外文翻譯---如何學(xué)習(xí)最有效

1、<p>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）</p><p>　　外 文 翻 譯</p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　How to Study 5/e</p><p>　　IMPROVING MOTIVATION</p><p>　　Why is it hard t

2、o study? For one thing, there is the difference between high school and college. In high school someone is usually breathing down your neck every day to get you to do your work, and hardly any internal push is required.

3、In college external pressure scarcely exists. You are on your own.For most students homework is not assigned on a regular basis, and some-times a single assignment may be given for the entire semester.</p><p&g

4、t;　　Another reason it’s hard to study has to do with the absence of short-term goals. Most students who go to college express some kind of career interest.They want to be doctors, lawyers, engineers, business executives,

5、 teachers,and so on. But these aims are often vague, and it is hard to see how day-to-day schoolwork relates to them. Few students are absolutely sure of what they want to do in life, and even fewer know exactly what the

6、y must do in college to prepare themselves for their chosen care</p><p>　　One of the reasons for going to college is to determine a direction for your life. A college education should provide you with enough

7、 experience to help you find your career goal. There is nothing wrong with not knowing what you want to do, even after you’ve been in college for a while. Occupational choice is often difficult, particularly for students

8、 in a liberal arts program. In the absence of a firm career decision, many students find it difficult to work up much enthusiasm for studying. Or w</p><p>　　But if you don’t feel any clear-cut calling to a p

9、articular occupation, don’t let it worry you. One thing you can be sure of: If you haven’t made a career choice by the time you are 21 or 22, the world will not come to an end. If you are in a liberal arts curriculum, re

10、member that the subjects you study will have little or no direct relation to what you will end up doing. The course of study is not designed to prepare you for any particular occupation. Rather its purpose is to make you

11、 a thought</p><p>　　The Importance of Grades</p><p>　　Grades are not the measure of a person, nor are they the sole measure of academic accomplishment. They are only one rather imperfect reflect

12、ion of how much you have learned in your various courses. People can learn a great deal and acquire a good education without making high grades, and some students who make straight As may concentrate so much on getting t

13、hem that they miss their education. Whether we like it or not, grades are one of things that society uses to judge what you are likely to ac</p><p>　　If you want to go on to graduate or professional school,

14、grades are even more important than you think. The competition among applicants for law school, medical school, veterinary school, graduate business school, and most programs in graduate arts and sciences is formidable.

15、Your college grades will probably be the most important factor in determining whether you are admitted or not (although letters of recommendation sometimes count even more—we have more to say about this later). Experienc

16、ed </p><p>　　Satisfaction in Study</p><p>　　Learning, even studying, doesn’t have to be a chore. It can be a real source of satisfaction. In the last chapter we point out that if you see no intr

17、insic value in learning, perhaps you shouldn’t be in college, at least for now. Part of the trick in liking to study is in knowing what to learn and how to learn it. If you can pick up a book, read it with reasonable spe

18、ed, and know how to select the main points and remember them, you’re the kind of person who probably does get satisfaction from le</p><p>　　Good study habits will let you get more done in less time. The time

19、 you save can be used for the things you like to do best—a reward for yourself. We are confident that if you learn to study as outlined in this book, you will have more time for the things you like to do, even if it’s mo

20、re studying. Evidence shows that students who have been taught how-to-study methods make better grades with less time spent in studying than those students who have not been instructed.</p><p>　　Of course, i

21、t is not how much you study but how well. Students who study all the time demonstrate that they are not studying effectively, and they frequently get poorer grades than many of those who study a shorter amount of time. M

22、any bright students study day and night without getting the grades they ought to. As it is with many other things we do, it’s the quality rather than the quantity that counts.</p><p>　　Learning Modes</p&g

23、t;<p>　　Some people learn visually, some by touch, some by hearing, and some by a combination of these senses. Joni could sit through a lecture and not get the main points, but if she took lots of notes as the pro

24、fessor spoke, the main points would become clear to her. The act of combining hearing, writing, and finally seeing the words allowed her to understand the main points of the lecture. Another person at the same lecture m

25、ay take only a few notes because the main points were immediately clear jus</p><p>　　It is important to understand your primary mode of learning. Many students know by experience what they need to do in orde

26、r to get the information, but many do not know why they struggle to understand what others seem to get easily. There are testing procedures that can pinpoint your particular mode of learning, and they can provide you wit

27、h a prescription for the most efficient way for you to approach each class. If you struggle much more than your classmates, ask for an appointment with your c</p><p>　　Source: Allan Mundsack, James Deese, El

28、lin K. Deese, Clifford Thomas Morgan.How to Study 5/e. McGraw-Hill, 2002.</p><p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p><b>　　如何學(xué)習(xí)最有效</b></p><p><b>　　改善學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)</b></

