簡(jiǎn)介：2900英文單詞，英文單詞，16400英文字符，中文英文字符，中文4870字出處出處AYMAN,HASSAAN,MAHMOUD,ETALPLANTINGDESIGNFORURBANPARKSSPACESYNTAXASALANDSCAPEDESIGNASSESSMENTTOOLJFRONTIERSOFARCHITECTURALRESEARCH,2015,413545PLANTINGDESIGNFORURBANPARKSSPACESYNTAXASALANDSCAPEDESIGNASSESSMENTTOOLAYMAN，HASSAAN，MAHMOUD，REHAM，OMARABSTRACTTREESAREAMAJORFACTORINDEFININGTHESPATIALQUALITIESOFOUTDOORSPACESTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEINFLUENCEOFSPATIALCONFIGURATIONPRODUCEDBYTHEPROPOSEDTREEPLANTINGDESIGNONTHEVISUALFIELDSOFANURBANPARKUSINGSPACESYNTAXTHEORYSPACESYNTAXTHEORYASSUMESTHATANURBANAREACANBEREPRESENTEDASAMATRIXOFCONNECTEDSPACESTHEQUANTITATIVEPROPERTIESOFTHISMATRIXINTHEFORMOFSYNTACTICMEASURESCANBEMEASUREDUSINGCOMPUTERSIMULATIONSTHISRESEARCHINVESTIGATESHOWSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESCANHELPASSESSTHEEFFECTOFTREECONFIGURATIONSONTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFASMALLSCALEGARDENINANURBANPARKSUCHTECHNIQUESAREASSUMEDUSEFULINPREDICTINGTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFTHEPROPOSEDSPACEANDINASSESSINGDESIGNALTERNATIVESANEXPERIMENTALSTUDYUSINGTHREEDIFFERENTPLANTINGDESIGNPROPOSALSFORANURBANPARKISCONDUCTEDDATAAREANALYZEDUSINGSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESRESULTSREVEALASIGNIFICANTEFFECTOFPLANTINGCONFIGURATIONSONSYNTACTICMEASURESACROSSTHETHREEPROPOSALSTHISSTUDYSUGGESTSTHATSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESMAYHAVEASIGNIFICANTVALUEINTHEASSESSMENTOFSCHEMATICPLANTINGDESIGN,ESPECIALLYATTHEPEDESTRIANMOVEMENTLEVELKEYWORDSLANDSCAPEDESIGNSPACESYNTAXPLANTINGURBANPARKSCAIRO1INTRODUCTIONTHECURRENTLITERATUREHASINVESTIGATEDTHEINFLUENCEOFLANDSCAPEVEGETATIONONTHEFREQUENCYANDRANGEOFMOVEMENTSHRIVER,1997FOLTêTEANDPIOMBINI,2007CHAMBERLAINANDMEITNER,2013ANDONTHECHOICESOFROUTESINSPECIFICPLACESSUCHASPUBLICGARDENSLOITERONANDBISHOP,2005HOWEVER,THESESTUDIESAREFOCUSEDONPEDESTRIANBEHAVIORINSMALLANDCLOSEDSPACESZACHARIAS,1997MOSKELLANDALLRED,2013ANDINUNKNOWNAREASZACHARIAS,2006GENERALIZINGTHESEOBSERVATIONSINLARGE,FAMILIARENVIRONMENTSISNECESSARYTODISTINGUISHTHEPROCESSESOFSPACEPERCEPTIONTHATAFFECTMOVEMENTRESEARCHONMOVEMENTSINANINTRAURBANENVIRONMENTMUSTINTEGRATEALARGEAMOUNTOFQUALITATIVEDATATOGENERATEUSEFULINPUTSFORURBANPLANNINGR?E,2000STAHLEANDMARCUS,2010,SUCHASLANDSCAPESSUCHAPPROACHWILLHELPINUNDERSTANDINGHOWINDIVIDUALSCHOOSETHEIRROUTINETRIPSINANENVIRONMENTANDHOWSOCIALSTRUCTUREISAFFECTEDBYPEDESTRIANTRIPSVISUALREPRESENTATIONANDSIMULATIONTECHNIQUESARETRADITIONALLYUSEDTOHELPDESIGNERSINTHEDESIGNPROCESSTHESETECHNIQUESHELPINVISUALIZINGDESIGNCONCEPTSANDINEXPLORINGHOWPROPOSEDLAYOUTSMIGHTWORKINREALITYTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEUSEOFIDENTIFYINGTHEVISUALPROPERTIESOFSPATIALCONFIGURATIONSINITIATEDBYPLANTINGDESIGNSINALANDSCAPESETTING11AIMOFTHESTUDYTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEEFFECTOFTHEPLANTINGDESIGNOFURBANPARKSBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONSOFASPACESYNTAXMODEL,ESPECIALLYATTHEPEDESTRIANMOVEMENTLEVELTHISMETHODMAYHAVEANEXTENSIVEVALUEINTHEEVALUATIONPROCESSATTHESCHEMATICPLANTINGDESIGNSTAGETHEMAINQUESTIONMOTIVATINGTHISSTUDYISWHETHERAPLANTINGDESIGNMETHODCANBEDEVELOPEDBYUSED“AGENTS”THATNAVIGATETHROUGHVRENVIRONMENTSTORETRIEVEISOVISTS,WHICHREPRESENTTHEMEASURESOFVISIBLESPACETHROUGHOUTCONFIGURATIONSANDTHEASSOCIATEDVISUALFIELDSTHROUGHTHESPACETHATTHEYPRODUCEBENEDIKT,1979A,1979BONTHECONTRARY,BATTYANDJIANG1999DEVELOPEDAPARALLEL“AGENTSYSTEM”TOCONSTRUCTISOVISTSEXTENDINGTHEWORKONISOVISTS,CONROY2001INVESTIGATEDTHEFORMALVISUALPROPERTIESOFPATHSTHATPEOPLETAKEWITHINCONTROLLEDEXPERIMENTSINVRENVIRONMENTSFISHERGEWIRTZMANANDWAGNER2002SUGGESTEDTHATVISIBILITYANALYSISSHOULDCOVERANDQUANTIFYTHETHIRDDIMENSIONASBENEDIKT1979A,1979BMANAGEDTOACHIEVEFORTWODIMENSIONSTHEYPROPOSEDATHREEDIMENSIONALANALYSISOFTHE“SPATIALOPENNESS”O(jiān)RISOVISTVOLUMEOFVIEWSFROMFLATSHOWEVER,THEYRESTRICTEDTHEMSELVESTOATWODIMENSIONALISOVISTAREABECAUSEOFINADEQUATECOMPUTINGPROCESSINGCAPACITYTELLER2003SUGGESTEDANINNOVATIVESOLUTIONTOOVERCOMETHEPROBLEMOFCOMPUTATIONALCOMPLEXITYINATHREEDIMENSIONALANALYSISHEINVESTIGATEDTHEANGULARAREAOFTHESKYOBSERVABLETHROUGHOUTTHEURBANENVIRONMENTTOANALYZE“SKYOPENING”FROMLOCATIONSTHISMETHODOFFERSASCALEINVARIANTMEASUREOFTHEENVIRONMENT,WHICHTELLERRECOMMENDEDASAPRACTICALWAYTOAVOIDTHESCALEDEPENDENCYOFMANYMEASURESOFISOVISTS,SUCHASAREAORVISUALINTEGRATIONHESUGGESTEDTHATAPARTFROMOFFERINGEXAMPLESOFTYPICALVALUES,THEMETHODISALSOUSEFULFORCLASSIFYINGTOWNSQUARESANDINVESTIGATINGTHEEFFECTOFNEWBUILDINGSONTHEPERCEPTIONOFTHEENVIRONMENTARELATEDAPPROACHWASESTABLISHEDBYRATTI2002,WHOMAPPEDTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFPERCEIVEDSKYAREAFROMVARIOUSPOSITIONSTHATGIVEAWEIGHTEDDIRECTIONALMEASUREOFVISUALOPENNESSTURNER2003A,2003BARGUEDTHATALTHOUGHTHESEINNOVATIVETECHNIQUESADDATHREEDIMENSIONALQUALITY,THEYCANNOTBEBROKENDOWNINTOTHERECENTUSESOFVISIBILITYANALYSIS,WHICHCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOCATEGORIES1CLASSIFICATIONAND2ASSESSMENTOFTHEPERCEPTUALQUALITIESOFTHEENVIRONMENTTHEPRESENTSTUDYEXTENDSTHEARGUMENTTHATTHEVISIBILITYANALYSISOFTHEPROPOSEDPLANTINGDESIGNSCOULDDETECTTHESPECIFICEFFECTSOFSPATIALPROPERTIESCAUSEDBYVARIOUSPLANTINGARRANGEMENTSINLANDSCAPEDESIGN23SPACESYNTAXTHEORYSPACESYNTAXISARESEARCHPROGRAMTHATSTUDIESTHECORRELATIONBETWEENHUMANSOCIETIESANDSPACEFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFTHEGENERALTHEORYOFTHESTRUCTUREOFPOPULATEDSPACEINALLITSDIFFERENTFORMSBUILDINGS,SETTLEMENTS,CITIES,ANDLANDSCAPESHILLIER,1996HILLIERANDHANSON,1998BAFNA,2003KOOHSARIETAL,2013SPACESYNTAXISALSODEFINEDASAGRAPHBASEDTHEORYUSEDBYARCHITECTSANDURBANDESIGNERSTOEXAMINEHOWTHESPATIALLAYOUTOFBUILDINGSANDCITIESINFLUENCESTHEECONOMIC,SOCIAL,ANDENVIRONMENTALOUTCOMESOFHUMANMOVEMENTANDSOCIALINTERACTIONDAWSON,2002ITSTECHNIQUESOFFERPRECISEQUANTITATIVEDESCRIPTIONSOFTHEWAYINWHICHTHEBUILTSPACESOFASETTINGAREORGANIZEDHILLIERETAL,1983ACCORDINGTOHILLIERANDHANSON1984,THESOCIALMEANINGOFTHEENVIRONMENTARISESFROMSPATIALCOMPOSITION,ANDTHETOPOLOGICALSTRUCTUREOFANENVIRONMENTISAPRIMARYELEMENTBYWHICHASOCIETYCREATESANDESTABLISHESROLESTODEVELOPSOMETYPESOFSOCIALRELATIONSHIPSTHEREFORE,CONSTRUCTEDENVIRONMENTALSPATIALPATTERNSINCORPORATEANDGIVESHAPETOSOCIALPATTERNSSPACESYNTAXISBUILTONTWORECOGNIZEDIDEASTHATATTEMPTTOREFLECTBOTHTHEOBJECTIVITYOFSPACEANDOURINTUITIVEENGAGEMENTHILLIERANDVAUGHAN,2007THEFIRSTIDEAISTHATWESHOULDTHINKOFSPACENOTASTHEBACKGROUNDTOHUMANACTIVITY,ASWETHINKOFITASTHEBACKGROUNDTOOBJECTS,BUTASANESSENTIALASPECTOFEVERYTHINGHUMANBEINGSDOINTHESENSEOFMOVINGTHROUGHSPACEMOVEMENTISESSENTIALLYLINEAR,ANDINTERFACEREQUIRESA“CONVEX”SPACEINWHICHALLPOINTSCANSEEALLOTHERSANDAVARIABLYSHAPED,OFTENSHARP,VISUALFIELDREFERREDTOASAN“ISOVIST”CANBE

簡(jiǎn)介：2900英文單詞，英文單詞，16400英文字符，中文英文字符，中文4870字出處出處AYMAN,HASSAAN,MAHMOUD,ETALPLANTINGDESIGNFORURBANPARKSSPACESYNTAXASALANDSCAPEDESIGNASSESSMENTTOOLJFRONTIERSOFARCHITECTURALRESEARCH,2015,413545PLANTINGDESIGNFORURBANPARKSSPACESYNTAXASALANDSCAPEDESIGNASSESSMENTTOOLAYMAN，HASSAAN，MAHMOUD，REHAM，OMARABSTRACTTREESAREAMAJORFACTORINDEFININGTHESPATIALQUALITIESOFOUTDOORSPACESTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEINFLUENCEOFSPATIALCONFIGURATIONPRODUCEDBYTHEPROPOSEDTREEPLANTINGDESIGNONTHEVISUALFIELDSOFANURBANPARKUSINGSPACESYNTAXTHEORYSPACESYNTAXTHEORYASSUMESTHATANURBANAREACANBEREPRESENTEDASAMATRIXOFCONNECTEDSPACESTHEQUANTITATIVEPROPERTIESOFTHISMATRIXINTHEFORMOFSYNTACTICMEASURESCANBEMEASUREDUSINGCOMPUTERSIMULATIONSTHISRESEARCHINVESTIGATESHOWSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESCANHELPASSESSTHEEFFECTOFTREECONFIGURATIONSONTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFASMALLSCALEGARDENINANURBANPARKSUCHTECHNIQUESAREASSUMEDUSEFULINPREDICTINGTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFTHEPROPOSEDSPACEANDINASSESSINGDESIGNALTERNATIVESANEXPERIMENTALSTUDYUSINGTHREEDIFFERENTPLANTINGDESIGNPROPOSALSFORANURBANPARKISCONDUCTEDDATAAREANALYZEDUSINGSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESRESULTSREVEALASIGNIFICANTEFFECTOFPLANTINGCONFIGURATIONSONSYNTACTICMEASURESACROSSTHETHREEPROPOSALSTHISSTUDYSUGGESTSTHATSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESMAYHAVEASIGNIFICANTVALUEINTHEASSESSMENTOFSCHEMATICPLANTINGDESIGN,ESPECIALLYATTHEPEDESTRIANMOVEMENTLEVELKEYWORDSLANDSCAPEDESIGNSPACESYNTAXPLANTINGURBANPARKSCAIRO1INTRODUCTIONTHECURRENTLITERATUREHASINVESTIGATEDTHEINFLUENCEOFLANDSCAPEVEGETATIONONTHEFREQUENCYANDRANGEOFMOVEMENTSHRIVER,1997FOLTêTEANDPIOMBINI,2007CHAMBERLAINANDMEITNER,2013ANDONTHECHOICESOFROUTESINSPECIFICPLACESSUCHASPUBLICGARDENSLOITERONANDBISHOP,2005HOWEVER,THESESTUDIESAREFOCUSEDONPEDESTRIANBEHAVIORINSMALLANDCLOSEDSPACESZACHARIAS,1997MOSKELLANDALLRED,2013ANDINUNKNOWNAREASZACHARIAS,2006GENERALIZINGTHESEOBSERVATIONSINLARGE,FAMILIARENVIRONMENTSISNECESSARYTODISTINGUISHTHEPROCESSESOFSPACEPERCEPTIONTHATAFFECTMOVEMENTRESEARCHONMOVEMENTSINANINTRAURBANENVIRONMENTMUSTINTEGRATEALARGEAMOUNTOFQUALITATIVEDATATOGENERATEUSEFULINPUTSFORURBANPLANNINGR?E,2000STAHLEANDMARCUS,2010,SUCHASLANDSCAPESSUCHAPPROACHWILLHELPINUNDERSTANDINGHOWINDIVIDUALSCHOOSETHEIRROUTINETRIPSINANENVIRONMENTANDHOWSOCIALSTRUCTUREISAFFECTEDBYPEDESTRIANTRIPSVISUALREPRESENTATIONANDSIMULATIONTECHNIQUESARETRADITIONALLYUSEDTOHELPDESIGNERSINTHEDESIGNPROCESSTHESETECHNIQUESHELPINVISUALIZINGDESIGNCONCEPTSANDINEXPLORINGHOWPROPOSEDLAYOUTSMIGHTWORKINREALITYTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEUSEOFIDENTIFYINGTHEVISUALPROPERTIESOFSPATIALCONFIGURATIONSINITIATEDBYPLANTINGDESIGNSINALANDSCAPESETTING11AIMOFTHESTUDYTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEEFFECTOFTHEPLANTINGDESIGNOFURBANPARKSBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONSOFASPACESYNTAXMODEL,ESPECIALLYATTHEPEDESTRIANMOVEMENTLEVELTHISMETHODMAYHAVEANEXTENSIVEVALUEINTHEEVALUATIONPROCESSATTHESCHEMATICPLANTINGDESIGNSTAGETHEMAINQUESTIONMOTIVATINGTHISSTUDYISWHETHERAPLANTINGDESIGNMETHODCANBEDEVELOPEDBYUSED“AGENTS”THATNAVIGATETHROUGHVRENVIRONMENTSTORETRIEVEISOVISTS,WHICHREPRESENTTHEMEASURESOFVISIBLESPACETHROUGHOUTCONFIGURATIONSANDTHEASSOCIATEDVISUALFIELDSTHROUGHTHESPACETHATTHEYPRODUCEBENEDIKT,1979A,1979BONTHECONTRARY,BATTYANDJIANG1999DEVELOPEDAPARALLEL“AGENTSYSTEM”TOCONSTRUCTISOVISTSEXTENDINGTHEWORKONISOVISTS,CONROY2001INVESTIGATEDTHEFORMALVISUALPROPERTIESOFPATHSTHATPEOPLETAKEWITHINCONTROLLEDEXPERIMENTSINVRENVIRONMENTSFISHERGEWIRTZMANANDWAGNER2002SUGGESTEDTHATVISIBILITYANALYSISSHOULDCOVERANDQUANTIFYTHETHIRDDIMENSIONASBENEDIKT1979A,1979BMANAGEDTOACHIEVEFORTWODIMENSIONSTHEYPROPOSEDATHREEDIMENSIONALANALYSISOFTHE“SPATIALOPENNESS”O(jiān)RISOVISTVOLUMEOFVIEWSFROMFLATSHOWEVER,THEYRESTRICTEDTHEMSELVESTOATWODIMENSIONALISOVISTAREABECAUSEOFINADEQUATECOMPUTINGPROCESSINGCAPACITYTELLER2003SUGGESTEDANINNOVATIVESOLUTIONTOOVERCOMETHEPROBLEMOFCOMPUTATIONALCOMPLEXITYINATHREEDIMENSIONALANALYSISHEINVESTIGATEDTHEANGULARAREAOFTHESKYOBSERVABLETHROUGHOUTTHEURBANENVIRONMENTTOANALYZE“SKYOPENING”FROMLOCATIONSTHISMETHODOFFERSASCALEINVARIANTMEASUREOFTHEENVIRONMENT,WHICHTELLERRECOMMENDEDASAPRACTICALWAYTOAVOIDTHESCALEDEPENDENCYOFMANYMEASURESOFISOVISTS,SUCHASAREAORVISUALINTEGRATIONHESUGGESTEDTHATAPARTFROMOFFERINGEXAMPLESOFTYPICALVALUES,THEMETHODISALSOUSEFULFORCLASSIFYINGTOWNSQUARESANDINVESTIGATINGTHEEFFECTOFNEWBUILDINGSONTHEPERCEPTIONOFTHEENVIRONMENTARELATEDAPPROACHWASESTABLISHEDBYRATTI2002,WHOMAPPEDTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFPERCEIVEDSKYAREAFROMVARIOUSPOSITIONSTHATGIVEAWEIGHTEDDIRECTIONALMEASUREOFVISUALOPENNESSTURNER2003A,2003BARGUEDTHATALTHOUGHTHESEINNOVATIVETECHNIQUESADDATHREEDIMENSIONALQUALITY,THEYCANNOTBEBROKENDOWNINTOTHERECENTUSESOFVISIBILITYANALYSIS,WHICHCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOCATEGORIES1CLASSIFICATIONAND2ASSESSMENTOFTHEPERCEPTUALQUALITIESOFTHEENVIRONMENTTHEPRESENTSTUDYEXTENDSTHEARGUMENTTHATTHEVISIBILITYANALYSISOFTHEPROPOSEDPLANTINGDESIGNSCOULDDETECTTHESPECIFICEFFECTSOFSPATIALPROPERTIESCAUSEDBYVARIOUSPLANTINGARRANGEMENTSINLANDSCAPEDESIGN23SPACESYNTAXTHEORYSPACESYNTAXISARESEARCHPROGRAMTHATSTUDIESTHECORRELATIONBETWEENHUMANSOCIETIESANDSPACEFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFTHEGENERALTHEORYOFTHESTRUCTUREOFPOPULATEDSPACEINALLITSDIFFERENTFORMSBUILDINGS,SETTLEMENTS,CITIES,ANDLANDSCAPESHILLIER,1996HILLIERANDHANSON,1998BAFNA,2003KOOHSARIETAL,2013SPACESYNTAXISALSODEFINEDASAGRAPHBASEDTHEORYUSEDBYARCHITECTSANDURBANDESIGNERSTOEXAMINEHOWTHESPATIALLAYOUTOFBUILDINGSANDCITIESINFLUENCESTHEECONOMIC,SOCIAL,ANDENVIRONMENTALOUTCOMESOFHUMANMOVEMENTANDSOCIALINTERACTIONDAWSON,2002ITSTECHNIQUESOFFERPRECISEQUANTITATIVEDESCRIPTIONSOFTHEWAYINWHICHTHEBUILTSPACESOFASETTINGAREORGANIZEDHILLIERETAL,1983ACCORDINGTOHILLIERANDHANSON1984,THESOCIALMEANINGOFTHEENVIRONMENTARISESFROMSPATIALCOMPOSITION,ANDTHETOPOLOGICALSTRUCTUREOFANENVIRONMENTISAPRIMARYELEMENTBYWHICHASOCIETYCREATESANDESTABLISHESROLESTODEVELOPSOMETYPESOFSOCIALRELATIONSHIPSTHEREFORE,CONSTRUCTEDENVIRONMENTALSPATIALPATTERNSINCORPORATEANDGIVESHAPETOSOCIALPATTERNSSPACESYNTAXISBUILTONTWORECOGNIZEDIDEASTHATATTEMPTTOREFLECTBOTHTHEOBJECTIVITYOFSPACEANDOURINTUITIVEENGAGEMENTHILLIERANDVAUGHAN,2007THEFIRSTIDEAISTHATWESHOULDTHINKOFSPACENOTASTHEBACKGROUNDTOHUMANACTIVITY,ASWETHINKOFITASTHEBACKGROUNDTOOBJECTS,BUTASANESSENTIALASPECTOFEVERYTHINGHUMANBEINGSDOINTHESENSEOFMOVINGTHROUGHSPACEMOVEMENTISESSENTIALLYLINEAR,ANDINTERFACEREQUIRESA“CONVEX”SPACEINWHICHALLPOINTSCANSEEALLOTHERSANDAVARIABLYSHAPED,OFTENSHARP,VISUALFIELDREFERREDTOASAN“ISOVIST”CANBE

