外文翻譯——公路邊坡常見支護方法

1、<p>　　公路邊坡常見支護方法</p><p>　　目前，我國山區(qū)高速公路建設迅猛發(fā)展。在高等級公路的修建中，出現(xiàn)大量的深挖路塹與高填路堤邊坡，其防護問題非常突出。為了滿足安全可靠和經濟合理雙重目標，對高邊坡病害特征的深入分析和對其治理工程方案的慎重選擇顯得十分重要。</p><p>　　公路邊坡沿公路分布的范圍廣，對自然環(huán)境的破壞范圍大，如果在防護的同時，能夠注意保護環(huán)境和創(chuàng)

2、造環(huán)境，采用適當?shù)木G化防護方法來進行，則會使公路具有安全、舒適、美觀、與環(huán)境相協(xié)調等特點，也將會產生可觀的經濟效益、社會效益和生態(tài)效益。</p><p>　　邊坡設計應遵循“安全綠色、水土保持、恢復自然、環(huán)保之路”的設計原則。</p><p>　　對公路邊坡進行防護，必須考慮以下問題：</p><p>　?、龠吰路€(wěn)定：保護路基邊坡表面免受雨水沖刷，減緩溫差與溫度變化

3、的影響，防止和延緩軟巖土表面的風化、破碎、剝蝕演變過程，從而保護路基的整體穩(wěn)定性。</p><p>　?、诃h(huán)境保護：使工程對環(huán)境的擾亂程度減少到最小，并謀求人工構造物與自然環(huán)境相協(xié)調。</p><p>　?、劬C合效應：綜合防光，防眩，防煙，誘導司機視線，改善景觀等目的進行邊坡綠化防護，充分發(fā)揮防護工程的綜合效益。</p><p><b>　　1、工程防護&

4、lt;/b></p><p><b>　　1.1 抹面與捶面</b></p><p>　　1.1.1適用條件：</p><p>　　①對各種易于風化的軟巖層（如泥質砂巖、頁巖、千枚巖、泥質板巖等）邊坡，當巖層風化不甚嚴重時；</p><p>　?、谒雷o的邊坡，本身必須是穩(wěn)定的，但其坡面形狀、陡度及平順性不受限制；

5、</p><p>　?、鬯雷o的邊坡，必須是干燥、無地下水的巖質邊坡。</p><p>　　1.1.2構造要求：</p><p>　?、倌婧穸纫话銥?～7cm，捶面厚度為10～15cm，一般為等厚截面。</p><p>　?、谀媾c捶面工程的周邊與未防護坡面銜接處，應嚴格封閉。如在其邊坡頂部做截水溝，溝底與溝邊也要做抹面或捶面防護。<

6、/p><p>　?、鄞竺娣e抹面或捶面時，每隔5～10m應設伸縮縫。</p><p><b>　　1.2 灌漿與勾縫</b></p><p>　　灌漿適用于石質堅硬、不易風化、巖層內部節(jié)理發(fā)育，但裂縫寬度較小的巖質路塹邊坡。</p><p>　　勾縫適用于石質較堅硬、不易風化、張開節(jié)理不甚發(fā)育，且節(jié)理縫較大較深的巖石路塹邊坡上

7、。</p><p><b>　　1.3水泥土護坡</b></p><p>　　1.3.1適用條件：</p><p>　?、龠m用于粉土、粉砂、粉質粘土、粘土等填方邊坡。</p><p>　　②易受洪水浸淹的路基填方邊坡。</p><p>　?、劭捎糜邴}漬土地區(qū)。</p><p&g

8、t;　　1.3.2構造要求：水泥土護坡厚度一般為10～20cm.水泥摻量一般為8％～15％，具體摻量施工時根據(jù)現(xiàn)場試驗確定。</p><p><b>　　1.4 護面墻</b></p><p>　　1.4.1適用條件：</p><p>　?、俣嘤糜谝罪L化的云母巖、綠泥片巖、千枚巖及其它風化嚴重的軟質巖層和較破碎的巖石地段，以防止繼續(xù)風化；<