29、p><p>　　為什么說(shuō)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)是件困難的事呢？其中一個(gè)原因就是高中和大學(xué)的巨大差別。在高中整天有人逼你學(xué)習(xí)，幾乎不需什么內(nèi)在動(dòng)力。而在大學(xué)幾乎沒(méi)有外部的壓力，你的學(xué)習(xí)完全是自主的，老師不會(huì)經(jīng)常布置家庭作業(yè)，甚至一個(gè)學(xué)期只布置一次。</p><p>　　另一個(gè)原因就是在大學(xué)你沒(méi)有短期的計(jì)劃和目標(biāo)。上大學(xué)的學(xué)生都表示對(duì)某種職業(yè)感興趣。他們希望將來(lái)成為醫(yī)生、律師、工程師、經(jīng)理、教師等。但是這些目標(biāo)

30、往往是很模糊的，很難看到每天的學(xué)習(xí)與這些目標(biāo)有何聯(lián)系，很少有學(xué)生能確切地知道他們要在一生中從事什么工作，能夠在大學(xué)確切地為選定的職業(yè)做準(zhǔn)備的人就更少了。如果職業(yè)抱負(fù)應(yīng)該做出改變了——這是常有的事，那么學(xué)生就感到漫無(wú)目、茫然失措。這常常會(huì)使學(xué)生產(chǎn)生焦慮和不安全感，增強(qiáng)他們學(xué)習(xí)的困難。</p><p>　　上大學(xué)的其中一個(gè)目的就是為你的生活確定一個(gè)方向。大學(xué)教育應(yīng)該讓你有足夠的經(jīng)歷，從而找到你人生事業(yè)的目標(biāo)。即使你進(jìn)

31、入大學(xué)一段時(shí)間之后然不清楚將來(lái)自己要做什么也不要緊，職業(yè)的選擇是件很困難的事，特別是對(duì)于學(xué)文科的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)尤其如此。但是如果沒(méi)有堅(jiān)定的職業(yè)決心，學(xué)生們會(huì)覺(jué)得很難有學(xué)習(xí)的激情。盡管他們有時(shí)很喜歡自己的課程，但是由于沒(méi)有明確的目標(biāo)，他們還是感到學(xué)起來(lái)有氣無(wú)力、無(wú)精打采。</p><p>　　但是如果你對(duì)哪項(xiàng)職業(yè)都不是那么感興趣的話，你也不必?fù)?dān)心。你可以肯定的一件事是：天不會(huì)因?yàn)槟阍?1歲或22歲還沒(méi)有做出職業(yè)決定而塌下

32、來(lái)。如果你讀的是文科，你得記住你大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的課程多半與你將來(lái)做的工作沒(méi)有直接的聯(lián)系。課程的目的不是準(zhǔn)備你做某項(xiàng)專業(yè)的職業(yè)，而是將你塑造成一個(gè)有思維的人，能夠批判性地閱讀、思考和寫(xiě)作，分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題，也就是說(shuō)你上完大學(xué)之后將會(huì)成為一個(gè)受過(guò)教育、有素質(zhì)的人。許多公司都希望雇傭善于學(xué)習(xí)的人，公司會(huì)教你他們想要你知道的東西。我們認(rèn)為教育非常重要的，你應(yīng)該好好利用大學(xué)這個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。</p><p><b>　

33、　重視你的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)</b></p><p>　　分?jǐn)?shù)不能全面地衡量一個(gè)學(xué)生，他也不能全面地衡量一個(gè)學(xué)生的學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)，它只能從某些方面反映你對(duì)各門學(xué)科掌握的程度如何。有些同學(xué)雖然考試成績(jī)不太好，但是他們涉獵只是廣泛，也獲得了良好的教育；有些同學(xué)雖然門門功課成績(jī)優(yōu)異，但是他們由于過(guò)于注重考試，結(jié)果貽誤了全面發(fā)展，并沒(méi)有得到良好的教育。但是，無(wú)論我們贊成也好，反對(duì)也好，分?jǐn)?shù)確實(shí)是社會(huì)評(píng)判我們將來(lái)是否能取得成就

34、的一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。無(wú)論分?jǐn)?shù)有多片面，它還是有作用的。</p><p>　　你考大學(xué)的時(shí)候分?jǐn)?shù)很重要，讀大學(xué)的時(shí)候分?jǐn)?shù)固然依然重要。如果你將來(lái)想到國(guó)外留學(xué)，你的大學(xué)成績(jī)尤其重要。在諸多的申請(qǐng)者中，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)異常激烈，特別是對(duì)于申請(qǐng)到國(guó)外讀法學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)、商學(xué)的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，恐怕你大學(xué)的成績(jī)是決定你是否被錄取的一個(gè)重要因素（雖然有時(shí)推薦信也很重要，這個(gè)我們?cè)谝院蟮恼鹿?jié)中談），經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的錄取官都很清楚，你的大學(xué)成績(jī)還是能夠說(shuō)明一些問(wèn)題的，

35、它可以預(yù)示你將來(lái)研究中的成功與否。當(dāng)然，也有一些同學(xué)的大學(xué)成績(jī)并不怎么好，他們憑借一定的關(guān)系或者憑借在其他方面的一些突出成就也被錄取了，但這畢竟少數(shù)。多數(shù)研究生院錄取的比例都很低，一般是10：2，他們傾向于錄取最好的。許多學(xué)科領(lǐng)域只考慮錄取各科成績(jī)?cè)诹家陨系膶W(xué)生，有的只錄取各科為優(yōu)的學(xué)生。所以，如果你打算將來(lái)繼續(xù)深造，你必須得重視你的大學(xué)成績(jī)，雖然我們大多數(shù)都對(duì)此有看法，但沒(méi)辦法。</p><p><b&g