簡(jiǎn)介：字?jǐn)?shù)英文字?jǐn)?shù)英文25072507單詞，單詞，1379813798字符；中文字符；中文41044104漢字漢字出處出處N?ITAVSKA,ITAVSKA,AMENGOTSDIGITALMENGOTSDIGITALTOOLSTOOLSININLANDSCAPELANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREJARCHITECTUREJSCIENTIFICSCIENTIFICJOURNALJOURNALOFOFLATVIALATVIAUNIVERSITYUNIVERSITYOFOFAGRICULTUREAGRICULTURELANDSCAPELANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREARCHITECTUREANDANDART2017,11114250ART2017,11114250外文文獻(xiàn)外文文獻(xiàn)DIGITALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREABSTRACTNOWADAYSPROFESSIONALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREAREMORERELATEDTODIGITALTOOLSLANDSCAPEARCHITECTS’HANDPOWEREDTOOLSHAVEBEENREPLACEDBYCOMPUTERSANDDIGITALTOOLSWHERETHETRADITIONALTECHNIQUESARESUPPLEMENTEDWITH3DMODELLINGANDANIMATIONFORLANDSCAPEPLANNINGINDIFFERENTSCALESANDFORDIFFERENTPROJECTSLEVELSTHEMAINAIMOFTHISPAPERISTOUNDERSTANDANDANALYSETHEUSEOFDIGITALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDPLANNINGINLATVIAFORTHECOLLECTIONOFDATAFORTHISSTUDYAQUESTIONNAIREWASDESIGNEDANDSENTTOLATVIANLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPLANNERSTHEQUESTIONSITINCLUDEDWEREONHOWLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPLANNERSUSEDIGITALTOOLSFORTHEREPRESENTATIONOFTHEIRSKETCHESANDIDEASANDONWHATKINDOFDIGITALTOOLSTHEYUSEINDIFFERENTLANDSCAPETYPESANDSCALESRESULTSSHOWEDTHATALLTHESURVEYEDLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSUSEDIGITALTOOLSINTHEIREVERYDAYPROFESSIONALPRACTICE–FORLANDSCAPEDESIGNORASSESSMENTMOSTOFTHEMALSOSTILLUSETHETRADITIONALDRAWINGSBYHANDFORDRAFTSKETCHESANDIDEAS,BUTFORCOMMUNICATIONWITHPUBLIC,PROJECTSANDDESIGNSELABORATEDBYDIGITALTOOLSAREUSEDLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSHAVEEMPHASIZEDTHEGREATPOTENTIALOFDIGITALTOOLSFORENHANCINGCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECTANDTHEPOTENTIALUSERDIGITALTOOLSVISUALIZATIONS,ANIMATIONS,3DMODELS,ETCALLOWTHEPOTENTIALUSERTOPARTICIPATEINTHELANDSCAPEPLANNINGPROCESSANDEASILYIMAGINETHELANDSCAPEBEFOREITISCREATEDTODAYLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSUSEDIGITALTOOLSTOPRODUCETHEFINALPROJECTPRESENTATIONINPLANNINGANDCOMMUNICATINGABOUTLANDSCAPEPLANNING,CONSERVATION,RENOVATION,ORINSTALLINGISSUESINSEVERALSTUDIESTHEUSEOFDIGITALTOOLSHASBEENPARTICULARLYEMPHASIZEDINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDPLANNINGINORDERTOIMPROVETHEPROJECTPERCEPTIONANDCOMMUNICATIONAMONGLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPROFESSIONALS,RESIDENTS,CLIENTSASWELLASCOLLEAGUESTHEUSEOFTHESEDIGITALTOOLSISDIVERSE,ANDITISADJUSTABLETOTHEPROJECTSOFDIFFERENTSCALESANDCOMPLEXITYINDIFFERENTSTAGESOFDEVELOPMENTILLUSTRATIVE,IMMERSIVE,INTERACTIVE,INTUITIVEANDINTENSIVESO,ONEOFTHEASPECTSISTHECOMMUNICATIONWITHCLIENTSANDRESIDENTSAPARTOFTHISCOMMUNICATIONISTHEEMOTIONALDESIGNWHICHDOESNOTDEPICTTHEREALFUNCTIONOFLANDSCAPEORREALPROPORTIONS,BUTINFLUENCETHECLIENTSANDRESIDENTSTHROUGHARTISTICTOOLSATTHEEMOTIONALLEVELTHEAUTHORSINTHEIRSTUDYCALLTHATKINDOFEMOTIONALDESIGNA“WOWEFFECT”WHICHWORKSNOTONLYINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREBUTALSOINALLTHEDESIGNFIELDSTHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDANDITISMOREORIENTEDTOWARDSSELLINGOFTHEPRODUCTOVERALL,THERESULTOFTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECT’SWORK–APROJECTORANINSTALLEDOBJECT–INCLUDESTHEEMOTIONALASPECTOFART,THEREFOREITALWAYSINVOLVESASUBJECTIVEEVALUATIONEXACTLYWHATLANDSCAPEELEMENTSORPROJECTPARTSMUSTTHECLIENTSANDRESIDENTSMOSTOFTENEVALUATEORREADFROMTHEDESIGNSMADEBYLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSDOESTHEUSEOFVERSATILEDIGITALTOOLSMAKEITEASIERANDWITHHIGHERQUALITATYTOPERCEIVETHELANDSCAPEELEMENTSCOMMUNICATIONHASALWAYSBEENACKNOWLEDGEDTOBEONEOFTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTASPECTSINTHEPROCESSOFLANDSCAPEDESIGNTHECOMMUNICATIONPROCESSMAINLYTAKESPLACEBETWEENTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECTANDTHECLIENTS,ASWELLASBETWEENTWOPROFESSIONALSITISESSENTIALWHENAPROJECTISBEINGPREPAREDFORREALCONSTRUCTIONMOSTOFTENINLANDSCAPECHARACTERISATIONSUCHELEMENTSASTERRAIN,BUILDINGORARCHITECTURALOBJECTS,VEGETATION,ROADS,SURFACING,WATERELEMENTSAREUSED,WHICHOVERALLCHARACTERISETHEVERSATILEESSENCEOFTHELANDSCAPEINITSELEMENTSBUTALSO,SUCHFACTORSASTHEACCESSIBILITYOFTHELANDSCAPE,ITSSCALE,COLOUR,TEXTUREANDTHE

簡(jiǎn)介：SCIENTIFICJOURNALOFLATVIAUNIVERSITYOFAGRICULTURELANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDART,VOLUME11,NUMBER1142DIGITALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTURENATALIJA?ITAVSKA,ARTūRSMENGOTS,LATVIAUNIVERSITYOFAGRICULTUREABSTRACTNOWADAYSPROFESSIONALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREAREMORERELATEDTODIGITALTOOLSLANDSCAPEARCHITECTS’HANDPOWEREDTOOLSHAVEBEENREPLACEDBYCOMPUTERSANDDIGITALTOOLSWHERETHETRADITIONALTECHNIQUESARESUPPLEMENTEDWITH3DMODELLINGANDANIMATIONFORLANDSCAPEPLANNINGINDIFFERENTSCALESANDFORDIFFERENTPROJECTSLEVELSTHEMAINAIMOFTHISPAPERISTOUNDERSTANDANDANALYSETHEUSEOFDIGITALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDPLANNINGINLATVIAFORTHECOLLECTIONOFDATAFORTHISSTUDYAQUESTIONNAIREWASDESIGNEDANDSENTTOLATVIANLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPLANNERSTHEQUESTIONSITINCLUDEDWEREONHOWLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPLANNERSUSEDIGITALTOOLSFORTHEREPRESENTATIONOFTHEIRSKETCHESANDIDEASANDONWHATKINDOFDIGITALTOOLSTHEYUSEINDIFFERENTLANDSCAPETYPESANDSCALESRESULTSSHOWEDTHATALLTHESURVEYEDLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSUSEDIGITALTOOLSINTHEIREVERYDAYPROFESSIONALPRACTICE–FORLANDSCAPEDESIGNORASSESSMENTMOSTOFTHEMALSOSTILLUSETHETRADITIONALDRAWINGSBYHANDFORDRAFTSKETCHESANDIDEAS,BUTFORCOMMUNICATIONWITHPUBLIC,PROJECTSANDDESIGNSELABORATEDBYDIGITALTOOLSAREUSEDLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSHAVEEMPHASIZEDTHEGREATPOTENTIALOFDIGITALTOOLSFORENHANCINGCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECTANDTHEPOTENTIALUSERDIGITALTOOLSVISUALIZATIONS,ANIMATIONS,3DMODELS,ETCALLOWTHEPOTENTIALUSERTOPARTICIPATEINTHELANDSCAPEPLANNINGPROCESSANDEASILYIMAGINETHELANDSCAPEBEFOREITISCREATEDTODAYLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSUSEDIGITALTOOLSTOPRODUCETHEFINALPROJECTPRESENTATIONIMAGESVISUALIZATIONSINTHELANDSCAPEPLANNINGPROCESSESFORSELLINGOFTHEPROJECTHOWEVER,WEBELIEVETHATINFUTURETHEREISAPOTENTIALFORUSINGDIGITALTOOLSMOREASACOMMUNICATIONTOOL,WHICHCANHELPINCONTACTINGCLIENTSATVARIOUSLEVELSOFTHEPROJECTIMPLEMENTATION,ESPECIALLYINTHEEARLYSTAGESOFTHEDESIGNKEYWORDSDIGITALTOOLS,VISUALCOMMUNICATION,LANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREINTRODUCTIONTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECT’SDAILYWORKISASSOCIATEDWITHLANDSCAPINGPROJECTSOFVARYINGSCALES,SPECIFICSANDLEVELS,LANDSCAPERESEARCHORLANDSCAPEMANAGEMENTPLANNINGTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECTSPROFESSIONISCOMPARATIVELYNEW–DATINGBACKALITTLEOVERAHUNDREDYEARSAGO,WHENIN1863THEBOARDOFCENTRALPARKCOMMISSIONINNEWYORKCITYAPPROVEDALANDSCAPEARCHITECTSPOSITIONSINCETHEN,THISNEWPROFESSIONHADOFFICIALLYGAINEDMORESTABILITYANDRECOGNITIONINITSDEVELOPMENTINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREARTSANDPROFESSIONALKNOWLEDGEINTHEFIELDOFLANDSCAPEPLANNINGASWELLASSOCIAL,ECOLOGICALANDMENTALASPECTSARECLOSELYINTERTWINEDTHERESULTSOFDAYTODAYLANDSCAPEARCHITECT’SWORKAREOFTENSUBJECTTOPUBLICCRITICISMANDPERCEPTION,THUSINFLUENCINGTHEIVOLVEMENTOFTHERESIDENTSINTHEISSUESOFLANDSCAPECONSERVATION,PLANNING,DESIGNANDINSTALLATION1HOWDOINFORMATIONTRANSFERANDCOMMUNICATIONTAKEPLACEWHATTOOLSCANALANDSCAPEARCHITECTUSETOMOREEFFECTIVELYPREPAREQUALITYINFORMATION,SIMULTANEOUSLYMAKINGITEASIERFORTHERESIDENTSANDCLIENTSTOPERCEIVETHEIDEASNOWADAYSMOREANDMOREDIGITALTOOLSAREBEINGUSEDINTHEFIELDOFLANDSCAPEARCHITECTURE,WHICH,ONTHEONEHANDFACILITATESTHEPRESENTATIONOFTHERESULTSOFTHEREMOTELANDSCAPEARCHITECTSWORK,BUTONTHEOTHERHANDREDUCESTHEPOSSIBILITYOFUSINGTRADITIONALDRAWINGMETHODSWITHOUTADDITIONALPROCESSINGANDALSOLEAVESNOROOMFORDIRECTCOMMUNICATIONDIGITALTOOLSALLOWTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECTSTOUSENEWAPPROACHESANDMETHODSINPLANNINGANDCOMMUNICATINGABOUTLANDSCAPEPLANNING,CONSERVATION,RENOVATION,ORINSTALLINGISSUES2INSEVERALSTUDIESTHEUSEOFDIGITALTOOLSHASBEENPARTICULARLYEMPHASIZEDINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDPLANNINGINORDERTOIMPROVETHEPROJECTPERCEPTIONANDCOMMUNICATIONAMONGLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPROFESSIONALS,RESIDENTS,CLIENTSASWELLASCOLLEAGUES3456THEUSEOFTHESEDIGITALTOOLSISDIVERSE,ANDITISADJUSTABLETOTHEPROJECTSOFDIFFERENTSCALESANDCOMPLEXITYINDIFFERENTSTAGESOFDEVELOPMENTILLUSTRATIVE,IMMERSIVE,INTERACTIVE,INTUITIVEANDINTENSIVE7SO,ONEOFTHEASPECTSISTHECOMMUNICATIONWITHCLIENTSANDRESIDENTSAPARTOFTHISCOMMUNICATIONISTHEEMOTIONALDESIGNWHICHDOESNOTDEPICTTHEREALFUNCTIONOFLANDSCAPEORREALPROPORTIONS,BUTINFLUENCETHECLIENTSANDRESIDENTSTHROUGHARTISTICTOOLSATTHEEMOTIONALLEVELTHEAUTHORSINTHEIRSTUDYCALLTHATKINDOFEMOTIONALDESIGNA“WOWEFFECT”WHICHWORKSNOTONLYINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREBUTALSOINALLTHEDESIGNFIELDSTHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDANDITISMOREORIENTEDTOWARDSSELLINGOFTHEPRODUCT8OVERALL,THERESULTOFTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECT’SWORK–APROJECTORANINSTALLEDOBJECT–INCLUDESTHEEMOTIONALASPECTOFART,THEREFOREITALWAYSINVOLVESASUBJECTIVEEVALUATIONEXACTLYWHATLANDSCAPEELEMENTSORPROJECTPARTSMUSTTHECLIENTSANDRESIDENTSMOSTOFTENEVALUATEORREADFROMTHEDESIGNSMADEBYLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSDOESTHEUSEOFVERSATILEDIGITALTOOLSMAKEITEASIERANDWITHHIGHERQUALITATYTOPERCEIVETHELANDSCAPEELEMENTSCOMMUNICATIONHASALWAYSBEENACKNOWLEDGEDTOBEONEOFTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTASPECTSINTHEPROCESSOFLANDSCAPEDESIGNDOI1022616/JLANDARCHART20171105SCIENTIFICJOURNALOFLATVIAUNIVERSITYOFAGRICULTURELANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDART,VOLUME11,NUMBER1144FIG1THESTAGESOFTHEEVALUATIONPROCESSOFTHEPERCEPTIONASPECTSOFVISUALISATIONTYPESCREATEDBYTHEAUTHORS,2017THEVISUALMATERIALSWEREPREPAREDFORTRADITIONSQUAREOFTHETOWNOFPLAVINAS,INLATVIADURINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHETECHNICALPROJECTINJANUARY/FEB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簡(jiǎn)介：HOSTEDBYWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/FOARAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMRESEARCHARTICLEPLANTINGDESIGNFORURBANPARKSSPACESYNTAXASALANDSCAPEDESIGNASSESSMENTTOOLAYMANHASSAANMAHMOUDA,N,REHAMHOMARBADEPARTMENTOFARCHITECTURE,FACULTYOFENGINEERING,CAIROUNIVERSITY,GIZA12211,EGYPTBTHECANADIANINTERNATIONALCOLLEGE,EGYPTRECEIVED27FEBRUARY2014RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM31AUGUST2014ACCEPTED1SEPTEMBER2014KEYWORDSLANDSCAPEDESIGNSPACESYNTAXPLANTINGURBANPARKSCAIROABSTRACTTREESAREAMAJORFACTORINDEFININGTHESPATIALQUALITIESOFOUTDOORSPACESTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEINFLUENCEOFSPATIALCONFIGURATIONPRODUCEDBYTHEPROPOSEDTREEPLANTINGDESIGNONTHEVISUALFIELDSOFANURBANPARKUSINGSPACESYNTAXTHEORYSPACESYNTAXTHEORYASSUMESTHATANURBANAREACANBEREPRESENTEDASAMATRIXOFCONNECTEDSPACESTHEQUANTITATIVEPROPERTIESOFTHISMATRIXINTHEFORMOFSYNTACTICMEASURESCANBEMEASUREDUSINGCOMPUTERSIMULATIONSTHISRESEARCHINVESTIGATESHOWSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESCANHELPASSESSTHEEFFECTOFTREECONFIGURATIONSONTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFASMALLSCALEGARDENINANURBANPARKSUCHTECHNIQUESAREASSUMEDUSEFULINPREDICTINGTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFTHEPROPOSEDSPACEANDINASSESSINGDESIGNALTERNATIVESANEXPERIMENTALSTUDYUSINGTHREEDIFFERENTPLANTINGDESIGNPROPOSALSFORANURBANPARKISCONDUCTEDDATAAREANALYZEDUSINGSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESRESULTSREVEALASIGNIFICANTEFFECTOFPLANTINGCONFIGURATIONSONSYNTACTICMEASURESACROSSTHETHREEPROPOSALSTHISSTUDYSUGGESTSTHATSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESMAYHAVEASIGNIFICANTVALUEINTHEASSESSMENTOFSCHEMATICPLANTINGDESIGN,ESPECIALLYATTHEPEDESTRIANMOVEMENTLEVELFOLTêTEANDPIOMBINI,2007CHAMBERLAINANDMEITNER,2013ANDONTHECHOICESOFROUTESINSPECIFICPLACESSUCHASPUBLICGARDENSLOITERONANDBISHOP,2005HOWEVER,THESESTUDIESAREFOCUSEDONPEDESTRIANBEHAVIORINSMALLANDCLOSEDSPACESZACHARIAS,1997MOSKELLANDALLRED,2013ANDINUNKNOWNAREASZACHARIAS,2006GENERALIZINGTHESEOBSERVATIONSINLARGE,FAMILIARENVIRONMENTSISNECESSARYTODISTINGUISHTHEPROCESSESOFSPACEPERCEPTIONTHATAFFECTMOVEMENTRESEARCHHTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JFOAR20140900120952635/HILLIERANDHANSON,1998BAFNA,2003KOOHSARIETAL,2013SPACESYNTAXISALSODEFINEDASAGRAPHBASEDTHEORYUSEDBYARCHITECTSANDURBANDESIGNERSTOEXAMINEHOWTHESPATIALLAYOUTOFBUILDINGSANDCITIESINFLUENCESTHEECONOMIC,SOCIAL,ANDENVIRONMENTALOUTCOMESOFHUMANMOVEMENTANDSOCIALINTERACTIONDAWSON,2002ITSTECHNIQUESOFFERPRECISEQUANTITATIVEDESCRIPTIONSOFTHEWAYINWHICHTHEBUILTSPACESOFASETTINGAREORGANIZEDHILLIERETAL,1983ACCORDINGTOHILLIERANDHANSON1984,THESOCIALMEANINGOFTHEENVIRONMENTARISESFROMSPATIALCOMPOSITION,ANDTHETOPOLOGICALSTRUCTUREOFANENVIRONMENTISAPRIMARYELEMENTBYWHICHASOCIETYCREATESANDESTABLISHESROLESTODEVELOPSOMETYPESOFSOCIALRELATIONSHIPSTHEREFORE,CONSTRUCTEDENVIRONMENTALSPATIALPATTERNSINCORPORATEANDGIVESHAPETOSOCIALPATTERNSSPACESYNTAXISBUILTONTWORECOGNIZEDIDEASTHATATTEMPTTOREFLECTBOTHTHEOBJECTIVITYOFSPACEANDOURINTUITIVEENGAGEMENTHILLIERANDVAUGHAN,2007THEFIRSTIDEAISTHATWESHOULDTHINKOFSPACENOTASTHEBACKGROUNDTOHUMANACTIVITY,ASWETHINKOFITASTHEBACKGROUNDTOOBJECTS,BUTASANESSENTIALASPECTOFEVERYTHINGHUMANBEINGSDOINTHESENSEOFMOVINGTHROUGHSPACEMOVEMENTISESSENTIALLYLINEAR,ANDINTERFACEREQUIRESA“CONVEX”SPACEINWHICHALLPOINTSCANSEEALLOTHERSANDAVARIABLYSHAPED,OFTENSHARP,VISUALFIELDREFERREDTOASAN“ISOVIST”CANBESEENFROMANYPOINTINSPACEBENEDIKT,1979A,1979BTHESECONDIDEA,CALLED“CONFIGURATIONOFSPACE,”INDICATESTHATHUMANSPACEISNOTONLYABOUTTHECHARACTERISTICSOFINDIVIDUALSPACESBUTALSOABOUTTHEINTERRELATIONSBETWEENTHEMANYSPACESTHATMAKEUPTHESPATIALLAYOUTOFABUILDINGORACITYTHECURRENTSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEEFFECTOFTHESPATIALCONFIGURATIONOFTREESONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFDESIGNPROPOSALSFORURBANPARKSUSINGSPACESYNTAXTHEORYTHERESULTSOFTHISWORKCOULDBEUSEDTOGENERATEASTRATEGICDESIGNFRAMEWORKBASEDONADETAILEDANALYSISOFSPATIALCONFIGURATION24SPACESYNTAXMETHODSAFUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLEWITHINSPACESYNTAXTHEORYISTHATSOCIALSTRUCTUREISFUNDAMENTALLYSPATIALAND,INVERSELY,THECONFIGURATIONOFPOPULATEDSPACEHASAPRIMARILYSOCIALLOGICTHISPRINCIPLEISVERYIMPORTANTINLANDSCAPEDESIGN,WHICHSEEKSTOCREATEANOUTDOORENVIRONMENTFORPEOPLETOACCOMMODATETHEIRSOCIALINTERACTIONCONVERTINGTHELANDSCAPESPACETOADISCRETECONFIGURATIONISHELPFULBECAUSEDIFFERENTLABELSCANBEAPPLIEDTOITSINDIVIDUALPARTSTHESEPARTSCANTHENBEALLOCATEDTODIFFERENTGROUPS,PEOPLE,ORACTIVITIESVARIOUSRULESOFBEHAVIORANDCONVENTIONSCANBERELATEDTOVARIOUSPARTSOFTHELANDSCAPESPACEINDIVIDUALPARTSOFALANDSCAPESPACECANCARRYASPECIFICSYMBOLICORCULTURALVALUETHISPOINTOFVIEWWOULDUSUALLYIMPLYTHATTHEPLANNEDLANDSCAPESPACEIMPROVESTHEREADABILITYOFEXISTINGSOCIALSTRUCTURESSPACESYNTAXTHEORYREJECTSTHESTRAIGHTFORWARDSPACEASFORMANDSOCIETYASCONTENTDISTINCTIONHILLIERANDHANSON,1984THEFUNDAMENTALCONCEPTSOFSPACESYNTAXINCLUDE“INTEGRATION”AND“CONNECTIVITY”241INTEGRATIONTHE“INTEGRATION”O(jiān)FSPACEISAFUNCTIONOFTHEMEANNUMBEROFLINESANDCHANGESINDIRECTIONREQUIREDTOGOFROMTHATSPACETOALLOTHERSPACESINTHESPATIALSYSTEMINTEGRATIONISACCORDINGLYABOUT“SYNTACTIC”ANDNOT“METRIC”ACCESSIBILITY,ANDTHEEXPRESSION“DEPTH”RATHERTHAN“DISTANCE”ISUSEDTOILLUSTRATEHOWFARAGIVENSPACEISFROMANOTHERSPACEALLLINESINASPATIALLAYOUTHAVECERTAINDEPTHVALUESFROMEVERYOTHERLINETHEINTEGRATIONVALUEOFALINEISAMATHEMATICALWAYOFEXPRESSINGTHEDEPTHOFALINEFROMALLOTHERLINESINTH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簡(jiǎn)介：園林景觀設(shè)計(jì)施工合同甲方棗莊市電力公司乙方XXXX綠地建設(shè)有限責(zé)任公司甲方因工程需要將在臺(tái)兒莊古城賓館項(xiàng)目的景觀工程委托給乙方進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，為有利雙方的友好合作，先簽訂以下合同一、甲方將臺(tái)兒莊古城賓館景觀工程項(xiàng)目委托給乙方進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)；二、甲方應(yīng)向乙方提供現(xiàn)場(chǎng)平面圖、標(biāo)高圖、地下管線圖及整體鳥瞰圖；三、乙方應(yīng)派出專業(yè)的設(shè)計(jì)人員到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)地察看，并在10天內(nèi)向甲方做出方案匯報(bào)，方案一旦確定，乙方確保在30日內(nèi)提交施工圖供甲方審核；四、該工程的景觀設(shè)計(jì)費(fèi)用為人民幣玖萬元，方案確定后，甲方向乙方先支付設(shè)計(jì)費(fèi)用人民幣伍萬元。如該工程甲方交給乙方施工并雙方能夠達(dá)成施工協(xié)議，乙方免收該工程設(shè)計(jì)費(fèi)用，已付的伍萬元設(shè)計(jì)費(fèi)從乙方的工程款中扣除（如甲乙雙方不能達(dá)成施工協(xié)議，甲方應(yīng)向乙方付清剩余的設(shè)計(jì)費(fèi)用人民幣肆萬元）。乙方應(yīng)向甲方提供必要的設(shè)計(jì)服務(wù)，直至工程竣工驗(yàn)收簽字；五、雙方未盡事宜，可以再協(xié)商解決；六、合同一旦簽訂，即具有法律效應(yīng)，任何一方違約將賠償對(duì)方所有經(jīng)濟(jì)損失；七、如發(fā)生經(jīng)濟(jì)糾紛，雙方協(xié)調(diào)不妥，將上訴人民法院2協(xié)助甲方編制硬景、軟景工程進(jìn)度安排。3乙方應(yīng)按設(shè)計(jì)周期要求提交下列詳細(xì)的硬景設(shè)計(jì)文件，供施工之用。包括1）硬質(zhì)景觀詳圖和施工圖（包括各園林小品的立面圖、剖面圖，重點(diǎn)鋪裝圖，詳細(xì)的園景節(jié)點(diǎn)大樣圖），景觀配置指引圖及定位圖。A總平面圖；B鋪裝設(shè)計(jì)圖；C土方工程和斜坡等D標(biāo)高設(shè)計(jì)圖；E局部的平面圖和剖面圖；F燈具照明圖；G噴泉水景相應(yīng)的水電設(shè)備圖；2）軟景施工圖包括以下內(nèi)容A喬木和灌木布置圖；B草地和地被植物；C土方工程和斜坡等；D景觀用給、排水平面、系統(tǒng)圖；E景觀配電平面圖及系統(tǒng)圖；F特殊的移植規(guī)范和圖則；G其他如小品參考圖片、具體尺寸、及部分供應(yīng)商名稱甲方簽章乙方簽章年月日年月日

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簡(jiǎn)介：目錄第一章第一章編制說明編制說明第一節(jié)編制原則第二節(jié)編制依據(jù)第二章第二章工程目標(biāo)工程目標(biāo)第三章第三章工程概況及特點(diǎn)工程概況及特點(diǎn)第一節(jié)工程概況第二節(jié)工程特點(diǎn)第四章第四章施工部署施工部署第五章第五章主要分項(xiàng)工程施工方法主要分項(xiàng)工程施工方法第一節(jié)園林綠化工程第二節(jié)鋪裝工程第三節(jié)園路工程（瀝青混凝土道路）第四節(jié)園林景觀建筑施工第五節(jié)園林電氣施工第六節(jié)園林給排水工程施工第六章第六章施工總平面布置及平面管理施工總平面布置及平面管理第一節(jié)施工總平面布置第二節(jié)施工平面管理第三節(jié)施工安全管理措施第七章第七章勞動(dòng)力計(jì)劃及主要施工機(jī)械計(jì)劃勞動(dòng)力計(jì)劃及主要施工機(jī)械計(jì)劃第一節(jié)勞動(dòng)力安排計(jì)劃第二節(jié)主要施工機(jī)械設(shè)備進(jìn)場(chǎng)計(jì)劃第三節(jié)農(nóng)忙、節(jié)假日施工安排及勞動(dòng)力保證措施第八章第八章施工進(jìn)度計(jì)劃及保障措施施工進(jìn)度計(jì)劃及保障措施第一章第一章編制說明編制說明第一節(jié)第一節(jié)編制原則編制原則本施工組織設(shè)計(jì)是根據(jù)招標(biāo)人提供的設(shè)計(jì)圖紙、招標(biāo)文件和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)考察結(jié)果，根據(jù)現(xiàn)行國(guó)家規(guī)范、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，結(jié)合我公司多年來的施工經(jīng)驗(yàn)，針對(duì)本工程的具體情況和要求，經(jīng)多次研究論證和方案比較，提出了我方中標(biāo)將如何組織施工的總體框架構(gòu)想。本方案主要從“主要施工方案”、“技術(shù)措施”、“質(zhì)量保證體系及措施”、“施工進(jìn)度計(jì)劃及保證措施”、“勞動(dòng)力安排及主要機(jī)械設(shè)備配備計(jì)劃”、“文明安全施工措施”等幾大方面提出構(gòu)想，宗旨是能為招標(biāo)人更好地服務(wù)。如我公司中標(biāo)，將在施工中進(jìn)一步深化完善。為實(shí)現(xiàn)本工程“優(yōu)質(zhì)、快速、安全、低耗”的施工目標(biāo)，我們將“用我們的智慧和行動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)用戶的承諾”。目前，我公司已作好了相應(yīng)的技術(shù)、資源準(zhǔn)備，一旦我公司中標(biāo)，即可開赴施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，立刻展開施工。第二節(jié)第二節(jié)編制依據(jù)編制依據(jù)1工程招標(biāo)文件、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)地考察情況以及招標(biāo)人提供的工程全部施工圖紙和其他文獻(xiàn)資料等。2國(guó)家和行業(yè)頒布的有關(guān)法律、規(guī)范和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。主要法律法規(guī)表主要法律法規(guī)表表11序號(hào)類別法規(guī)名稱編號(hào)1國(guó)家中華人民共和國(guó)建筑法2國(guó)家中華人民共和國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)法3國(guó)家中華人民共和國(guó)水污染防治法4國(guó)家中華人民共和國(guó)固體廢物污染環(huán)境防治法5國(guó)家中華人民共和國(guó)環(huán)境噪聲污染防治法6國(guó)家中華人民共和國(guó)大氣污染防治法7國(guó)家中華人民共和國(guó)水法8國(guó)家中華人民共和國(guó)節(jié)約能源法9國(guó)家中華人民共和國(guó)消防法10國(guó)家建設(shè)工程安全生產(chǎn)管理?xiàng)l例

