[教育]語(yǔ)言矯治基礎(chǔ)知能研習(xí)

1、語(yǔ)言矯治基礎(chǔ)知能研習(xí),,溝通, 語(yǔ)言, 以及口語(yǔ)的關(guān)係,Communication 溝通,Owens,1990 Communication is the process by which individual exchange information and convey ideas. “溝通”是個(gè)體之間交換訊息以及 傳達(dá)思想的過(guò)程,Language 語(yǔ)言,Language is a systematic and co

2、nventional code used to express ideas and communicate. “語(yǔ)言”是一種約定成俗的系統(tǒng)性符 號(hào),用來(lái)表達(dá)思想及溝通,語(yǔ)言的三要素,,,,,,Bloom and Lahey’s model of language.(1978),文法—音韻 構(gòu)詞 句法,意思,正常 三者交會(huì),,Semantic 語(yǔ)意,即 ”語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容” (the content of langua

3、ge)反應(yīng)個(gè)體由經(jīng)驗(yàn)所得的知識(shí)以及認(rèn)知發(fā)展, 不同人對(duì)相同的語(yǔ)詞可能有不同的理解.字面意義 vs. 引申的意義 熱死我了 ? 我好熱好熱 時(shí)代的巨輪不停的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng) ? 歲月變遷 他好不快活 → 他很快活,Form 語(yǔ)形,語(yǔ)形就是把聲音以及符號(hào)以 能產(chǎn)生意義的各種連結(jié)方式包含了音韻規(guī)則(Phonology), 語(yǔ)詞規(guī)則(Morphology),以及句型規(guī)則(Syntax),Phonology 音韻學(xué),管理聲

4、音以及聲音結(jié)合方式的一套系統(tǒng)語(yǔ)音的最小單位: 音素 (Phoneme)以特定的方式將音素結(jié)合以組成字如: bat and pat /b/ /P/ 拔 爬,Morphology 構(gòu)詞學(xué),掌管構(gòu)詞規(guī)則語(yǔ)詞的最小單位: 詞素 (Morpheme) 就是掌管字詞意義的最小單位如 : ball, balls, un

5、happy, happiest, played,,Syntax 句法,掌管句型結(jié)構(gòu)以特定的辭彙排列順序組織出不同句型以不同的順序重組相同的辭彙可能會(huì)變成 全然不同的意義 妹妹打我 ? 我打妹妹 ? 打我妹妹一個(gè)熟悉如何使用語(yǔ)言的人可以用不同的句法 來(lái)組織相同的辭彙,用來(lái)表達(dá)出不同的意義 我打妹妹 ? 妹妹被我打 → 我有打妹妹嗎?,Pragmatic 語(yǔ)用,即 ”在各種不同情

6、境中(使用語(yǔ)言) 達(dá)成溝通目的”, 亦即”語(yǔ)言的功用”如: 打招呼, 提出/回答 問(wèn)題, 尋求/提供訊息, 要求澄清…等說(shuō)者須顧及聽(tīng)者的程度以及非語(yǔ)言得情境以達(dá)成自己的溝通目的包含了對(duì)話的規(guī)則,Rules of Conversation 對(duì)話的規(guī)則,Initiate 開(kāi)啟一個(gè)話題Maintain 維持一個(gè)話題Take Turn 輪流 (發(fā)言)Respond Appropriately 合宜的回

7、應(yīng)Tell A Cohesive Narrative 有凝聚性的一段敘述,Correspondence and Integration of the Components of Language語(yǔ)言三要素之整合,語(yǔ)言的三要素,,,,,,Bloom and Lahey’s model of language.(1978),Speech 口語(yǔ),是眾多溝通模式中的一種需要口部神經(jīng)肌肉精準(zhǔn)且協(xié)調(diào)的動(dòng)作來(lái)製造聲音以及語(yǔ)