36、t;　　從學(xué)習(xí)中找到滿足感</b></p><p>　　學(xué)習(xí)，甚至研究并不是一件煩瑣的事，它可以成為滿足感的真正源泉。在上一章中，我們已經(jīng)指出：如果你看不到學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)在價(jià)值，或許你不應(yīng)該上大學(xué)，至少目前不應(yīng)該上。喜歡學(xué)習(xí)的部分原因是明白學(xué)什么和知道怎么學(xué)。如果你拿起一本書(shū)，能夠以正常的速度閱讀并且能抓住要點(diǎn)，你可能就屬于可以從學(xué)習(xí)中得到滿足感的人，你是個(gè)在學(xué)習(xí)方面幸運(yùn)的人。除了獲取新信息，或者敢于挑戰(zhàn)新

37、思想新觀念外，你會(huì)在學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)中有一種自豪感，為自己的成功感到自豪。一旦你一件事做得不錯(cuò)，你會(huì)再去做好另一件事。閱讀和學(xué)習(xí)越多，你的閱讀和學(xué)習(xí)就變得越容易。這時(shí)候，學(xué)習(xí)是件令人滿足而非枯燥、叫人煩惱的事。如果你培養(yǎng)了高水平的學(xué)習(xí)能力，我么么相信你一定會(huì)更加熱愛(ài)學(xué)習(xí)，而不會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)有恐懼感。如果你付出了很大的努力，學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)仍然是件苦差事，那么你可能在閱讀、寫(xiě)作、或者基本的數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算方面存在著問(wèn)題。要真是這樣的話，立即做出改變。你可以從學(xué)校獲得

38、幫助，幾乎所有的大學(xué)都會(huì)舉辦一些活動(dòng)幫助那些對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)毫無(wú)興趣的同學(xué)。你也可以求助于老師、同學(xué)或家長(zhǎng)，讓他們幫助你擺脫困境。</p><p>　　良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣可以幫助你取得事半功倍的效果，你可以在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)做完更多的事情。這樣，你可以用省下來(lái)的時(shí)間做你喜歡的事，犒勞一下自己。我們深信：如果你按照本書(shū)規(guī)劃的方案學(xué)習(xí)的話，你一定會(huì)有更多的時(shí)間做自己喜歡做的事。即使你的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)繁重，你仍然可以輕松應(yīng)對(duì)。有證據(jù)表明：接受

39、過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)策略教育的學(xué)生與那些沒(méi)有接受過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)策略教育的學(xué)生相比，他學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間花得少，分?jǐn)?shù)反而考得高。</p><p>　　當(dāng)然，學(xué)習(xí)并不在于你學(xué)了多少，而在于你學(xué)得怎樣。一直悶頭學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生說(shuō)明他們的學(xué)習(xí)效率不怎么高。比較起學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間花費(fèi)少的學(xué)生，他們的分?jǐn)?shù)往往比較低。許多很聰明的學(xué)生沒(méi)日沒(méi)夜地學(xué)習(xí)，結(jié)果考的分?jǐn)?shù)卻不那么令人滿意。學(xué)習(xí)和我們做的其他事情，注重的是質(zhì)量，不是數(shù)量。</p><p>&l

40、t;b>　　明白自己的學(xué)習(xí)模式</b></p><p>　　有些人通過(guò)視覺(jué)學(xué)習(xí)，有些人通過(guò)觸覺(jué)學(xué)習(xí)，有些人通過(guò)聽(tīng)覺(jué)學(xué)習(xí)，而有些人則通過(guò)各種感覺(jué)的結(jié)合來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)。瓊尼可以坐著聽(tīng)完一個(gè)講座，但是什么也不理解，但是，如果她記很多筆記的話，她可以完全理解講座的要點(diǎn)。通過(guò)聽(tīng)、寫(xiě)和最后查看自己記下的筆記，瓊尼才能完全理解講座的內(nèi)容。然而，聽(tīng)講座的另一個(gè)人只記很少的筆記就能夠理解講座的內(nèi)容，因?yàn)閷?duì)于他來(lái)說(shuō)一聽(tīng)就明

41、白了，不需要記什么內(nèi)容。另一個(gè)人呢，則只有下去看了教科書(shū)之后才能明白教授講的主要內(nèi)容。每個(gè)人都有自己的學(xué)習(xí)模式。</p><p>　　明白你自己的學(xué)習(xí)模式是很重要的。許多同學(xué)通過(guò)經(jīng)驗(yàn)得知自己要獲得信息需要怎樣做。但有些同學(xué)還是弄不明白：其他人很容易就掌握的東西，而自己苦苦掙扎仍弄不清楚。有些大學(xué)里一些測(cè)試服務(wù)可以幫助你發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的學(xué)習(xí)模式，這些服務(wù)可以讓你最有效地上好每一節(jié)課。你也可以從心理輔導(dǎo)老師那里取得幫助，心