他資料，強調(diào)實際內(nèi)容的

58、表達（英國 薩瓦里 Savory：把文學(xué)翻譯比作繪畫，把科技翻譯比作攝影）,,處理方式●全譯●摘譯●縮譯●節(jié)譯●編譯,,涉及代碼●語內(nèi)翻譯 intralingual translation●語際翻譯 interlingual translation●符際翻譯 intersemiotic translation,What is translation?,Intralingual translation(語內(nèi)翻譯)/

59、rewriting(重述)Interlingual translation(語際翻譯)/translation proper(真正的翻譯)Intersemiotic translation(符際翻譯)/transmutation(跨類翻譯) --Roman Jakobson On Linguistic Aspects of Translation, 1959,,涉及語言●外語譯成母語—英譯漢●母語譯

60、成外語—漢譯英,7 翻譯的方法,直譯 literal translation茅盾：我以為所謂“直譯”也者，倒并非一定是“字對字”，一個不多，一個也不少。…… “直譯”的意義就是不要歪曲了原作的面目，要能表達原作的精神。（《翻譯通報》編輯部，1984：362）,,好處：①有助于不同文化間的交流，引進外來文化；②有助于保存原作的格調(diào)，保存原作風(fēng)姿；③有助于從國外引進新鮮的詞語、生動表達法，從而豐富本民族的語言窄路、障礙—瓶頸 bott

61、leneck貓哭老鼠—灑鱷魚淚 shed crocodile tears全副武裝—武裝到牙齒 be armed to the teeth紙老虎—paper tiger,,意譯 liberal translation/free translation/ paraphrase 不拘泥于原文的形式，重在保存原文的思想內(nèi)容例：Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必過早地擔(dān)心

62、。 They don’t know their right hand from their left. 他們什么也不知道。,,巴金：我覺得翻譯的方法其實只有一種，并沒有“直譯”和“意譯”的分別。好的翻譯應(yīng)該都是“直譯”，也都是“意譯” 。（《一點感想》，《翻譯通報》第2卷第5期，1951年5月）,,具體情況 靈活處理直譯、意譯兼顧例1：Smashing a mirror is no way to make a

63、n ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.直譯：砸鏡子不能使丑八怪變漂亮，也不能使社會問題煙消云散?！钜庾g：砸鏡子并不能解決問題。例2：Don’t lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen.直譯：不要等馬被盜后，才去鎖馬廄門。意譯：不要賊走關(guān)門?！?,li

64、teral translation and free translation： --Never trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.不要自找麻煩，除非麻煩來找你。（不要杞人憂天）,,音譯 transliteration主要用于翻譯英語專有名詞、科技術(shù)語或其他具有特殊色彩的詞匯如：microphone麥克風(fēng)

65、Coca Cola 可口可樂salad色拉 sandwich三明治 McDonald’s 麥當(dāng)勞copy 撈貝 radar雷達 humor 幽默 旗袍qipao 豆腐doufu功夫kongfu,,歸化法和異化法 domestication & foreignizationVenuti提出：《譯者的隱形》，1995魯迅vs 嚴復(fù)、林紓 異化法要求譯者向作者靠攏，采取相應(yīng)于作者使用的原語表達方式，來傳達原文的內(nèi)容歸化

66、法則要求譯者向譯語讀者靠攏，采取譯語讀者習(xí)慣的表達方式，來傳達原文內(nèi)容,,異化—魯迅翻譯必須有異國情調(diào)，就是所謂洋氣。其實世界上也不會有完全歸化的譯文，倘有，就是貌合神離，從嚴辨別起來，它算不得翻譯。（《翻譯通訊》編輯部，1984：246）,,嚴復(fù)、林紓、傅雷、錢鐘書—歸化《天演論》神似說/化境論,,舉例：High buildings and large mansions are springing up like mushro

67、oms in Beijing.在北京，高樓大廈如雨后春筍般地涌現(xiàn)。,,To kill two birds with one stone異化：一石二鳥歸化：一箭雙雕、一舉兩得All roads lead to Rome.異化：條條大路通羅馬。歸化：殊途同歸。,,Unless you’ve an ace up your sleeve, we are dished.異化：除非你袖中藏有王牌，否則我們是輸定了。歸化：除非你有錦囊

68、妙計，否則我們是輸定了。,8 翻譯的步驟,奈達：分析、傳譯、重組、檢驗喬治·斯坦納：信任、進攻、吸收、補償或恢復(fù)金隄的三個階段、九個步驟理解、表達、審校,,理解Clare stood still, and inclined his face towards hers.“Oh, Tessy!” he exclaimed.The girl’s cheeks burned to the breeze, and she c

69、ould not look into his eyes for the emotion. (T. Hardy: Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Ch. 23),,原譯：克萊站住了腳，把臉歪到她那一面。“哦，苔絲！”他喊道。那個女孩子的臉頰，在微風(fēng)中紅得火熱，她感情激越，神飛魂失，她不敢再看克萊的眼睛了。改譯：克萊站住了腳，把臉貼向苔絲的臉。“哦，苔絲！”他失聲嚷道。苔絲感到了他嘴里冒出的氣息，臉上給燒得火辣辣的，