[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]轉(zhuǎn)基因食品外文翻譯--轉(zhuǎn)基因食品標(biāo)簽的監(jiān)管科學(xué)要求

1、4500 英文單詞， 英文單詞，2.4 萬(wàn)英文字符，中文 萬(wàn)英文字符，中文 7400 字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Moghissi A A , Jaeger L M , Shafei D , et al. Regulatory science requirements of labeling of genetically modified food[J]. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 2017:1-

2、8.Regulatory science requirements of labeling of genetically modified foodA. Alan Moghissi, Lisa M. Jaeger, Dania Shafei and Lindsey L. BloomABSTRACTThis paper provides an overview of the evolution of food labeling in th

3、e USA. It briefly describes the three phases of agricultural development consisting of naturally occurring, cross-bred, and genetically engineered, edited or modified crops, otherwise known as Genetically Modified Organi

4、sms (GMO). It uses the Best Available Regulatory Science (BARS) and Metrics for Evaluation of Regulatory Science Claims (MERSC) to evaluate the scientific validity of claims applicable to GMO and the Best Available Publ

5、ic Information (BAPI) to evaluate the pronouncements by public media and others. Subsequently claims on health risk, ecological risk, consumer choice, and corporate greed are evaluated based on BARS/MERSC and BAPI. The p

6、aper concludes by suggesting that labeling of food containing GMO should consider the consumer’s choice, such as the food used by those who desire kosher and halal food. Furthermore, the consumer choice is already

7、met by the exclusion of GMO in organic food.KEYWORDS：Food labeling; best available regulatory science; organic; kosher; halalIntroductionThis paper describes the results of a study that was performed within the newly est

8、ablished regulatory science program at Georgetown University in Washington DC. Currently, virtually all regulatory science educational programs consist of scientific areas covered by the Food and Drug Administration [1].

9、 In contrast, the new regulatory science program at Georgetown University includes scientific areas covered by the entire regulatory process including relevant activities of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Dep

10、artment of Agriculture (USDA), Fish and Wildlife at Department of the Interior, Occupational Safety, and Health Administration at the Department of Labor. Within this program the regulatory science aspects of nutrition w

11、ere addressed leading to the publication of a paper on golden rice [2] and one on organic food [3].The preparation of this paper was stimulated by certain events that dealt with nutritional issues including Genetically M

12、odified Organisms (GMO) based on Genetically Engineered (GE) processes. A key event was the public reaction to the passage of a law in the state of Vermont in the US mandating that any food items sold in that state that

13、included GMO had to be labeled accordingly. As described by McFadden [4] several other states were enacting or considering to enacting similar laws. These activities accelerated congressional actions both in the Senate a

14、nd in the House of Representatives on the role of the federal government, particularly the FDA and USDA on regulating the labeling of food that contains GMO items.Before the relevant issues in the US are addressed, it ma

15、y be desirable to identify the first laws dealing with food including drinks. Probably the oldest law that included concern over the composition of food including drinks is Assisa panis et cerevisiae (Assize of bread and

16、 ale) enacted at about 1266 in Britain, which addressed the production and sale of bread and beer. found that the earliest farmers chose food plants that had desirable characteristics and expanded on those plants. Note

17、 that as described by Davis et al. [8], the nutritional content of the various crops changes naturally.Phase IIThe second phase emerged when the agricultural community recognized the limitations of naturally occurring cr

18、ops. Although cross breeding had been known for centuries, scientific understanding of the process provided unique opportunities for the development and application of cross-breeding to improve agricultural production. T

19、his phase started when Mendel [9], often referred to as the father of modern genetics, provided the scientific foundation for cross-breeding in 1866. Mendel studied pea plant hybridization and established the law of inhe

20、ritance. The primary objective of cross- breeding is to identify two plants, each having a desirable feature and cross-breed them to produce a plant that has both desirable features. Shull [10–12] described the genetic c

21、hanges in specific plants as a consequence of cross breeding. Following the spread of Mendel’s work, many researchers took it upon themselves to further research this area with the objective of improving crop production

22、in both quality and quantity.Phase IIIThe third phase consists of GE crops, one of the key processes within the GMO, a process extensively used to develop crops by expanding the processes used in the second phase and ge

23、netically modifying the structure of the plant. The process used by the FDA in regulating GMO is best described in their statement “Food from GE plants must meet the same food safety requirements as food derived from tra

24、ditionally bred plants”. Since the 1990s, scientific advancement has allowed for a more specific method of GMO, known as gene editing in which the desired DNA genes can be moved from one plant and inserted into the genom

25、e of another plant or they can be removed entirely. This is the method used in foods using GMO process, which encompasses a range of modifications. Plants can be genetically modified to make more nutritious foods, diseas

26、e and drought resistant plants, pesticide resistant plants, faster growing plants, and plants that have medicinal features [13].Current status of food labeling in the USBefore the legal requirements for food labeling are

27、 addressed, it may be desirable to briefly describe the roles of the various agencies. In the US, the USDA regulates the farming operations, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the application of chemical

28、 agents such as pesticides as well as environmental consequences of GMO, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration the safety aspects of farming operations. In contrast, the FDA is responsible for assuring t

29、he safety, quality, and labeling of foods produced domestically and internationally that are consumed in the US. The current labeling requirements for foods are covered in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [14] an

30、d its subsequent amendments as well as Chapter 39 of the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act. Relevant regulations are promulgated periodically under title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations [15].A detailed description of

31、 the evolution of food labeling is too extensive to be included in this review. However briefly, the general food labeling requirements are those that apply to all processed foods. Nutrition labeling for raw produce such

32、 as fruits and vegetables, including fish, are voluntary but typically are followed. In order to avoid labels that are many pages long the system has recognized the so-called Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS), ingredie