東南亞產(chǎn)業(yè)綠色化發(fā)展外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　1300單詞，8000英文字符，2250漢字</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)出處：Oosterveer P, Kamolsiripichaiporn S, Rasiah R. The ‘Greening’of Industry and Development in Southeast Asia: Perspectives on Industrial Transformation and Envir

2、onmental Regulation [J]. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2006, 8(2): 217-227.</p><p>　　http://www.wenku1.com/news/01EA7D69840FD2E1.html</p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><

3、;p>　　The Greening of Industry and Development in Southeast Asia: Perspectives on</p><p>　　Industrial Transformation and Environmental Regulation</p><p>　　Peter, Somporn, Rasiah</p><

4、;p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　Until some 20 years ago, most Southeast Asian countries were primarily agricultural economies, in which industrial production played a limited role. However, as their industrial

5、 production has increased rapidly over the last decades, Thailand and Malaysia have become known as newly industrializing countries. Vietnam is also well on its way to follow its neighboring countries and is often labele

6、d as belonging to the second generation tiger economies. In these countries, industrial growth has been</p><p>　　Industrial environmental problems can be related to energy use, resource use, water and air po

7、llution, waste generation, environmental risks, biodiversity, transport, and so forth. The severity of these environmental consequences may vary, depending on the technologies used in the industrial production processes,

8、 the organization and management of the production, the coordination of the various steps in the production–consumption chain (in terms of information flows, substance flows, management </p><p>　　如何翻譯外文文獻(xiàn) T

9、his special issue of Environment, Development and Sustainability, presents several articles that analyze the challenges and opportunities for governing the transformation of industrial activities in Southeast Asia toward

10、s more sustainable practices. The following section presents some of the more general trends influencing the environmental performance of industries, particularly in Thailand and Vietnam,followed by a review of recent co

11、nceptual innovations on the greening of industry.</p><p>　　Conceptual challenges facing the greening of industries in Southeast Asia</p><p>　　The serious environmental problems resulting from th

12、e industrial development in Southeast Asia signify complex challenges for attempts to contribute to the greening of industries in this region. These challenges include the identification of appropriate technological opti

13、ons in combination with economic, social and political aspects.</p><p>　　The Asian Development Bank (2001) concluded that the root cause of the poor state of the environment Asia was principally a failure of

14、 policy and of institutions. A new approach is, therefore, required with regard to the design and implementation of environmental policy within the region.</p><p>　　Traditionally, central national government

15、 organizations have been the cornerstone of governance in Southeast Asia. Until recently, it has been the practice to depend upon a stand-alone environmental agency as the institution responsible for environmental protec

16、tion. Since 1980, such agencies have been established in most countries but they generally remain small, dispose of limited institutional capabilities and lack the necessary political clout (World Bank, 2000a). At the sa

17、me time, devolutio</p><p>　　For example, the regional government institutions such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) acknowledge the need for achieving sustainable development in an incre

18、asingly globalizing world and today support the use of environmental management systems and certification schemes such as ISO 14001 has become common practice. In general, government authorities and social organizations

19、increasingly realize that e?ective environmental governance depends on transparency, accountability, </p><p>　　Until very recently, the rate of improvement in energy and materials e?ciency, and pollution pre

20、vention through the adoption of green environmental technologies has been slow relative to the rate of economic growth in many Southeast Asian countries. In the past, industries were only keen on adopting specific enviro

21、nmental technologies or products on a piecemeal basis to meet specific regulatory requirements. However, this does not reap the potential benefits of managing environmental problems in</p><p>　　? the end of

22、an investment cycle in the a?ected sector,</p><p>　　? satisfactory technological alternatives,</p><p>　　? an innovator in the branch to promote the di?usion of alternative technologies, ? clear

23、environmental targets,</p><p>　　? a high degree of political integration between di?erent government actors, and ? the availability of funding for compensation to lessen the social and regional disruption ca

24、used by change.</p><p>　　This example clearly underlines the importance of non-technological considerations in the successful transition towards greening industries. The authors furthermore underline that al

25、though industries play a key role in changing their environmental performance, a green industrial policy remains indispensable.</p><p>　　Applying the concepts developed within the ecological modernization ap

26、proach and combining insights in technological options with good comprehension of the relevant social and political dynamics, applying the triad-network approach, provide interesting directions for the greening of indust

27、ries in Southeast Asia. Scientific research should therefore perform in-depth case studies on industrial transformations in specific sectors, on the successes, failures and challenges of environmental policy by</p>