8、言單位除了口語(yǔ)之外,我們還有其他許多方法可用來(lái)溝通,如:書寫,畫圖,手勢(shì)…等等.“表達(dá)者”會(huì)依情境,要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容,”表達(dá)者”本身需求,以及”接收者”之需求來(lái)選擇溝通方式,想法神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo),講 者,無(wú)形—語(yǔ)言,聽(tīng)者腦袋,聽(tīng)覺(jué)回饋,聲波,溝通, 語(yǔ)言, 以及口語(yǔ)的關(guān)係,Pragmatic 語(yǔ)用,即 ”在各種不同情境中(使用語(yǔ)言) 達(dá)成溝通目的”, 亦即”語(yǔ)言的功用”如: 打招呼, 提出/回答 問(wèn)題, 尋求/提供訊息, 要求澄清

9、…等說(shuō)者須顧及聽(tīng)者的程度以及上下文以及溝通的情境以達(dá)成自己的溝通目的包含了對(duì)話的規(guī)則,Basic Anatomy of Speech,Speech is perhaps the most “ gymnastic“ activity we ever do.Speech involves the complex interaction of over 100 muscles.,The Production of Speech,R

10、espiration 呼吸Phonation 發(fā)聲Articulation 構(gòu)音,Respiratory System 呼吸系統(tǒng),Respiratory System,Includes the rib cage, lungs, abdomen and all their associated muscles.The ‘pump’ that controls movement of air.In English all s

11、ounds are produced with air moving out of the lungs and thus they are called egressive sounds.In some languages, some sounds are also produced while air is coming into the lungs; called ingressive.,資料來(lái)源 http://www.phon

12、.ox.ac.uk/~jcoleman/phonation.htm,Phonation System 發(fā)聲系統(tǒng) (一),Phonation System 發(fā)聲系統(tǒng) (二),資料來(lái)源 http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/linguistik/khwagner/phonetik/kapitel4.htm,Phonation System 發(fā)聲系統(tǒng) (三),資料來(lái)源 http://www.fb10.uni-bremen

13、.de/linguistik/khwagner/phonetik/kapitel4.htm,會(huì)厭,Phonation System 發(fā)聲系統(tǒng) (四),資料來(lái)源 http://www.fb10.unibremen.de/linguistik/khwagner/phonetik/kapitel4.htm,Phonation System 發(fā)聲系統(tǒng) (五),http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/~jcoleman/phonatio

14、n.htm,The Articulators 構(gòu)音器官,Articulation= The process of shaping of the air stream to create the specific sounds of speech. (the structures involved = the articulators) 構(gòu)音器官將氣流塑造成不同的狀態(tài)以產(chǎn)生不同聲音Sometimes sounds are pr

15、oduced while the articulators assume a fixed position, and sometimes the articulators are moving as the sound is being produced. 有些聲音是需要構(gòu)音器官停留在固定擺位時(shí)發(fā)出; 而有些聲音則需要一邊送出氣流, 一邊 改變構(gòu)音器官的位置或狀態(tài) (即改變發(fā)聲管道的型態(tài))才能成功發(fā)聲,

16、The Organs of Speech,1-nasal cavity2-lips3-teeth4-aveolar ridge5-hard palate6-velum (soft palate)7-uvula8-apex (tip) of tongue9-blade (front) of tongue10-dorsum (back) of tongue11-oral cavity12-pharynx13-epig

17、lottis14-larynx15-vocal cords16-trachea17-esophagus,資料來(lái)源 http://www.tutorpal.com/ipa/organs.html,Vocal Tract = everything from the glottis up to the lips. (從聲門以上道氣流出口的此一管道稱為”發(fā)聲管道”)Alveolar ridge (齒齦,齒槽,牙齦)

18、 = bony ridge just behind the upper front teeth.Hard palate 硬顎 = bony part of the roof of the mouth; connects to the soft palate. (口腔內(nèi)上方”天花板”硬質(zhì)的部分)Soft palate 軟顎 = soft part of the roof of the mouth.(口腔內(nèi)上方軟質(zhì)的部

19、分)Uvula (懸雍垂) = short fleshy extension of the soft palate. (what you see hanging down at the back of the throat when you look in the mouth.),The Velum (soft palate) 軟顎,Normally the velum is down allowi