9、;/p><p>　?、谒雷o的邊坡本身必須是穩(wěn)固的；</p><p>　?、圩o面墻有實體護面墻、孔窗式護面墻、拱式護面墻和肋式護面墻。實體護面墻適用于一般土質及碎石邊坡；空窗式護面墻用于邊坡緩于1：0.75，孔窗內可采用捶面（坡面干燥時）或干砌片石；拱式護面墻用于邊坡下部巖層較完整，而需要防護上部邊坡者或通過個別軟弱地段時，邊坡巖層較完整且坡度較陡時采用肋式護面墻。</p>&l

10、t;p>　　1.4.2構造要求：</p><p><b>　　1.實體護面墻</b></p><p>　?、俸穸纫晧Ω叨ǎ话悴捎?.4～0.6m，底寬一般等于頂寬加H/10～H/20；單級護墻的高度一般不超過15m，多級護墻的總高度一般不超過30m.</p><p>　　②沿墻身長度每隔10m設置一道2cm的伸縮縫，縫內用瀝青麻筋填塞

11、。在泄水孔后用碎石和砂做成反濾層，以排除墻后排水。</p><p>　?、坌拗o面墻前，對所有的邊坡清除風化層至新鮮巖層，對風化迅速的巖質（如云母巖、綠泥片巖等）邊坡，清挖出新鮮巖面后，應立即修筑護面墻。</p><p>　　④頂部應用原土夯填，以免水流沖刷。</p><p><b>　　2.孔窗式護面墻</b></p><

12、p>　　孔窗式護面墻的窗孔通常為半圓拱形，高2.5～3.5m，寬2～3m，半徑1～1.5m.其基礎、厚度、伸縮縫等與實體護面墻相同，窗孔內視具體情況，采用干砌片石、植草或捶面。</p><p><b>　　3.拱式護面墻</b></p><p>　　拱跨較小時（2～3m），拱圈可采用10#水泥砂漿砌片石，拱高視邊坡下面完整巖層高度而定，拱跨較大時，可采用砼拱圈。

13、</p><p>　　1.5 噴漿或噴射混凝土防護</p><p>　　1.5.1適用條件：</p><p>　　①適用于巖性較差、強度較底、易風化或堅硬巖層風化破碎、節(jié)理發(fā)育、其表層風化剝落的巖質邊坡；</p><p>　?、诋攷r質邊坡因風化剝落和節(jié)理切割而導致大面積碎落，以及局部小型坍塌、落石時，可采用局部加固處理后，進行大面積噴漿（噴射

14、混凝土）。</p><p>　　③對于上部巖層風化破碎下部巖層堅硬完整的高大路塹邊坡；</p><p>　?、懿荒艹惺苌襟w壓力，邊坡須是穩(wěn)定的。</p><p>　　1.5.2構造要求：</p><p>　?、賴姖{厚度不宜小于1.5～2cm，噴射混凝土的厚度以3～5cm為宜。</p><p>　?、跒榉乐蛊旅嫠臎_刷，

15、沿噴漿（噴射混凝土）坡面頂緣外側設置一條小型截水溝。</p><p>　　③漿體兩側鑿槽嵌入巖層內。</p><p><b>　　1.6 噴錨防護</b></p><p>　　1.6.1適用條件：</p><p>　　凡易于噴漿（噴射混凝土）防護的巖質邊坡，當巖層風化破碎嚴重、節(jié)理發(fā)育，在破碎巖層較厚的情況下，如果繼續(xù)風

16、化，將導致墜石或小型崩塌，從而影響整個邊坡的穩(wěn)定性。它具有較高的強度，較好的抗裂性能，能使坡面內一定深度內的破碎巖層得以加強，并能承受少量的破碎體所產生的側壓力。</p><p>　　1.6.2構造要求：</p><p>　　①為防止坡面水的沖刷，沿噴漿（噴射混凝土）坡面頂緣外側設置一條小型截水溝。</p><p>　　②錨固深度視邊坡巖層的破碎程度及破碎層的厚度而

17、定，用1：3的水泥沙漿固結。</p><p>　　③噴漿厚度不小于3cm，噴射混凝土的厚度不小于5cm.</p><p>　?、苠^桿的類型有樹脂錨桿、全長砂漿錨桿、塑料錨桿、水泥錨桿和縫管錨桿。</p><p>　　⑤提高錨桿承載力的措施主要有延長錨固段長度、二次壓漿、采用端頭擴大或多段擴大頭錨桿、重復高壓灌漿和改變錨桿傳力特征的剪力或壓力型錨桿。其中二次壓漿和重復

