外文翻譯--步進(jìn)電機(jī)的工作原理

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　系　　部： 機(jī)械工程 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 </p><p>　　姓 名： </p>&

2、lt;p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： </p><p>　　外文出處： Nikravesh P E. Mechanical Engineering Design. McGraw-Hill，2006 </p><p>　　附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 </p&

3、gt;<p>　　注：請(qǐng)將該封面與附件裝訂成冊(cè)。</p><p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p><b>　　步進(jìn)電機(jī)的工作原理</b></p><p>　　步進(jìn)電機(jī)是將電脈沖信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榻俏灰苹蚓€位移的開環(huán)控制元件。在非超載的情況下，電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速、停止的位置只取決于脈沖信號(hào)的頻率和脈沖數(shù)，而不受負(fù)載變化的影響，即給電機(jī)

4、加一個(gè)脈沖信號(hào)，電機(jī)則轉(zhuǎn)過一個(gè)步距角。這一線性關(guān)系的存在，加上步進(jìn)電機(jī)只有周期性的誤差而無累積誤差等特點(diǎn)。使得在速度、位置等控制領(lǐng)域用步進(jìn)電機(jī)來控制變的非常的簡(jiǎn)單。</p><p>　　雖然步進(jìn)電機(jī)已被廣泛地應(yīng)用，但步進(jìn)電機(jī)并不能象普通的直流電機(jī)，交流電機(jī)在常規(guī)下使用。它必須由雙環(huán)形脈沖信號(hào)、功率驅(qū)動(dòng)電路等組成控制系統(tǒng)方可使用。因此用好步進(jìn)電機(jī)卻非易事，它涉及到機(jī)械、電機(jī)、電子及計(jì)算機(jī)等許多專業(yè)知識(shí)。 </

5、p><p>　　目前,生產(chǎn)步進(jìn)電機(jī)的廠家的確不少，但具有專業(yè)技術(shù)人員，能夠自行開發(fā)，研制的廠家卻非常少，大部分的廠家只一、二十人，連最基本的設(shè)備都沒有。僅僅處于一種盲目的仿制階段。這就給用戶在產(chǎn)品選型、使用中造成許多麻煩。簽于上述情況，我們決定以廣泛的感應(yīng)子式步進(jìn)電機(jī)為例。敘述其基本工作原理。望能對(duì)廣大用戶在選型、使用、及整機(jī)改進(jìn)時(shí)有所幫助。</p><p>　　二、感應(yīng)子式步進(jìn)電機(jī)工作原理&

6、lt;/p><p>　?。ㄒ唬┓磻?yīng)式步進(jìn)電機(jī)原理</p><p>　　由于反應(yīng)式步進(jìn)電機(jī)工作原理比較簡(jiǎn)單。下面先敘述三相反應(yīng)式步進(jìn)電機(jī)原理。</p><p><b>　　1、結(jié)構(gòu)：</b></p><p>　　電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子均勻分布著很多小齒，定子齒有三個(gè)勵(lì)磁繞阻，其幾何軸線依次分別與轉(zhuǎn)子齒軸線錯(cuò)開。0、1/3て、2/3て,（相鄰

7、兩轉(zhuǎn)子齒軸線間的距離為齒距以て表示），即A與齒1相對(duì)齊，B與齒2向右錯(cuò)開1/3て，C與齒3向右錯(cuò)開2/3て，A'與齒5相對(duì)齊，（A'就是A，齒5就是齒1）</p><p><b>　　2、旋轉(zhuǎn)：</b></p><p>　　如A相通電，B，C相不通電時(shí)，由于磁場(chǎng)作用，齒1與A對(duì)齊，（轉(zhuǎn)子不受任何力以下均同）。如B相通電，A，C相不通電時(shí)，齒2應(yīng)與B對(duì)齊

