[雙語翻譯]混合動(dòng)力汽車外文翻譯--日本混合動(dòng)力汽車的使用--二手車市場數(shù)據(jù)分析（英文）

1、Notes and commentsUse of hybrid vehicles in Japan: An analysis of used car market dataKazuyuki Iwata a, Shigeru Matsumoto b,?a Faculty of Regional Policy, Takasaki City University of Economics, 1300 Kaminamie, Takasaki,

2、Gunma 370-0801, Japan b Faculty of Economics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Room 828, Building 8, 4-4-25 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8366, Japana r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Available online 12 April 2016Keywords:C

3、arbon dioxideHybrid vehiclesUsed carsa b s t r a c tDespite the rapid market penetration of hybrid vehicles (HVs), their usage and contribu-tions to environmental protection have not been examined by vehicle traveling da

4、ta. In thispaper, we analyzed Japan’s used car market data to understand how HVs are used on thestreet. We find GV drivers with high travel demand switched from GVs to HVs during thetransition period. Despite HV owners d

5、riving much longer distances than conventionalgasoline vehicle (GV) owners, they emit less carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, owing to bet-ter fuel economy. We also find that HV owners spend roughly the same amount of money

6、annually as GV owners. However, the per-kilometer travel cost of HVs is much lower thanthat of GVs even if the depreciation cost of the vehicle and vehicle related taxes areincluded in the analysis.? 2016 Elsevier Ltd. A

7、ll rights reserved.IntroductionDespite the rapid market penetration of hybrid vehicles (HVs), their usage and contributions to environmental protection have not been examined by vehicle traveling data.1 This paper analyz

8、es used car market data and examines HV usage patternsin Japan. HVs have become very popular in Japan, and they are expected to become popular in other countries as well (FujiKeizai Management Co. Ltd., 2013). Understand

9、ing their usage and environmental impact in Japan could potentially shed lighton their impact in other countries. Additional driving (the rebound effect) induced by higher vehicle efficiency has been confirmed by previou

10、s studies (Greene et al., 1999; Greening et al., 2000; Goldberg, 1998; Linn, 2013; Mizobuchi, 2011; Small and Van Dender, 2007; West, 2004). According to the comprehensive literature survey conducted by Sorrell et al. (2

11、009), the rebound effect is less than 30%. The latest study, Linn (2013), estimates that the rebound effect is 20–40%. Although many scholars have estimated the rebound effect in various contexts, none estimated it by ex

12、plicitly separating HVs from GVs. We expect that the mileage on HVs with remarkable fuel economy will become larger than that of conventional GVs. Since previous studies, such as Kanemoto (2007), Koyama and Kishimoto (20

13、01) and Parry et al. (2007), report that mileage-related external costs are much greater than fuel-related external costs, it is important to estimate the extent to which HVs are driven more than GVs. In recent years, ma

14、ny countries have implemented rebate programs to stimulate HV sales. Empirical studies report that these programs have led to a large increase in the market share of HVs (Chandra et al., 2010; Gallagher and Muehlegger,ht

15、tp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.03.0101361-9209/? 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.? Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 3 3409 9640; fax: +81 3 5485 0698.E-mail addresses: iwata.kazuyu@gmail.com (K. Iwata), t71092@

16、aoyamagakuin.jp (S. Matsumoto).1 The studies such as Kanari et al. (2010) and Nakaue et al. (2010) have examined the effect of HV and the next generation vehicles on the CO2 emission.However, they have conducted simulati

17、on studies and have not analyzed vehicle traveling data.Transportation Research Part D 46 (2016) 200–206Contents lists available at ScienceDirectTransportation Research Part Djournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/trd

18、Results and discussionTravel mileage comparisonTable 2 compares the average annual travel distance (AATD) between gasoline and hybrid vehicles. The AATD of regular GVs is 8003 km, while that of regular HVs is 9993 km. Th

19、erefore, the average HV owner drives much longer distances than the average GV owner. Similarly, the average diesel and electric vehicle owners drive much longer distances than GV owners. The t-statistics reported in the

20、 parentheses show that the differences in AATD are statistically significant at the 1% level. The AATD of newer vehicles is longer than that of older vehicles in general (Matsumoto, 2013). Since GVs include much older ve

21、hicles than HVs, we expect that the AATD of GVs will become shorter than that of HVs. In the third column, we focus on new model vehicles sold after 2003. Although the AATD of GVs increased to 9561 km, the AATD of HVs is

22、 still larger than that of GVs. The variety and price ranges of HVs have been limited until recently. Since the price of popular HVs models such as the Aqua, Fit, Insight, and Prius fall in the price range of $15,000–30,

23、000, we focus on the vehicles within this price range in the last column.4 We again find that the AATD of HVs is higher than that of GVs.Fig. 1. Ownership share by vehicle type.Table 1Descriptive statistics of used vehic

24、les.Category Sample Price of new vehicle Engine size Fuel economy Total registered period(number) ($1000) (1000 cc) (km/L) (year)Regular GV 1,914,044 22.93 2.14 13.76 8.63(51.80%) (8.65) (0.90) (3.51) (5.61)Light GV 1,02

25、6,213 12.28 0.66 18.50 7.63(27.77%) (2.00) (0.02) (2.22) (4.80)Premium GV 568,553 40.82 2.74 10.50 9.35(15.39%) (19.67) (1.26) (3.45) (6.07)Regular HV 48,942 27.16 1.67 30.58 5.25(1.32%) (5.87) (0.36) (4.53) (2.96)Premiu

26、m HV 7747 45.19 3.29 13.63 5.32(0.21%) (12.69) (1.07) (4.82) (3.02)Diesel V 118,058 27.66 3.51 8.95 11.49(3.20%) (69.41) (1.26) (2.01) (5.40)Natural Gas V 682 16.87 1.84 15.21 9.93(0.02%) (15.11) (1.54) (3.07) (5.45)LPG

27、V 839 26.11 2.01 12.70 9.67(0.02%) (12.22) (1.04) (3.85) (4.58)Electric V 1067 29.08 6.67(0.03%) (11.53) (4.93)Unknown V 8701 27.66 2.00 13.83 7.90(0.24%) (16.06) (1.12) 5.00 (7.76)Total 3,694,846 2,528,350 3,669,109 2,2

28、53,104 3,705,487Note: Vehicles without relevant information have been removed. The numbers in parentheses indicate standard deviations. Total indicates the number ofvehicles included in the corresponding dataset.4 We ass