28、<p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　東南亞產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的“綠色化”：產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型和環(huán)境監(jiān)管的角度</p><p><b>　　彼得；薩姆恩；拉賈</b></p><p><b>　　引言</b></p><p>　　直到大約20年前，大多數(shù)的東南亞國家主

29、要是農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)，產(chǎn)業(yè)方面的發(fā)展受到很大的限制。然而，當(dāng)他們的產(chǎn)業(yè)在過去的幾十年里得到迅速增長后，泰國和馬來西亞已成為新興的產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體國家。越南也順利地跟上了周邊國家的步伐，經(jīng)常被貼上第二代強(qiáng)力經(jīng)濟(jì)體的標(biāo)簽。在這些國家，產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，對經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的貢獻(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于農(nóng)業(yè)在過去的15年的對國民生產(chǎn)總值的貢獻(xiàn)值，產(chǎn)值所占的份額正在迅速增加。產(chǎn)業(yè)雖然發(fā)展了，但是從未沒有環(huán)境問題，產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展都伴隨著環(huán)境問題，因此，東南亞國家的這種產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展是不足為奇的。這就涉

30、及到產(chǎn)業(yè)部門的戲劇性的轉(zhuǎn)變，包括一些嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問題(聯(lián)合經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會，2003)。東南亞產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展伴隨的這些環(huán)境問題挑戰(zhàn)，很可能會在該地區(qū)不斷增加，同時(shí)維持其經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展及減少當(dāng)?shù)氐呢毨Ь置娴膲毫σ矊⒅饾u增大。</p><p>　　產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展環(huán)境問題主要是能源使用、資源利用、水和空氣污染、廢物產(chǎn)生、環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、生物多樣性、運(yùn)輸?shù)鹊?。這些環(huán)境后果的嚴(yán)重程度可能不同,這取決于產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展過程中，使用的技術(shù)等等 (信息流、物質(zhì)流,人員

31、管理等等)以及各級監(jiān)管制度(從本地到國際)。這些環(huán)境問題發(fā)生在快速變化的國際環(huán)境變化中，技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、新組織和管理、全球化生產(chǎn)鏈等等，這些都增加了國際間通信和信息交換的可能性，改變了國際力量格局平衡。這些經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治和技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)型提供的新挑戰(zhàn)也是這些國家的新的改善環(huán)境問題的機(jī)會。大多數(shù)亞洲面向出口的產(chǎn)業(yè)使得他們的壓力大增，例如,包括全球產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的環(huán)境需求和他們的產(chǎn)品面臨的壓力可能將在未來幾年變得更加大。</p><p>　　

32、這種特殊的環(huán)境、發(fā)展和可持續(xù)性問題，目前的一些文章對東南亞向更可持續(xù)的產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型實(shí)踐，面臨的挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇進(jìn)行了分析。以下部分提供了產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展應(yīng)對環(huán)保問題的普遍趨勢，尤其是在泰國和越南, 緊接著回顧了一下最近的關(guān)于產(chǎn)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展的創(chuàng)新性方法。</p><p>　　東南亞產(chǎn)業(yè)綠色化發(fā)展所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)</p><p>　　產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展通常會帶來的嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問題，東南亞表示將嘗試挑戰(zhàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)的綠色發(fā)展，并

33、為這一地區(qū)的產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn)。這些挑戰(zhàn)包括經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會和政治等方面合適的技術(shù)選擇與識別。</p><p>　　亞洲開發(fā)銀行于2001年總結(jié)道：亞洲惡劣環(huán)境狀態(tài)的根源主要是因?yàn)榄h(huán)境政策和政府的失敗。因此，一個(gè)新的方法就是需要在該地區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施產(chǎn)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展的相關(guān)環(huán)境政策。</p><p>　　傳統(tǒng)上來說，中央國家政府組織一直在東南亞的治理中扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色。直到最近，它一直是依賴于一個(gè)獨(dú)立的

34、環(huán)保機(jī)構(gòu)來負(fù)責(zé)環(huán)境保護(hù)的相關(guān)實(shí)踐。自1980年以來，大多數(shù)的國家已經(jīng)建立了這樣的機(jī)構(gòu)，但是仍然不夠，他們通常都受限于的制度功能以及缺乏必要的政治影響力(世界銀行,2000年)。與此同時(shí),從中心區(qū)域到地方關(guān)于環(huán)境責(zé)任的權(quán)力下放，常常因?yàn)椴粔騾f(xié)調(diào)，而導(dǎo)致在籌備過程和具體實(shí)施過程中的效率低下。 這只是最近的情況，更重要的是需要私營企業(yè)和公民社會組織的共同努力，東南亞的這些國家都逐漸開始采用基于市場的機(jī)制。</p><p&g