8、，此時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)子向右移過1/3て，此時(shí)齒3與C偏移為1/3て，齒4與A偏移（て-1/3て）=2/3て。如C相通電，A，B相不通電，齒3應(yīng)與C對(duì)齊，此時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)子又向右移過1/3て，此時(shí)齒4與A偏移為1/3て對(duì)齊。如A相通電，B，C相不通電，齒4與A對(duì)齊，轉(zhuǎn)子又向右移過1/3て這樣經(jīng)過A、B、C、A分別通電狀態(tài)，齒4（即齒1前一齒）移到A相，電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子向右轉(zhuǎn)過一個(gè)齒距，如果不斷地按A，B，C，A……通電，電機(jī)就每步（每脈沖）1/3て,向右旋轉(zhuǎn)。如按A，

9、C，B，A……通電，電機(jī)就反轉(zhuǎn)。</p><p>　　由此可見：電機(jī)的位置和速度由導(dǎo)電次數(shù)（脈沖數(shù)）和頻率成一一對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。而方向由導(dǎo)電順序決定。</p><p>　　不過，出于對(duì)力矩、平穩(wěn)、噪音及減少角度等方面考慮。往往采用A-AB-B-BC－C-CA-A這種導(dǎo)電狀態(tài)，這樣將原來每步1/3て改變?yōu)?/6て。甚至于通過二相電流不同的組合，使其1/3て變?yōu)?/12て，1/24て，這就是電機(jī)細(xì)分

10、驅(qū)動(dòng)的基本理論依據(jù)。</p><p>　　不難推出：電機(jī)定子上有m相勵(lì)磁繞阻，其軸線分別與轉(zhuǎn)子齒軸線偏移1/m,2/m……(m-1)/m,1。并且導(dǎo)電按一定的相序電機(jī)就能正反轉(zhuǎn)被控制——這是步進(jìn)電機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)的物理?xiàng)l件。只要符合這一條件我們理論上可以制造任何相的步進(jìn)電機(jī)，出于成本等多方面考慮，市場(chǎng)上一般以二、三、四、五相為多。 </p><p><b>　　3、力矩：</b>

11、;</p><p>　　電機(jī)一旦通電，在定轉(zhuǎn)子間將產(chǎn)生磁場(chǎng)（磁通量Ф）當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)子與定子錯(cuò)開一定角度產(chǎn)生力F與（dФ/dθ）成正比 S 其磁通量Ф=Br*S Br為磁密，S為導(dǎo)磁面積 F與L*D*Br成正比L為鐵芯有效長度，D為轉(zhuǎn)子直徑 Br=N?I/R N?I為勵(lì)磁繞阻安匝數(shù)（電流乘匝數(shù)）R為磁阻。</p><p><b>　　力矩=力*半徑</b></p>

12、<p>　　力矩與電機(jī)有效體積*安匝數(shù)*磁密 成正比（只考慮線性狀態(tài)）因此，電機(jī)有效體積越大，勵(lì)磁安匝數(shù)越大，定轉(zhuǎn)子間氣隙越小，電機(jī)力矩越大，反之亦然。</p><p>　?。ǘ└袘?yīng)子式步進(jìn)電機(jī)</p><p><b>　　1、特點(diǎn)：</b></p><p>　　感應(yīng)子式步進(jìn)電機(jī)與傳統(tǒng)的反應(yīng)式步進(jìn)電機(jī)相比，結(jié)構(gòu)上轉(zhuǎn)子加有永磁體，以

13、提供軟磁材料的工作點(diǎn)，而定子激磁只需提供變化的磁場(chǎng)而不必提供磁材料工作點(diǎn)的耗能，因此該電機(jī)效率高，電流小，發(fā)熱低。因永磁體的存在，該電機(jī)具有較強(qiáng)的反電勢(shì)，其自身阻尼作用比較好，使其在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)過程中比較平穩(wěn)、噪音低、低頻振動(dòng)小。</p><p>　　感應(yīng)子式步進(jìn)電機(jī)某種程度上可以看作是低速同步電機(jī)。一個(gè)四相電機(jī)可以作四相運(yùn)行，也可以作二相運(yùn)行。（必須采用雙極電壓驅(qū)動(dòng)），而反應(yīng)式電機(jī)則不能如此。例如：四相，八相運(yùn)行（A-