20、ng air to flow out through the nose.放鬆狀態(tài)時(shí)會(huì)垂下以利氣流通過(guò)鼻腔 – It is closed during most of speech. 在說(shuō)話時(shí)會(huì)有不同程度的關(guān)閉 – when it is raised it helps close off the velopharyngeal port 當(dāng)軟顎上抬時(shí)會(huì)幫助腭咽的關(guān)閉 Velopharyngeal port(

21、back of the nose) - directing air out the mouth. 腭咽(軟顎+後咽壁)緊閉時(shí)可引導(dǎo)氣流流向口腔Closure of the velopharyngeal port also involves movement of the walls of the pharynx. 腭咽的閉鎖和後咽壁有關(guān),The Soft Palate (Velum) 軟顎,The Jaw (ma

22、ndible) 下頷,Connected to the base of the skull by the temporomandibular joint. 藉由顳顎關(guān)節(jié)與顱骨基部相接Can move up and down, side to side as well as back and forth (to a limited degree) 在一定的範(fàn)圍內(nèi),可上下左右前後移動(dòng)Assists with raisin

23、g and lowering of the tongue and opening and closing the lips. 與舌位高低以及嘴唇的開(kāi)合有關(guān),資料來(lái)源 http://www.rad.washington.edu/anatomy/modules/TMJ/TMJAnatomy.html,,顳顎關(guān)節(jié) Temporomandibular Joint,The Tongue 舌頭 (一),Muscular organ tha

24、t has no internal skeleton. 是一個(gè)內(nèi)部沒(méi)有骨骼的肌肉組織Can be divided into several ‘functional’ parts. – Body, tip (apex), blade, dorsum (back), root. 可依功能再細(xì)分為數(shù)個(gè)部位: 舌的主體,舌尖,舌面,舌背,舌的根部,Divisions of Tongue 舌頭部位,生理舌根,舌根音,Th

25、e Tongue 舌頭(二),Tongue Body舌的主體– Position of the tongue body in the mouth is used to describe where the tongue is producing vowels. 在描述母音發(fā)音位置”高低前後”所指的就是舌頭本體的位置Tongue Tip (apex)舌尖– Involved in the production of over

26、 50% of all speech sounds. 有>50%語(yǔ)音都需用到舌尖發(fā)音– The tongue tip is the most mobile of the articulators. 是所有構(gòu)音器官中最容易移動(dòng)的,The Tongue 舌頭(三),Tongue Blade 舌面– Area just behind the tip.緊接在舌尖後方的區(qū)域– Directly involved in only

27、 a few speech sounds but helps shape the tongue for many others. 有一些語(yǔ)音是以這個(gè)部位構(gòu)音Tongue Dorsum (Back)舌背– Used to contact the back part of the hard palate and the soft palate.用來(lái)和硬顎後方以及軟顎相接觸的部位 Tongue Root舌的根部– most pos

28、terior portion of the tongue.舌頭的最後部份– forms the front of the pharynx.構(gòu)成咽部的前面部位– not directly involved in any English sounds but helps shape the vocal tract for many sounds 在英語(yǔ)及國(guó)語(yǔ)中都沒(méi)有直接以這個(gè)部位發(fā)出的聲音,The Lips 唇,Used to d

29、irectly create several consonants. – Sounds here called “l(fā)abial” sounds. 用來(lái)發(fā)出雙唇音May be protruded (extended) to add “l(fā)ip rounding” to many vowels. – makes the vocal tract longer. 可再往外延伸(噘起),而產(chǎn)生”圓唇母音” Low

30、er lip usually moves more than upper. 下唇的動(dòng)作通常比上唇大Opening and closing of the lips is often assisted by movement of the jaw. 唇的開(kāi)合需要下頷輔助,Language Disorder語(yǔ)言障礙,Delayed 遲緩Impaired, Deviant/ Disordered 異常/障

31、礙,Terminology,Classification of Language Disorders語(yǔ)言障礙的分類,Categorical Orientation,(Clinical Syndromes)Mental Retardation 智障Hearing Impriament 聽(tīng)障Autism 自閉Specific Language Impairment 特定語(yǔ)言障礙Other Syndromes 其他癥候群,By