18、高壓灌漿比較實用有效。</p><p><b>　　1.7 土釘墻</b></p><p>　　土釘墻是一種較新式的結構物，它主要由“釘”（即錨桿）、混凝土面板（掛網噴射混凝土）、錨板組成。</p><p><b>　　1.7.1作用機理</b></p><p>　　通過規(guī)則排列的錨桿（“釘”）、面

19、板、錨板將邊坡一定范圍內的土體進行原位加固，形成一種復合結構式的墻——土釘墻，墻后土壓力由土釘墻承擔。</p><p><b>　　1.7.2適用條件</b></p><p>　　主要適用于風化破碎較嚴重的巖石邊坡，也可用于粉土、礫石和砂土邊坡。承受土壓力一般，其最大優(yōu)點是從上往下逐層開挖土石方并及時對邊坡進行封閉加固，能有效減少邊坡因開挖臨空而帶來的英里釋放，使邊坡

20、保持原來的穩(wěn)定結構，避免坍塌。</p><p>　　1.7.3構造要求：</p><p>　?、偈┕こ绦驗椋撼煽祝蹇祝媒睿{－噴射第一層細石混凝土－裝掛鋼絲網－噴射第二層細石混凝土；</p><p>　?、诘谝粚蛹毷炷梁?～10cm，第二層細石混凝土厚8cm.</p><p>　　1.8 預應力錨索梁</p><

21、p>　　預應力錨索梁是最近幾年發(fā)展起來的一種新型加固措施。結構分為錨索和錨梁兩部分。</p><p><b>　　1.8.1作用機理</b></p><p>　　把破碎松散巖層組合連接成整體，并錨固在地層深部穩(wěn)固的巖體上，通過施加預應力，使錨索長度范圍內的軟弱巖體（層）擠壓密實，提高巖層層面間的正壓力和摩阻力，阻止開裂松散巖體位移，從而達到加固邊坡的目的。這種方

22、法的最大特點是：可保持既有坡面狀態(tài)下深入坡體內部進行大范圍加固；預先主動對邊坡松散巖層施加正壓力，起到擠密鎖固作用；同時，錨索孔高壓注漿，漿液充填裂隙和孔隙，又可提高破碎巖體的強度和整體性；結構簡單、工期短、造價低廉。</p><p><b>　　1.8.2適用條件</b></p><p>　　裂隙和斷層發(fā)育、防緩邊坡工作量巨大的高陡邊坡。</p>&l

23、t;p>　　1.8.3構造要求：</p><p>　?、馘^梁：錨梁為鋼筋混凝土梁，采用C30混凝土澆注，它不僅為預應力錨索提供反力裝置，而且也對邊坡巖土有著框箍和壓緊作用。</p><p>　?、阱^梁的施工順序為：防線挖槽—綁扎鋼筋—支?！獫沧⒒炷?。</p><p>　?、坼^梁與錨索交叉部位預留塑料套管，便于錨索從中間穿過；在錨頭部位預埋承壓鋼板，并與錨梁澆

24、注成整體。</p><p>　　④預應力錨索施工程序為：放點鉆孔—編制鋼絞線—注漿—張拉鎖定。</p><p>　　⑤可與噴射混凝土或框格護坡相結合。</p><p><b>　　2、植物防護</b></p><p><b>　　2.1 種草</b></p><p><

25、b>　　2.1.1適用條件</b></p><p>　　邊坡穩(wěn)定、坡面沖刷輕微的路堤或路塹邊坡，一般要求邊坡坡度不陡于1：1，邊坡坡面水徑流速度不超過0.6m/s，長期浸水邊坡不適用。</p><p><b>　　2.1.2種植方式</b></p><p>　　根據(jù)施工方法不同，有以下幾種方式：</p><

26、p>　?、俜N子撒播法：適用于邊坡土質較軟，厚度在25mm以下的沙性土，23mm以下的粘性土，以及邊坡緩于1：1的情況。</p><p>　?、趪姴シǎ哼m用于礫間有砂的礫質土，或厚度在25mm以下的砂質土，厚度在23mm以下的粘性土、亞粘土土坡，或當厚度在25mm以上的硬質土時，在常降暴雨地區(qū)，則與鋪席工程并用。</p><p>　　③客土噴播法：客土噴播技術是一種改善邊坡植生環(huán)境，促