14、AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A）完全可以采用二相八拍運(yùn)行方式.不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其條件為C=,D=. </p><p>　　一個(gè)二相電機(jī)的內(nèi)部繞組與四相電機(jī)完全一致，小功率電機(jī)一般直接接為二相，而功率大一點(diǎn)的電機(jī)，為了方便使用，靈活改變電機(jī)的動(dòng)態(tài)特點(diǎn)，往往將其外部接線為八根引線（四相），這樣使用時(shí)，既可以作四相電機(jī)使用，可以作二相電機(jī)繞組串聯(lián)或并聯(lián)使用。</p><p><b>　

15、　2、 分類</b></p><p>　　感應(yīng)子式步進(jìn)電機(jī)以相數(shù)可分為：二相電機(jī)、三相電機(jī)、四相電機(jī)、五相電機(jī)等。以機(jī)座號(hào)（電機(jī)外徑）可分為：42BYG(BYG為感應(yīng)子式步進(jìn)電機(jī)代號(hào))、57BYG、86BYG、110BYG、（國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)），而像70BYG、90BYG、130BYG等均為國內(nèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p>　　3、電機(jī)的靜態(tài)指標(biāo)術(shù)語</p><p>

16、;　　相數(shù)：產(chǎn)生不同對(duì)極N、S磁場(chǎng)的激磁線圈對(duì)數(shù)。常用m表示。</p><p>　　拍數(shù)：完成一個(gè)磁場(chǎng)周期性變化所需脈沖數(shù)或?qū)щ姞顟B(tài)用n表示，或指電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)過一個(gè)齒距角所需脈沖數(shù)，以四相電機(jī)為例，有四相四拍運(yùn)行方式即AB-BC-CD-DA-AB，四相八拍運(yùn)行方式即 A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A.</p><p>　　步距角：對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)脈沖信號(hào)，電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)過的角位移用θ表示。θ=36

17、0度（轉(zhuǎn)子齒數(shù)J*運(yùn)行拍數(shù)），以常規(guī)二、四相，轉(zhuǎn)子齒為50齒電機(jī)為例。四拍運(yùn)行時(shí)步距角為θ=360度/（50*4）=1.8度（俗稱整步），八拍運(yùn)行時(shí)步距角為θ=360度/（50*8）=0.9度（俗稱半步）。</p><p>　　定位轉(zhuǎn)矩：電機(jī)在不通電狀態(tài)下，電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子自身的鎖定力矩（由磁場(chǎng)齒形的諧波以及機(jī)械誤差造成的）</p><p>　　靜轉(zhuǎn)矩：電機(jī)在額定靜態(tài)電作用下，電機(jī)不作旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，

18、電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)軸的鎖定力矩。此力矩是衡量電機(jī)體積（幾何尺寸）的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，與驅(qū)動(dòng)電壓及驅(qū)動(dòng)電源等無關(guān)?！　‰m然靜轉(zhuǎn)矩與電磁激磁安匝數(shù)成正比，與定齒轉(zhuǎn)子間的氣隙有關(guān)，但過份采用減小氣隙，增加激磁安匝來提高靜力矩是不可取的，這樣會(huì)造成電機(jī)的發(fā)熱及機(jī)械噪音。</p><p>　　4、 步進(jìn)電機(jī)動(dòng)態(tài)指標(biāo)及術(shù)語：</p><p>　　4.1、步距角精度：</p><p>　　步進(jìn)電機(jī)每轉(zhuǎn)

19、過一個(gè)步距角的實(shí)際值與理論值的誤差。用百分比表示：誤差/步距角*100%。不同運(yùn)行拍數(shù)其值不同，四拍運(yùn)行時(shí)應(yīng)在5%之內(nèi)，八拍運(yùn)行時(shí)應(yīng)在15%以內(nèi)。</p><p><b>　　4.2、失步：</b></p><p>　　電機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的步數(shù)，不等于理論上的步數(shù)。稱之為失步。</p><p><b>　　4.3、失調(diào)角：</b&g