35、t;　　例如,地方政府機(jī)構(gòu)等東南亞國家聯(lián)盟(東盟)承認(rèn)，需要在當(dāng)今這樣在一個(gè)日益全球化的背景下，要實(shí)現(xiàn)世界的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，需要支持使用環(huán)境管理系統(tǒng)和ISO 14001等認(rèn)證計(jì)劃，這也已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)慣例。一般來說,政府當(dāng)局和社會組織越來越多地意識到有效的環(huán)境治理主要是取決于透明度、問責(zé)制和負(fù)責(zé)任的公司。因此,，環(huán)境問題必須綜合各部門，制定并實(shí)施更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和實(shí)踐。環(huán)境保護(hù)必須被視為一個(gè)企業(yè)、家庭和政策制定者在進(jìn)行決策過程中一個(gè)必須要考慮的重

36、要因素， (ADB,2001;摩爾,1995,斯帕格，2001)。</p><p>　　直到最近,改善能源和材料的使用效率, 采用綠色環(huán)保污染防治工藝，相對于許多東南亞國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的速度來說，這一工藝創(chuàng)新也在緩慢的發(fā)展。在過去，產(chǎn)業(yè)只是熱衷于采用特定的環(huán)保技術(shù)，保證產(chǎn)品都能夠滿足特定的監(jiān)管要求。然而,這并不能保證能夠獲得長期的潛在環(huán)境管理問題上的好處。生態(tài)現(xiàn)代化理論(胡貝爾,1982;摩爾,1982;斯帕格，1

37、997) 在企業(yè)決策和管理實(shí)踐中，強(qiáng)調(diào)整體的必要性，包括環(huán)境方面的整體性考慮。結(jié)合環(huán)境保護(hù)精神和經(jīng)濟(jì)因素來進(jìn)行管理決策，以可持續(xù)的方式促進(jìn)環(huán)境的明顯改善 以及企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。環(huán)境方面投入應(yīng)該被看作為是一個(gè)全面計(jì)劃的一部分，與此同時(shí)，環(huán)境管理也促成了金融的可持續(xù)性業(yè)務(wù)(馬楠,2004)。因此, 在亞洲產(chǎn)業(yè)綠色化發(fā)展策略是至關(guān)重要的，甚至超越了為特定行業(yè)或部門準(zhǔn)備的最佳技術(shù)選擇，通過深入的了解來有效的制定環(huán)境污染措施，使得產(chǎn)業(yè)能夠綠色發(fā)展。

38、摩爾在1995年提出的三網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析工具，分析了相關(guān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治和環(huán)境因素，可以為相關(guān)組織做出環(huán)境決策提供很有用的信息，這對周圍的很多企業(yè)的發(fā)展來說也很重要。成功的產(chǎn)業(yè)環(huán)境變化取決于技術(shù)、管理、經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治和社會等方面的考慮。例如，基于歐</p><p>　　?相關(guān)投資部門投資周期的結(jié)束；</p><p>　　?滿意的技術(shù)性方案；</p><p>　　?促進(jìn)可供選擇技術(shù)的

39、傳播的一個(gè)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新分支；</p><p><b>　　?明確的環(huán)保目標(biāo)；</b></p><p>　　?政府與企業(yè)之間高度的政治整合；</p><p>　　?賠償資金的可用性，減少社會和地區(qū)性中斷引起的變化。</p><p>　　這個(gè)例子清楚地強(qiáng)調(diào)了我們在進(jìn)行產(chǎn)業(yè)綠色化成功轉(zhuǎn)型方面的，非技術(shù)方面的重要性考慮。作者進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)

40、調(diào),雖然產(chǎn)業(yè)在改變他們的環(huán)境時(shí)，扮演著一個(gè)關(guān)鍵角色，但是一個(gè)綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策仍是不可或缺的。</p><p>　　將這一概念應(yīng)用于生態(tài)現(xiàn)代化方法中，并結(jié)合社會和政治動態(tài)相關(guān)的最優(yōu)化技術(shù)選擇,應(yīng)用經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治和環(huán)境因素三重因素考慮法,為東南亞的產(chǎn)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展提供一個(gè)好的發(fā)展方向。科學(xué)研究應(yīng)該對特定的領(lǐng)域的產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型進(jìn)行一個(gè)深入的案例研究，探索其成功,失敗等等方面，重視不同的國際環(huán)境下的國家、社會和企業(yè)的關(guān)系。本文在這一問