27、進植物生長，從而在普通條件下無法綠化或綠化效果差的邊坡上實現(xiàn)立體綠化、恢復自然植被的新技術?？屯羾姴シň哂袕V泛的適應性，土質或巖質邊坡都適用。</p><p><b>　　④點穴、挖溝法</b></p><p>　　方法：點穴法是在邊坡上用鉆具挖掘直徑5～8cm、深10～15cm的洞，每平方米約8～12個，將固體肥料等防入，用土、砂等將洞埋住后，再種種子。挖溝法是在邊

28、坡大致按水平間隔50cm左右，挖掘10～15cm深的溝，放入肥料后，撒播種子。</p><p>　　適用于：公路兩側的綠化用地立地條件較差的情況，如硬質土或花崗巖風化砂土挖方邊坡。</p><p><b>　　2.2 鋪草皮</b></p><p><b>　　2.2.1適用條件</b></p><p&

29、gt;　　各種土質邊坡，特別是坡面沖刷比較嚴重、邊坡較陡（可達60°），徑流速度達0.6m/s時。</p><p>　　2.2.2鋪草皮的方式</p><p>　　平鋪、水平疊鋪、垂直坡面或與坡面成一半破腳的傾斜疊置，以及采用片石等鋪砌成方格或拱形邊框、方格內鋪草皮等。</p><p><b>　　2.3 植樹</b></p&g

30、t;<p>　　適用于：各種土質邊坡和風化極嚴重的巖石邊坡，邊坡坡度不陡于1：1.5，在路基邊坡和漫水河灘上種植植物，對于加固路基與防護河岸收到良好的效果?？梢越档退魉伲N在河灘上可促使泥沙淤積，防止水流直接沖刷路堤。植樹最好與植草相結合。高等級公路邊坡上嚴禁種喬木。</p><p><b>　　3、柔性支護</b></p><p><b>

31、　　3.1 三維植被網</b></p><p>　　三維植被網又稱防侵蝕網，以熱塑樹脂為原料。結構分為上下兩層，上層為一個經雙面拉伸的高模量基礎層，強度足以防止植被網的變形，并能有效防止水土流失，下層是一層彈性的、規(guī)則的、凹凸不平的網包組成。</p><p>　　3.1.1作用機理：</p><p>　　三維植被網是由多層塑料凹凸網和高強度平網復合而成的

32、立體網結構。面層外觀凹凸不平。材質疏松柔韌，留有90%以上的空間可填充土壤及沙粒，將草籽及表層土壤牢牢護在立體網中間。</p><p><b>　　3.1.2特點</b></p><p>　?、?固土效果極好。實驗證明：在草皮形成之前，當坡度為45度時，三維植被網的固土阻滯率高達97.5%.即使坡面角達到90°時，三維植被網仍可保留阻滯住60%的土壤。<

33、;/p><p>　?、?抗沖刷能力強。三維網墊及植物根系可起到淺層加筋的作用，這種復合體系具有及強的抗沖刷能力，能夠達到有效防護邊坡的目的。</p><p>　?、?網墊原材料采用聚乙烯，無毒且化學性質穩(wěn)定可靠，埋在地下壽命可達50年以上，即使暴露在陽光下壽命也長達10多年。</p><p>　?、?草種采用混合草種，生長成坪快；抗逆性強、耐貧瘠、耐粗放式管理等。<

34、;/p><p><b>　　3.1.3適用條件</b></p><p>　　設計穩(wěn)定的土質和巖質邊坡，特別是土質貧瘠的邊坡和土石混填的邊坡可以起到固土防沖并改善植草質量的良好效果。</p><p>　　3.2 鋼繩網主動防護</p><p>　　通過錨桿和支撐繩以固定方式將鋼繩網蓋在坡面上。</p><p

35、>　　作用機理為通過固定在錨桿或支撐繩上并施以一定預張拉的鋼繩網，以及在用作風化剝落、溜塌或坍落防護中抑制細小顆粒、灑落或土體流失時鋪以金屬網或土工格柵，對整個邊坡形成連續(xù)支撐。其預張拉作業(yè)使系統(tǒng)緊貼坡面形成了局部巖坡或土體移動或發(fā)生細小位移后將其裹縛于原位附近的預應力，從而實現(xiàn)其主動防護的功能。其系統(tǒng)作用原理類似噴錨支護等層面防護體系。然其柔性特征能使系統(tǒng)將局部體中下滑力向四周均勻傳遞以充分發(fā)揮整個系統(tǒng)的防護能力，從而使系統(tǒng)能承