20、t;</p><p>　　轉(zhuǎn)子齒軸線偏移定子齒軸線的角度，電機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)必存在失調(diào)角，由失調(diào)角產(chǎn)生的誤差，采用細(xì)分驅(qū)動(dòng)是不能解決的。</p><p>　　4.4、載起動(dòng)頻率：</p><p>　　電機(jī)在某種驅(qū)動(dòng)形式、電壓及額定電流下，在不加負(fù)載的情況下，能夠直接起動(dòng)的最大頻率。</p><p>　　4.5、大空載的運(yùn)行頻率：</p>

21、<p>　　電機(jī)在某種驅(qū)動(dòng)形式，電壓及額定電流下，電機(jī)不帶負(fù)載的最高轉(zhuǎn)速頻率。</p><p>　　4.6、運(yùn)行矩頻特性：</p><p>　　電機(jī)在某種測(cè)試條件下測(cè)得運(yùn)行中輸出力矩與頻率關(guān)系的曲線稱為運(yùn)行矩頻特性，這是電機(jī)諸多動(dòng)態(tài)曲線中最重要的，也是電機(jī)選擇的根本依據(jù)。如下圖所示：</p><p>　　4.7、其它特性還有慣頻特性、起動(dòng)頻率特性等。<

22、;/p><p>　　電機(jī)一旦選定，電機(jī)的靜力矩確定，而動(dòng)態(tài)力矩卻不然，電機(jī)的動(dòng)態(tài)力矩取決于電機(jī)運(yùn)行時(shí)的平均電流（而非靜態(tài)電流），平均電流越大，電機(jī)輸出力矩越大，即電機(jī)的頻率特性越硬。其中，曲線3電流最大、或電壓最高;曲線1電流最小、或電壓最低，曲線與負(fù)載的交點(diǎn)為負(fù)載的最大速度點(diǎn)。 要使平均電流大，盡可能提高驅(qū)動(dòng)電壓，使采用小電感大電流的電機(jī)。</p><p>　　4.8、電機(jī)的共振點(diǎn)：<

23、/p><p>　　步進(jìn)電機(jī)均有固定的共振區(qū)域，二、四相感應(yīng)子式步進(jìn)電機(jī)的共振區(qū)一般在180-250pps之間（步距角1.8度）或在400pps左右（步距角為0.9度），電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)電壓越高，電機(jī)電流越大，負(fù)載越輕，電機(jī)體積越小，則共振區(qū)向上偏移，反之亦然，為使電機(jī)輸出電矩大，不失步和整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的噪音降低，一般工作點(diǎn)均應(yīng)偏移共振區(qū)較多。</p><p>　　4.9、電機(jī)正反轉(zhuǎn)控制：</p>

24、<p>　　當(dāng)電機(jī)繞組通電時(shí)序?yàn)锳B-BC-CD-DA或()時(shí)為正轉(zhuǎn)，通電時(shí)序?yàn)镈A-CA-BC-AB或()時(shí)為反轉(zhuǎn)。</p><p><b>　　驅(qū)動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)組成</b></p><p>　　使用、控制步進(jìn)電機(jī)必須由環(huán)形脈沖，功率放大等組成的控制系統(tǒng)，其方框圖如下：</p><p><b>　　脈沖信號(hào)的產(chǎn)生。<

25、/b></p><p>　　脈沖信號(hào)一般由單片機(jī)或CPU產(chǎn)生，一般脈沖信號(hào)的占空比為0.3-0.4左右，電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速越高，占空比則越大。</p><p><b>　　信號(hào)分配</b></p><p>　　我廠生產(chǎn)的感應(yīng)子式步進(jìn)電機(jī)以二、四相電機(jī)為主，二相電機(jī)工作方式有二相四拍和二相八拍二種，具體分配如下：二相四拍為,步距角為1.8度；二相八拍

26、為,步距角為0.9度。四相電機(jī)工作方式也有二種，四相四拍為AB-BC-CD-DA-AB,步距角為1.8度；四相八拍為AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-AB,(步距角為0.9度)。</p><p><b>　　功率放大</b></p><p>　　功率放大是驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)最為重要的部分。步進(jìn)電機(jī)在一定轉(zhuǎn)速下的轉(zhuǎn)矩取決于它的動(dòng)態(tài)平均電流而非靜態(tài)電流（而樣本上的電流均為靜態(tài)電流）。平

27、均電流越大電機(jī)力矩越大，要達(dá)到平均電流大這就需要驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)盡量克服電機(jī)的反電勢(shì)。因而不同的場(chǎng)合采取不同的的驅(qū)動(dòng)方式，到目前為止，驅(qū)動(dòng)方式一般有以下幾種：恒壓、恒壓串電阻、高低壓驅(qū)動(dòng)、恒流、細(xì)分?jǐn)?shù)等。</p><p>　　為盡量提高電機(jī)的動(dòng)態(tài)性能，將信號(hào)分配、功率放大組成步進(jìn)電機(jī)的驅(qū)動(dòng)電源。我廠生產(chǎn)的SH系列二相恒流斬波驅(qū)動(dòng)電源與單片機(jī)及電機(jī)接線圖如下：</p><p><b>　　

28、說明：</b></p><p>　　CP 接CPU脈沖信號(hào)（負(fù)信號(hào)，低電平有效）</p><p>　　OPTO 接CPU+5V</p><p>　　FREE 脫機(jī)，與CPU地線相接，驅(qū)動(dòng)電源不工作</p><p>　　DIR 方向控制，與CPU地線相接，電機(jī)反轉(zhuǎn)</p><p>　　VCC 直流電源正端&l

29、t;/p><p>　　GND 直流電源負(fù)端 </p><p>　　A 接電機(jī)引出線紅線</p><p><b>　　接電機(jī)引出線綠線 </b></p><p>　　B 接電機(jī)引出線黃線</p><p>　　接電機(jī)引出線藍(lán)線 步進(jìn)電機(jī)一經(jīng)定型，其性能取決于電機(jī)的驅(qū)動(dòng)電源。步進(jìn)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速越高，力距越大則要求

30、電機(jī)的電流越大，驅(qū)動(dòng)電源的電壓越高。電壓對(duì)力矩影響如下：</p><p><b>　　細(xì)分驅(qū)動(dòng)器</b></p><p>　　在步進(jìn)電機(jī)步距角不能滿足使用的條件下，可采用細(xì)分驅(qū)動(dòng)器來驅(qū)動(dòng)步進(jìn)電機(jī)，細(xì)分驅(qū)動(dòng)器的原理是通過改變相鄰（A，B）電流的大小，以改變合成磁場(chǎng)的夾角來控制步進(jìn)電機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的。</p><p><b>　　步進(jìn)電機(jī)的應(yīng)用&

31、lt;/b></p><p>　　（一）步進(jìn)電機(jī)的選擇</p><p>　　步進(jìn)電機(jī)有步距角（涉及到相數(shù)）、靜轉(zhuǎn)矩、及電流三大要素組成。一旦三大要素確定，步進(jìn)電機(jī)的型號(hào)便確定下來了。</p><p><b>　　1、步距角的選擇</b></p><p>　　電機(jī)的步距角取決于負(fù)載精度的要求，將負(fù)載的最小分辨率（當(dāng)量

32、）換算到電機(jī)軸上，每個(gè)當(dāng)量電機(jī)應(yīng)走多少角度（包括減速）。電機(jī)的步距角應(yīng)等于或小于此角度。目前市場(chǎng)上步進(jìn)電機(jī)的步距角一般有0.36度/0.72度（五相電機(jī)）、0.9度/1.8度（二、四相電機(jī)）、1.5度/3度 （三相電機(jī)）等。</p><p><b>　　力矩的選擇</b></p><p>　　步進(jìn)電機(jī)的動(dòng)態(tài)力矩一下子很難確定，我們往往先確定電機(jī)的靜力矩。靜力矩選擇的依