32、 symptom 依癥狀分類,Articulation/Phonological DisorderLanguage DisorderHearing DisorderVoice DisorderFluency DisorderVoluntary Movement Disorder,注音符號(hào),聲 ㄅ ㄉ ㄍ ㄐ ㄓ ㄗ母 ㄆ ㄊ ㄎ ㄑ ㄔ ㄘ

33、 ㄇ ㄋ ㄏ ㄒ ㄕ ㄙ ㄈ ㄌ ㄖ韻 ㄧ ㄚ ㄞ ㄢ ㄦ母 ㄨ ㄛ ㄟ ㄣ ㄩ ㄜ ㄠ ㄤ ㄝ ㄡ ㄥ,An Introduction to Speech Sound Disorde

34、r語(yǔ)音障礙之簡(jiǎn)介,(Articulation/Phonological Disorder),國(guó)音聲母的音韻歷程分析,Placement 依發(fā)音位置分析Manner 依發(fā)音方法分析Voicing / voiceless (有/無(wú)聲or濁/清音)Aspiration / Unaspiration (送氣/不送氣),Placement 發(fā)音位置,1. Bilabial 雙唇音— ㄅㄆㄇ 2. Labiod

35、ental 唇齒音— ㄈ3. Lingua-Alveolar 舌尖音— ㄗㄘㄙ ㄉㄊㄋㄌ ㄓㄔㄕㄖ 4. Lingua-Palatal 舌面音— ㄐㄑㄒ5. Lingua-Velar舌根音— ㄍㄎㄏ,Manner 發(fā)音方法,1. Stop 塞音— ㄅㄆ ㄉㄊ ㄍㄎ2. Fricative 擦音— ㄈ ㄙ ㄕ ㄖ ㄒ ㄏ 3. Affricate 塞擦音— ㄐㄑ ㄓㄔ ㄗㄘ4. Nasal 鼻音— ㄇㄋ

36、5. Lateral 邊音— ㄌ,Voicing / voiceless (有/無(wú)聲or濁/清音),Four voicing consonants in Chinese are -- ㄇㄋㄌㄖ國(guó)語(yǔ)語(yǔ)音中只有四個(gè)有聲子音 : ㄇㄋㄌㄖ,Unaspiration / Aspiration (不送氣 / 送氣),ㄅ?ㄆ ㄐ?ㄑ雙唇塞音 舌尖塞擦音ㄉ?ㄊ ㄓ?ㄔ舌尖塞音 舌尖塞擦音

37、ㄍ?ㄎ ㄗ?ㄘ舌根塞音 舌尖塞擦音,國(guó)音聲母發(fā)音位置及方法表,國(guó)語(yǔ)語(yǔ)音韻母(母音/韻母/元音)分析,Placement of tongue 發(fā)音時(shí)舌頭位置的前後— 前央後2. Height of tongue 發(fā)音時(shí)舌頭位置的高低— 高中低3. Lip shape 發(fā)音時(shí)嘴唇的形狀— 展唇,圓唇*舌位高低與唇形會(huì)受到下頷開(kāi)合之影響*很容易影響語(yǔ)言清晰度，錯(cuò)在下面的音很難猜出

38、來(lái),國(guó)音韻母發(fā)音位置及方法表,國(guó)音韻母結(jié)構(gòu)分類,單韻母 : ㄧㄨㄩㄚㄛㄜㄝ 複韻母 : ㄞ=ㄚㄧ, ㄟ=ㄝㄧ, ㄠ=ㄚㄨ, ㄡ=ㄛㄨ 聲隨韻母 : ㄢ=ㄚ[n], ㄣ=ㄜ[n], ㄤ=ㄚ[?], ㄥ=ㄜ[?] 結(jié)合韻母 : 介音ㄧㄨㄩ+ 其他韻母 空韻,ㄓ,以國(guó)語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的小孩之音韻歷程發(fā)展,王南梅(1984) — 6 歲 : ㄓㄔㄕㄖ張正芬,鍾玉梅(1986) — 6 歲