36、受較大的下滑力，同時它與三維植被網一樣與植物配套實現(xiàn)植物防護，使植物根系的固土作用與坡面防護系統(tǒng)結為一體，實現(xiàn)最佳邊坡防護和環(huán)保。</p><p>　　3.3鋼繩網被動防護</p><p>　　該方法是一種能攔截和堆存落石的柔性攔石網，由鋼繩網、固定系統(tǒng)、減壓環(huán)和鋼柱四部分組成。</p><p>　　3.3.1.適用條件</p><p>　　

37、巖體交互發(fā)育、坡面整體性差，有巖崩可能的高路塹邊坡。</p><p><b>　　3.3.2作用機理</b></p><p>　　當落石沖擊攔石網時，其沖擊力通過網的柔性得以首先消散，并將剩余荷載從沖擊點向繩網系統(tǒng)周邊逐級加載，最終傳到錨固基巖和地層，且由錨桿及其基礎承受的最終剩余荷載以達很小的程度。</p><p><b>　　4、

38、綜合防護</b></p><p>　　4.1巖質邊坡綠化噴播技術</p><p>　　綠化噴播技術，其核心是在巖質坡面營造一個既能讓植物生長發(fā)育而種植基質又不被沖刷的多孔穩(wěn)定結構。它利用特制噴混機械將土壤、肥料、有機質、保水材料、植物種子、水泥等混合干料加水后噴射到巖面上，由于水泥的粘結作用，上述混合物可在巖石表面形成一層具有連續(xù)空隙的硬化體。一定程度的硬化使種植免遭沖蝕，而空

39、隙內填有種子、土壤、保水材料等，空隙既是種植基質的填充空間，又是植物根系的生長空間。</p><p><b>　　4.1.1適用條件</b></p><p>　　不僅適用于所有開挖后的巖體邊坡，而且對于巖堆、軟巖、碎裂巖、散體巖、極酸性土巖以及擋土墻、護面墻、混凝土結構邊坡等不宜綠化的惡劣環(huán)境。</p><p><b>　　4.1.2

40、施工方法</b></p><p><b>　　①修整邊坡</b></p><p>　　在高速公路邊坡支護工程中，坡面比較平整，一般只需清除表面雜物即可。如有非常凹凸的地方須進行處理。</p><p><b>　?、阱^桿、掛網</b></p><p>　　先在坡面上打孔，然后將機編網開卷鋪

41、掛在坡面上，再用錨桿或錨釘固定。對于坡度較?。?gt;1：1）、巖體結構穩(wěn)定的邊坡，或已做拱架的陡坡，可不掛網，面向巖面直接噴射混合好的材料。</p><p><b>　?、蹏娀?lt;/b></p><p>　　材料按比例混合后利用特制噴混機械將混合物加水及PH緩沖劑后噴射到巖面上。噴射分兩次進行，首先噴射不含種子的混合料，噴射厚度7～8cm，緊接著第二次噴射含有種子的混

42、合料，噴射厚度2～3cm.噴射混合材料平均厚度10cm，變幅為3～15cm.</p><p><b>　　④覆蓋</b></p><p>　　可在噴射后覆蓋無紡布、草簾、遮蔭網、稻草等保濕及防止雨水沖刷。</p><p><b>　?、蒺B(yǎng)護</b></p><p>　　噴播后如未下雨則需每天澆水保持

43、土壤濕潤。一般7天左右發(fā)芽，一個月成坪，兩個月覆蓋率達90%以上，成坪后可逐漸減少澆水次數(shù)。</p><p><b>　　4.2框格護坡</b></p><p>　　4.2.1適用條件：</p><p>　　風化較嚴重的巖質邊坡和坡面穩(wěn)定的較高土質邊坡。</p><p>　　4.2.2框格形式選擇</p>

44、<p>　　框格護坡可選用菱形框格、六邊形框格、主從式框格等</p><p>　　4.2.3構造要求：</p><p>　　①框格內植草，通常采用借土噴播法或植草皮等方法。</p><p>　　②框格形式主要有正方形、菱形、拱形、主肋加斜向橫肋或波浪形橫肋以及幾種幾何圖形組合等形式，框格及橫肋寬0.4～0.6m，主肋寬一般1m左右，框格間距2.5～3.5m