33、據(jù)是電機(jī)工作的負(fù)載，而負(fù)載可分為慣性負(fù)載和摩擦負(fù)載二種。單一的慣性負(fù)載和單一的摩擦負(fù)載是不存在的。直接起動(dòng)時(shí)（一般由低速）時(shí)二種負(fù)載均要考慮，加速起動(dòng)時(shí)主要考慮慣性負(fù)載，恒速運(yùn)行進(jìn)只要考慮摩擦負(fù)載。一般情況下，靜力矩應(yīng)為摩擦負(fù)載的2-3倍內(nèi)好，靜力矩一旦選定，電機(jī)的機(jī)座及長度便能確定下來（幾何尺寸）</p><p><b>　　電流的選擇</b></p><p>　　

34、靜力矩一樣的電機(jī)，由于電流參數(shù)不同，其運(yùn)行特性差別很大，可依據(jù)矩頻特性曲線圖，判斷電機(jī)的電流（參考驅(qū)動(dòng)電源、及驅(qū)動(dòng)電壓）</p><p><b>　　力矩與功率換算</b></p><p>　　步進(jìn)電機(jī)一般在較大范圍內(nèi)調(diào)速使用、其功率是變化的，一般只用力矩來衡量，力矩與功率換算如下：</p><p>　　P= Ω?M Ω=2π?n/60 P=2

35、πnM/60</p><p>　　其P為功率單位為瓦，Ω為每秒角速度，單位為弧度，n為每分鐘轉(zhuǎn)速，M為力矩單位為牛頓?米</p><p>　　P=2πfM/400(半步工作)</p><p>　　其中f為每秒脈沖數(shù)（簡(jiǎn)稱PPS）</p><p>　　(二)、應(yīng)用中的注意點(diǎn)</p><p>　　1、步進(jìn)電機(jī)應(yīng)用于低速場(chǎng)合

36、---每分鐘轉(zhuǎn)速不超過1000轉(zhuǎn)，（0.9度時(shí)6666PPS），最好在1000-3000PPS(0.9度)間使用，可通過減速裝置使其在此間工作，此時(shí)電機(jī)工作效率高，噪音低。</p><p>　　2、步進(jìn)電機(jī)最好不使用整步狀態(tài)，整步狀態(tài)時(shí)振動(dòng)大。</p><p>　　3、由于歷史原因，只有標(biāo)稱為12V電壓的電機(jī)使用12V外，其他電機(jī)的電壓值不是驅(qū)動(dòng)電壓伏值 ，可根據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)器選擇驅(qū)動(dòng)電壓（建議：

37、57BYG采用直流24V-36V，86BYG采用直流50V,110BYG采用高于直流80V），當(dāng)然12伏的電壓除12V恒壓驅(qū)動(dòng)外也可以采用其他驅(qū)動(dòng)電源， 不過要考慮溫升。</p><p>　　4、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量大的負(fù)載應(yīng)選擇大機(jī)座號(hào)電機(jī)。</p><p>　　5、電機(jī)在較高速或大慣量負(fù)載時(shí)，一般不在工作速度起動(dòng)，而采用逐漸升頻提速，一電機(jī)不失步，二可以減少噪音同時(shí)可以提高停止的定位精度。

38、 6、高精度時(shí)，應(yīng)通過機(jī)械減速、提高電機(jī)速度,或采用高細(xì)分?jǐn)?shù)的驅(qū)動(dòng)器來解決，也可以采用5相電機(jī)，不過其整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的價(jià)格較貴，生產(chǎn)廠家少，其被淘汰的說法是外行話。</p><p>　　7、電機(jī)不應(yīng)在振動(dòng)區(qū)內(nèi)工作，如若必須可通過改變電壓、電流或加一些阻尼的解決。</p><p>　　8、電機(jī)在600PPS（0.9度）以下工作，應(yīng)采用小電流、大電感、低電壓來驅(qū)動(dòng)。</p><p

39、>　　9、應(yīng)遵循先選電機(jī)后選驅(qū)動(dòng)的原則。</p><p>　　附件2：外文原文（復(fù)印件）</p><p>　　Electrical work principles one step</p><p>　　First Preface</p><p>　　Walk into the working principle step of gen

40、erator to enter generator is will electrical pulse signal the open loop that changes angular displacement or displacement of the lines into control element. Under not overloaded condition the rotational speed of generato

41、r , the location that stops depend on pulse number and the frequency of pulse signal, and the influence that does not get load change gives generator to add a pulse signal, generator has turned a angle of step pitch. The

42、 existence of thi</p><p>　　Though, step had been applied into generator extensively, but walk into generator and can not resemble the ordinary machine of direct current, the machine of alternating current is

43、 used under routine. It must drive from double-loop shape pulse signal and power the composition control systematic sides such as circuit can use. Therefore enter generator with good step but is not easy matter, it is co

44、ncerned with a lot of professional knowledge’s such as machinery, generator, electron and computer. </p><p>　　Now, the production manufacturer that walks into generator is really a lot of, but have professio

45、nal technology people, the manufacturer that can develop independently and develops is very few , the most of manufacturers a, 20 persons, most basic equipment of company has no. Is in only a kind of blindly copy stage.

46、This gives user, cause a lot of troubles in product type selecting and use. Sign in above-mentioned condition, we decide to enter generator with extensive inductor type step, is regul</p><p>　　Second Induct

47、or type step enter generator working principle </p><p>　　(1) reaction type step enter generator principle because of reaction type step enter generator working principle comparison simple. Downstairs, narrat

48、e three-phase reaction type step into generator principle first. </p><p>　　1 . structure: </p><p>　　Generator rotor even distribution a lot little tooth, stator tooth has 3 excitations to wind h

49、indrance, its geometry axis is differentiated in proper order with rotor tooth axis stagger. </p><p>　　0 1/3 て , 2/3 て, ( the distance between adjacent two rotor tooth anises is pitch with て show ), A and to

50、oth 1 are relatively even, B and tooth 2 stagger towards the right 1/3 て, C and tooth 3 stagger towards the right 2/3 て, A 'Yu Chi 5Xiang Dui Qi , ( A' is A , tooth 5 is tooth 1 ) Downstairs decide rotor spread o

51、ut picture:</p><p>　　2 , spin: </p><p>　　If A is interlinked, is electrical, B, C appearance do not start electricity, because of the role of magnetic field tooth 1 and A for even, (rotor do not

52、 get any force below with). If B is interlinked , is electrical , A, C appearance do not start electricity , tooth 2 should with B for even, right now rotor have moved towards the right 1/3 て, right now tooth 3 and C def

53、lection is 1/3 て, tooth 4 and A deflection ( て - 1/3 て ) = 2/3 て. If C is interlinked , is electrical , A, B appearance do not </p><p>　　Thus it can be seen: Speed and the location of generator from conducti

54、ve frequency (pulse number) with frequency become 11 corresponding relation. And direction is decided by conductive order. </p><p>　　However stem from for moment, steady, noise and decreasing the aspect cons

55、iderations such as angle. Often adopt A-AB-B-BC － C-CA-A this kind of conductive state, so will originally each step 1/3 て change is 1/6 て. Pass through the different combination of 2 phase currents even, make it 1/3 て c

56、hange is 1/12 て, 1/24 て, this is the basically theoretical basis that generator divides into drive carefully. </p><p>　　Do not not put to the market: On generator stator have m appearance excitation wind hin

57、derance, its axis is differentiated with rotor tooth axis deflection 1/m, 2/m … …( m-1 )/m, 1. And conduct electricity press certain appearance order generator for can pros and cons turn controlled - - this is step the p

58、hysical condition that spins into generator. So long as according with this condition, we can make any step of appearance into generator theoretically, wait for various consideration in view of</p><p>　　3 .