39、 : ㄖ,以國(guó)語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的小孩之音韻歷程發(fā)展,許洪坤 (1987) — 塞音→塞擦音→擦音→捲舌音 單韻母→複韻母→聲隨韻母 Intelligibility 語(yǔ)音清晰度— 2 歲≒50% 3 歲≒75% 4 歲≒90%,Articulation disorder 構(gòu)音障礙,1. Substitution 替代 ex :山--甘2. Omission 省略 ex :全部加鼻音 全部聲母

40、3. Distortion 歪曲 ex :ㄉㄊ放錯(cuò)位置4. Addition 添加 ex : 錯(cuò)加介音 變換時(shí)協(xié)調(diào)不好,Phonological disorder 音韻歷程障礙,Substitution processes 替代的歷程Assimilation processes 同化的歷程Syllable structure changes 單音/單詞結(jié)構(gòu)的改變 Others 其他,Substituti

41、on Processes 替代的歷程,Placement rules 發(fā)音位置的替代 Fronting 舌前音化 Backing 舌後音化Manner rules 發(fā)音方法的替代 Stopping 塞音化 Affrication 塞擦音化 Deaffrication 擦音化 Aspiration 送氣化 U

42、naspiration 不送氣化 Nasalization 鼻音化 Denasalization 去鼻音化,Assimilation Processes 同化的歷程,(progressive順向/regressive逆向)Labial assimilation 受唇音同化 Alveolar assimilation 受舌尖音同化Velar assimilation 受舌根音同化Aspirati

43、on assimilation 受送氣音同化Unaspiration assimilation 受不送氣音同化 Nasal assimilation 受鼻音同化,Syllable Structure Changes 單音 /單詞結(jié)構(gòu)的改變,Deletion of initial consonant 結(jié)構(gòu)中首位聲母之省略Reduction of diphthong 複韻母簡(jiǎn)化 (我?ㄛˇ )Unst

44、ressed syllable deletion 非重音音節(jié)之簡(jiǎn)化 (衛(wèi)生紙?衛(wèi)紙),其他音韻歷程障礙,Metathesis Multiple pattern occurrence,國(guó)音聲母音韻歷程障礙簡(jiǎn)圖,ASSESSMENT 評(píng)估,Determining the need for intervention 決定治療介入之必要性Speech sample 採(cǎi)取語(yǔ)音樣本 – intelligib

45、ility 語(yǔ)音清晰度Stimulability testing 嘗試可因接受刺激(治療)而改變的程度Contextual testing 結(jié)合不同語(yǔ)音情境測(cè)試Dialectical considerations 方言影響的考量Vocational/social considerations 職業(yè)/社交功能的考量Additional assessment components 其他因素的評(píng)估,Remediation

46、Approaches 介入方式,Traditional articulation therapy傳統(tǒng)構(gòu)音治療 — Motor based, teaching a new “sound.” Focus on the phonetic accuracy of sounds. 以”改變構(gòu)音的動(dòng)作”為主要目標(biāo),教個(gè)案發(fā)出一個(gè)新的音, 治療時(shí)會(huì)很重視單音的正確與否B. Phonological therapy 音韻歷程

47、的治療 — Cognitive-linguistic based, teaching new “behavior.” Focus on the process and rely on generalization to untrained sounds with the same feature. 以”改變對(duì)一群語(yǔ)音的認(rèn)知”為主要目標(biāo), 主要在教一個(gè)新的”發(fā)音行為.” 治療時(shí)所注重的是一個(gè)發(fā)音歷程而非單音,並會(huì)同時(shí)

48、類化至所有含該目標(biāo)歷程特徵的語(yǔ)音中.,CASE PRESENTATION,NO. 1 Name: 張X達(dá) ( 4 -year-old boy)Spontaneous speech sample (節(jié)錄): 這 是ㄓˋ 小ㄐㄧㄠˇ 白兔弟弟踢皮 球ㄐㄧㄡˊ 今天 星ㄐㄧㄥ 期 ㄐㄧˊ 三 ㄗㄢ爸爸帶我 去ㄐㄩˋ 上 ㄗㄤˋ 學(xué)ㄐㄩㄝˊ,CASE PRESENTATION,No.2 Name:朱X榮(