45、.</p><p>　?、蹜鶕?jù)情況設置固定樁或錨固筋固定。</p><p>　　Highway Slope Common Supporting Method</p><p>　　At present, our country mountainous area highway to construct rapid development. In first-clas

46、s highway construction, were massively deep cut cutting and high embankment slope, its protection outstanding issues. In order to meet the safe and reliable and reasonable economy dual goals, the high slope of disease of

47、 thorough analysis and characteristics of its governance engineering scheme discreet choice is very important. </p><p>　　Highway slope along the road to the distribution of wide, natural environmental damage

48、 range, if the protection at the same time, can protect the environment and create an environment, the adoption of appropriate greening methods for, can make highway has safe, comfortable, beautiful, in harmony with the

49、environment and other characteristics, which will create considerable economic benefit and social benefit and ecological benefits. </p><p>　　Slope design should follow the "safe green, water and soil co

50、nservation and restoration of natural, environmental protection way" design principle. </p><p>　　On the highway slope protection, must consider the following questions: </p><p>　　(1) the sl

51、ope stability: protect embankment slope surface from the rains washed out, slowing down the influence of temperature and temperature changes, to prevent and delay the surface of soft rock weathering, broken, eroding evol

52、ution process, thus protect the overall stability of roadbed. </p><p>　　(2) the environmental protection: make the project on environment to minimize the disturbing degree, and seek artificially alkali-silic

53、a coordinated with the natural environment. </p><p>　　(3) comprehensive effects: comprehensive against the light, prevent dazzle, smoke, induction of driver line of sight, improve landscape slope greening pu

54、rpose, give full play to the comprehensive benefit protection project. </p><p>　　1, Engineering protection </p><p>　　1.1 plaster and beat noodles </p><p>　　1.1.1 applicable conditio

55、n: </p><p>　　(1) to all sorts of easy weathering of soft rock (such as shaly sands, shale, thousand pieces of rock, shale SLATE) slope, when rock weathering not very serious when; </p><p>　　(2)

56、the slope protection by itself must be stable, but the slope shape, gradient and smooth unrestrained; </p><p>　　(3) the slope protection, which must be dry, no groundwater rocky slope. </p><p>　

57、　1.1.2 structural requirements: </p><p>　　(1) the plaster ply is commonly 5 ~ 7cm, beat surface thickness for 10 ~ 15cm, generally for thickness sections. </p><p>　　(2) the plaster and beat surf

58、ace engineering peripheral and not protective slope cohesion place, should strictly closed. As in the slope top do cut ditch, or GouBian also to do with plaster or beat surface protection. </p><p>　　(3) on l

59、arge surface, precausions or every 5 ~ 10m should set is adjustable seam. </p><p>　　1.2 grouting and tick off seam </p><p>　　Grouting applies to the rocky hard, not easy weathering, rock joints

60、 growth inside, but the crack width of smaller rocky cutting slope. </p><p>　　Tick off seam is applicable to the rocky, difficult to weathering, open hard very not development, and joints of deep seams large

61、r jointed rock cutting slope. </p><p>　　1.3 soil-cement slope protection </p><p>　　1.3.1 applicable condition: </p><p>　　(1) suitable for silty and sand, silty clay, clay etc fill

62、slope. </p><p>　　(2) the vulnerable to flood inundated the roadbed fill slope. </p><p>　　(3) can be used in saline soil area. </p><p>　　1.3.2 structural requirements: soil-cement re

63、vetment thickness for 10 ~ 20cm. General admixture of general 8% of cement concrete ~ 15%, according to the site during the construction of the admixture was confirmed. </p><p>　　1.4 HuMianQiang </p>

64、<p>　　1.4.1 applicable condition: </p><p>　　(1) more for easy weathering of mica rocks, LuNi schist, 1000 pieces rock and other weathering serious soft rock formations and a broken rock location, to pr

65、event continue to weathering; </p><p>　　(2) the slope protection by itself must be substantial; </p><p>　　(3) HuMianQiang, hole HuMianQiang have entity HuMianQiang, arch casing HuMianQiang HuMia