簡(jiǎn)介：1中國(guó)主要城市園林植物區(qū)劃12區(qū)劃名稱及各區(qū)主要城市區(qū)域代號(hào)及名稱區(qū)域內(nèi)主要城市Ⅰ寒溫帶針葉林區(qū)漠河、黑河Ⅱ溫帶針闊葉混交林區(qū)哈爾濱、牡丹江、鶴崗、雞西、雙鴨山、伊春、佳木斯、長(zhǎng)春、西平、延吉、撫順、鐵嶺、本溪Ⅲ北部暖溫帶落葉闊葉林區(qū)沈陽、葫蘆島、大連、丹東、鞍山、遼陽、錦州、營(yíng)口、盤錦、北京、天津﹡、太原、臨汾、長(zhǎng)治、石家莊、秦皇島、保定、唐山、邯鄲、邢臺(tái)、承德、濟(jì)南、德州﹡、延安、寶雞、天水Ⅳ南部暖溫帶落葉闊葉林區(qū)青島、煙臺(tái)、日照、威海、濟(jì)寧、泰安、淄博、濰坊、棗莊、臨沂、萊蕪、東營(yíng)﹡、新泰、滕州、鄭州、洛陽、開封、新鄉(xiāng)、焦作、安陽、西安、咸陽、徐州、連云港﹡鹽城、淮北、蚌埠、韓城、銅川Ⅴ北亞熱帶落葉、常綠闊葉混交林區(qū)南京、揚(yáng)州、鎮(zhèn)江、南通、常州、無錫、蘇州、合肥、蕪湖、安慶、淮南、襄樊、十堰Ⅵ中亞熱帶常綠、落葉闊葉林區(qū)武漢、沙市、黃石、宜昌、南昌、景德鎮(zhèn)、九江、吉安、井岡山、贛州、上海、長(zhǎng)沙、株洲、岳陽、懷化、吉首、常德、湘潭、衡陽、邵陽、郴州、桂林、韶關(guān)、梅州、三明、南平、杭州、溫州、金華、寧波、重慶、成都、都江堰、綿陽、內(nèi)江、樂山、自貢、攀枝花、貴陽、遵義、六盤水、安順、昆明、大理Ⅶ南亞熱帶常綠闊葉林區(qū)福州、廈門、惠州、漳州、廣州、佛山、順德、東莞、泉州、汕頭、臺(tái)北、柳州、桂平、個(gè)舊落葉灌木東北連翹、卵葉連翹、歐丁香（578）、匈牙利丁香（564）、喜馬拉雅丁香（563）、水臘（584）、偃伏梾木（538）、紅瑞木（535）、郁李（469）、風(fēng)箱果、黃刺玫（495）、玫瑰（502）、刺梅薔薇、東北珍珠梅（494）、金露梅（456）、銀露梅、柳葉繡線菊（444）、絹毛繡線菊、土莊繡線菊、樹錦雞兒（386）、胡枝子（390）、花木藍(lán)、小花溲疏、大花溲疏（433）、東北溲疏、太平花（439）、東北山梅花、東北茶藨子、藍(lán)靛果忍冬、金銀木（597）、長(zhǎng)白忍冬（599）、韃靼忍冬（600）、紫枝忍冬（598）、早花忍冬、黃花忍冬（596）、接骨木（608）、東北接骨木、阿爾穆小檗、細(xì)葉小檗（412）、天目瓊花（611）、刺五加（541）、遼東楤木（542）、短梗五加、百里香藤本植物山葡萄、杠柳（692）、北五味子（673）、葛棗獼猴桃（704）、軟棗獼猴桃（702）、南蛇藤（683）、蝙蝠葛草坪及地被植物林地早熟禾、草地早熟禾（105）、加拿大早熟禾、紫羊茅、匍莖剪股穎（101）、異穗苔草、卵穗苔草、羊胡子草（108）、烏蘇里苔草、寬葉苔草、東北天南星、白三葉（99）、連錢草（100）、石竹、類葉升麻、側(cè)金盞花、草玉梅、山芍藥、落新婦、耬斗菜、歪頭菜、一枝黃花、燕子花、鈴蘭植物群落示例1、紅松白樺山楊矮紫杉偃松歐丁香東北連翹燕子花鈴蘭2、糠椴紫椴黃檗矮紫杉天目瓊花紅瑞木白三葉3、糖槭紫椴水曲柳水榆花楸紅皮云杉刺五加?xùn)|北珍珠梅偃伏梾木東北接骨木連錢草4、春榆樟子松白樺黃花忍冬柳葉繡線菊胡枝子山芍藥一枝黃花羊胡子草5、紅松旱柳毛赤楊花楷槭花楸青楷槭珍珠梅東北山梅花小花溲疏寬葉苔草歪頭菜落新婦

簡(jiǎn)介：ICSP江蘇省風(fēng)景園林協(xié)會(huì)團(tuán)體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)T/江蘇省風(fēng)景園林規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)江蘇省風(fēng)景園林規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（征求意見稿）發(fā)布實(shí)施江蘇省風(fēng)景園林協(xié)會(huì)江蘇省勘察設(shè)計(jì)行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)發(fā)布CHSLA江蘇省風(fēng)景園林協(xié)會(huì)公告第號(hào)江蘇省風(fēng)景園林協(xié)會(huì)關(guān)于發(fā)布江蘇省團(tuán)體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)江蘇省風(fēng)景園林規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的公告現(xiàn)批準(zhǔn)江蘇省風(fēng)景園林規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為江蘇省團(tuán)體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，編號(hào)為T/,自201年月1日起實(shí)施。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由我協(xié)會(huì)組織出版社出版發(fā)行。江蘇省風(fēng)景園林協(xié)會(huì)年月日

簡(jiǎn)介：園林學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)園林學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)〓〓BBSYLSTUDYCOM〓施工組織設(shè)計(jì)施工組織設(shè)計(jì)一、編制依據(jù)及原則一、編制依據(jù)及原則21編制說明22編制依據(jù)23編制原則2二、施工準(zhǔn)備工作和工序銜接二、施工準(zhǔn)備工作和工序銜接31技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備32物資準(zhǔn)備53勞動(dòng)組織準(zhǔn)備64施工的場(chǎng)外準(zhǔn)備75工序銜接7三、綠化工程施工方案三、綠化工程施工方案81場(chǎng)地準(zhǔn)備82種植前土壤處理83苗木準(zhǔn)備94苗木種植115大樹移植136草坪的種植137三葉草的播種15四、施工進(jìn)度計(jì)劃四、施工進(jìn)度計(jì)劃171施工總進(jìn)度計(jì)劃說明172工期進(jìn)度計(jì)劃17五確保工期的總體措施確保工期的總體措施181施工組織保障措施182合理的施工方案183搞好各種資源的供應(yīng)194嚴(yán)格的管理與控制195機(jī)械、水、電等設(shè)施的施工保證20六、施工技術(shù)和安全措施六、施工技術(shù)和安全措施211確保安全生產(chǎn)的技術(shù)組織措施212確保工程質(zhì)量的技術(shù)組織措施22七、其他施工措施七、其他施工措施261確保文明施工的技術(shù)組織措施262雨季施工技術(shù)措施273綠化成活保證措施284養(yǎng)護(hù)分月作業(yè)計(jì)劃及養(yǎng)護(hù)管理措施291園林學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)園林學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)〓〓BBSYLSTUDYCOM〓在制定施工方案中，充分發(fā)揮我公司設(shè)計(jì)、施工的優(yōu)勢(shì)和專業(yè)化、機(jī)械化聯(lián)合作業(yè)的特點(diǎn)，堅(jiān)持科學(xué)組織、合理安排、均衡生產(chǎn)，確保高速度、高質(zhì)量、高效益的完成本工程的建設(shè)。33根據(jù)項(xiàng)目施工方法中的施工原則組織工程的施工通過與貴方、監(jiān)理等單位的合作，綜合運(yùn)作人員、機(jī)械、物資、資金和信息，實(shí)現(xiàn)質(zhì)量和造價(jià)的最佳組合。二、施工準(zhǔn)備工作和工序銜接二、施工準(zhǔn)備工作和工序銜接工程項(xiàng)目施工準(zhǔn)備工作按其性質(zhì)及內(nèi)容通常包括技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備、物資準(zhǔn)備、勞動(dòng)組織準(zhǔn)備、施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)備和施工場(chǎng)外準(zhǔn)備。1技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備是施工準(zhǔn)備的核心。由于任何技術(shù)的差錯(cuò)或隱患都可能引起人身安全和質(zhì)量事故，造成生命、財(cái)產(chǎn)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的巨大損失。因此必須認(rèn)真地做好技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備工作。具體有如下內(nèi)容11熟悉、審查施工圖紙和有關(guān)的設(shè)計(jì)資料111熟悉建設(shè)單位和設(shè)計(jì)單位提供的初步設(shè)計(jì)或擴(kuò)大初步設(shè)計(jì)（技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)）、施工圖設(shè)計(jì)、園林總平面設(shè)計(jì)、種植設(shè)計(jì)和城市規(guī)劃等相關(guān)資料文件。設(shè)計(jì)、施工驗(yàn)收規(guī)范和有關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)定。112審查設(shè)計(jì)圖紙是否完整、齊全，以及設(shè)計(jì)圖紙和資料是否符合國(guó)家有關(guān)工程建設(shè)的設(shè)計(jì)，施工方面的方針和政策。113審查設(shè)計(jì)圖紙與說明書在內(nèi)容上是否一致，以及設(shè)計(jì)圖紙與其各組成部分之間有無矛盾和錯(cuò)誤。114審查設(shè)備安裝圖紙與其相配合的土建施工圖紙?jiān)谧鴺?biāo)、標(biāo)高上是否一致。115審查設(shè)計(jì)圖紙中的工程復(fù)雜、施工難度大小和管理水平能否滿足工期和質(zhì)量要求并采取可行的技術(shù)措施加以保證。116工程所用的主要材料尤其是植物材料、設(shè)備的數(shù)量、規(guī)格、來源和3