66、nQiang and rib type. Entity HuMianQiang used in general soil and rock slope; Empty HuMianQiang used for slope slow in casing 1-0. 75, hole in the window can be used on slope surface (dry) or dry build by laying bricks or

67、 stones PianShi; HuMianQiang arch for slope, while the lower strata relatively complete upper slope or those who need protection by individual weak area, slope rock slope steep intact and used</p><p>　　1.4.2

68、 structural requirements: </p><p>　　1. HuMianQiang entities </p><p>　　(1) high and decide on wall thickness, use commonly 0.4 ~ 0.6 m, width is equal to the general DingKuan add H / 10 ~ H / 20;

69、 The height of the single stage counterfort 15m usually less than the total height, multilevel wall as usually less than. </p><p>　　(2) along the wall body length set a 2cm every 10m within the expansion joi

70、nts with reinforced asphalt hemp seam padded. After discharge holes in the sand with rubble and make reverse filter layer to exclude wall drainage. </p><p>　　(3) to build HuMianQiang ago, all the slope rock

71、weathering layer to fresh cleared to weathering quickly, the rocky (like mica rocks, LuNi schist, etc) slope, clear dug fresh gape, shall be immediately repaired after HuMianQiang. </p><p>　　(4) the soils ra

72、mming fill top application, lest flow washout. </p><p>　　2. HuMianQiang casing hole </p><p>　　HuMianQiang window casing hole hole for semicircle arch, usually high 2.5 ~ 3.5 m, width 2 ~ 3m, rad

73、ius 1 ~ 1.5 m. its base, thickness, expansion joints, such as HuMianQiang identical with the entity within hole, according to specific situation PianShi, electrode using dry build by laying bricks or stones on grass, or

74、face. </p><p>　　3. HuMianQiang arch </p><p>　　Arch than hours (across 2 ~ 3m), the arch ring can use 10 # cement mortar build by laying bricks or stones, PianShi arch height depending on the slo

75、pe rock under complete and decide, arch height, can be made larger span concrete arch ring. </p><p>　　1.5 shortcreting or sprayed concrete protective </p><p>　　1.5.1 applicable condition: </p

76、><p>　　(1) applies to the lithology is bad, the intensity is bottom, easy weathering or hard rock weathering crushing, joints growth, its surface weathering falling rock slope; </p><p>　　(2) when r

77、ock slope cutting by weathering peel and joints caused widespread broken down, and local small collapsed, rockfalls, can use local reinforcement, for wide after spray (shotcrete). </p><p>　　(3) the upper str

78、ata for decency is broken rock hard and complete tall cutting slope; </p><p>　　(4) cannot bear mountain pressure, slope must is stable. </p><p>　　1.5.2 structural requirements: </p><p

79、>　　(1) the shotcreting thickness is less than 1.5 ~ 2cm, not the thickness of sprayed concrete in 3 ~ 5cm advisable. </p><p>　　(2) to prevent slope surface water erosion along the shotcreting (sprayed con

80、crete, the top margin slope lateral) set up a small cut ditch. </p><p>　　(3) cut groove slurry embedded within both sides strata. </p><p>　　1.6 spray anchor protection </p><p>　　1.6

81、.1 applicable condition: </p><p>　　Whoever easy shortcreting (jet concrete) protection, when rock slope rock weathering broken joints growth, seriously, in broken rock thicker cases, if continue to weatherin

82、g, will lead to drop stones or small avalanches, thus affecting the stability of the slope. It has high intensity, good anti-cracking performance, can make certain depth within the slope was increased the broken rock wit

83、hin, and can withstand a small amount of broken body produces the lateral pressure. </p><p>　　1.6.2 structural requirements: </p><p>　　(1) to prevent slope surface water erosion along the shotcr

84、eting (sprayed concrete, the top margin slope lateral) set up a small cut ditch. </p><p>　　(2) the anchorage depth depending on the slope strata of broken degree and breaking layer thickness and decide, use

85、1:3 to cement mortar consolidation. </p><p>　　(3) not less than 3cm, spray thickness of sprayed concrete thickness not less than 5cm. </p><p>　　(4) the type of bolt anchor rod, a resin mortar an

86、chor, plastic anchor length, cement anchor and tube anchor. </p><p>　　(5) the bearing capacity of major measures improve anchor length, prolong anchorage second pressure pulp, adopt end expand or more paragr

87、aphs expand head bolt, repeat high-pressure grouting and change the force transmission characteristics of the anchor rod anchor rod shear or pressure type. One second grouting and repeat high-pressure grouting is more pr

88、actical and effective. </p><p>　　1.7 soil-nail wall </p><p>　　Soil-nail wall is a relatively new structures, it mainly consists of "nail" (i.e., anchor), concrete panel (hang nets shot

89、crete), anchor plate compositions. </p><p>　　1.7.1 mechanism </p><p>　　The anchor (via regular arrangement "spike"), panel, anchor plate will slope certain limits soil in situ reinforc

90、ement, form a kind of composite soil nailing wall - structured wall, the wall by soil nailing wall and pressure assume. </p><p>　　1.7.2 application conditions </p><p>　　Mainly applies to weather

91、ing crushing more serious rock slope, also can used for powder soil, gravel and sandy soil slope. Inherit the earth pressure generally, its greatest advantage on the excavation step by step down from conditions are close

92、d on the slope and timely reinforcement, can effectively reduce slope excavation airport and brings for release, make the slope keep miles to the stability of the original structure, to avoid the collapse. </p>&l

93、t;p>　　1.7.3 structural requirements: </p><p>　　(1) the construction procedure for: into hole - hole cleaning - buy muscle - grouting - spray layer 1 fine stone concrete - pack hanging steel net - spray la

94、yer 2 fine stone concrete; </p><p>　　(2) the first layer of fine stone concrete thick 7 ~ 10cm and second fine stone concrete thick 8cm. </p><p>　　1.8 prestressed anchor beam </p><p&g

95、t;　　Prestressed anchor beam is developed in recent years, a new type of reinforcement measures. Structure is divided into anchor and anchor beam two parts. </p><p>　　1.8.1 mechanism </p><p>　　Pu

96、t the broken loose rock combination connected into the overall, and anchor in the rock formation deep solid by prestress anchor length, within the scope of the weak rock (layers) extrusion close-grained, improve level of

97、 positive pressure between rock and friction, stop cracking loose rock displacement, so as to achieve the purpose of reinforced slope. This kind of method is: the biggest characteristic of slope can maintain both deeply

98、slope under the internal state of widespread reinforcement</p><p>　　1.8.2 application conditions </p><p>　　Fracture and faults development, prevent slow slope workload huge high and steep slope.

99、 </p><p>　　1.8.3 structural requirements: </p><p>　　(1) the anchor beam: anchor beam for reinforced concrete beam C30 concrete pouring, adopt prestressed anchor cable, it is not only for providi

100、ng counterforce device, but also has a box of slope rock pressure effect. With straps </p><p>　　(2) the anchor beam construction order: defense mode - assembling reinforced - mode branch - pouring concrete.

101、</p><p>　　(3) the anchor beam and anchor reserve plastic casing, cross parts from through the middle for anchor; At anchor head bits embedded with anchor plate, and pressure casting into whole beam. </p&g

102、t;<p>　　(4) the procedures for the construction of prestressed anchor put some drilling -- -- -- grouting compiled tension steel lock. </p><p>　　(5) but with shotcrete or frame space revetment combine

103、d. </p><p>　　2 Plant Protection </p><p>　　2.1 grass </p><p>　　2.1.1 application conditions </p><p>　　Slope stability, slope erosion slight embankment or cutting slope,

104、 general requirement slope not steep in 1:1, surface water runoff speed geogrid does not exceed 0.6 m/s, long-term immersion slope doesn't apply. </p><p>　　2.1.2 cropping pattern </p><p>　　A

105、ccording to the construction method is different, have the following several ways: </p><p>　　(1) the seed sown method: for the soft soil retaining mm, ply is in the sand soil, under the 23mm below of cohesiv

106、e soil slope, and the situation in 1:1 slowly. </p><p>　　(2) YuLi hydroseeder law: there is between sand gravel in thickness, or pledge soil sandy soil under mm in 23mm below, thickness of cohesive soil, and

107、 clay soil, or when the thickness of hard soil in more than 25 mm in often drops when heavy rains and shop area, the table with engineering. </p><p>　　(3) hydroseeder law: replace with out-soil replace with

108、out-soil hydroseeder technology is a kind of plant life environment, improve slope promotes plant growth in common conditions, thus unable to afforest or afforested effect on poor slope greening, restore realize stereo n