59、moment: </p><p>　　Generator once start eclectricity , between deciding rotor will produce magnetic field ( magnetic flux quantity Ф ) to pawn rotor and stator stagger certain angle produce force F with ( d Ф

60、 / d θ ) its S magnetic flux of direct ratio quantity Ф = Br * S Br is magnetism dense, S is Dao magnetic area F and L * D * Br L of direct ratio is core effective length, D is rotor diameter Br = N*I/R N*I installs circ

61、le several( current multiply circle number) R for excitation to wind hinderance, is magneto</p><p>　　Moment = force * radius moment and generator effective volume * install circle number * magnetism dense be

62、come direct ratio ( consideration linear state ) therefore, generator effective volume is the more big, it is big that excitation install circle to count, decide rotor between air gap the more little, generator moment is

63、 the more big, otherwise also Ran. </p><p>　　( 2 ) inductor type step enter generator </p><p>　　1 . characteristic: </p><p>　　Inductor type step is compared with into the reaction t

64、ype step of generator and tradition into generator, on structure rotor add have permanent magnet, with the working point that offers soft magnetic material , and stator excitation need to offer the magnetic field of chan

65、ge only and need not offer magnetic material work point consume can, therefore this generator efficiency has little current high, give out heat to low. Because of the existence of permanent magnet, this generator has , i

66、s mor</p><p>　　Inductor type step is certain into generator to be able to regard as at low speed synchronous generator on kind level. A 4 appearance generator can make 4 appearance operation, can also make 2

67、 appearance operation. ( must drive with ambipolar voltage ), and reaction type generator can not be such. For instance: </p><p>　　4 appearance, 8 appearance operation ( A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A ) can adopt 2 c

68、ompletely 8 appearance racket run modes. Do not not discover its condition is C =, D =. A 2 4 and the internal winding of appearance generator appearance generator complete consistent, small-power generator directly rece

69、ive normally is 2 appearance, and the generator of a little bit big power uses to facilitate , is flexible to change the development characteristic of generator, is often its external wiring 8 leads ( 4 a</p><

70、p>　　2 Classify </p><p>　　Inductor type step can divide into into generator with appearance number: 2 appearance generator, three-phase generator and 4 appearance generator and 5 appearance generator. Can

71、 divide into with baseplate number ( generator external diameter ): 42 BYG ( BYG is inductor type step enter generator code name ) , 57 BYG, 86 BYG and 110 BYG , ( international standard ), and like 70 BYG, 90 BYG and 13

72、0 BYG etc. is domestic standard. </p><p>　　3 Walk into the index terminology of static quiet of generator </p><p>　　Appearance number: Produce difference for very the excitation coil logarithm o

73、f N and S magnetic field. Show frequently with m.</p><p>　　Number of beats: The pulse number or conductive state needed by a complete periodicity change of magnetic field is expressed with n, or point at gen

74、erator to turn a pulse number needed by pitch angle, with 4 appearance generator is regular, have 4 4 appearance racket run modes AB-BC-CD-DA-AB, 4 8 appearance racket run modes A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A. The angle of step p

75、itch: In correspondence with a pulse signal the angular displacement that generator rotor has turned use θ show. θ = 360 degrees ( r</p><p>　　Torque positions: </p><p>　　Generator in do not star

76、t eclectricity state take off , the locking moment of generator rotor self ( from mechanical error as well as the harmonic of the tooth form of magnetic field cause ) quiet torque: Generator is under the specified electr

77、ical role of static quiet , when generator does not make revolving sport, the locking moment of generator runner shaft. This moment is to measure driving voltage and the standard of generator volume (geometry size) and d

78、rive power source etc. is unconcerne</p><p>　　Though, quiet torque and electromagnetism excitation install circle to count into direct ratio , are concerning the surely tooth air gap between rotor , but redu

79、ce stingy crack after adopting, increase excitation to install circle raising quiet moment is not desirable, so can cause generator give out heat and mechanical noise. </p><p>　　4, walk into generator develo

80、pment index and terminology: </p><p>　　1 . the angle precision of step pitch: </p><p>　　Step worths the error with theoretical value into generator per the reality that has turned a angle of ste

81、p pitch. Show with percentage: The error / angle of step pitch * 100%. Its different operation value of number of beats is different, when 4 rackets run , should be in 5% , when 8 rackets run , should be within 15%. <

82、/p><p>　　2, lose step: </p><p>　　The step that generator operation luck turns is counted, do not be equal to theoretically step number. Fit Zhi is to lose step. </p><p>　　3 . imbalance

83、 angle: </p><p>　　The rotor tooth angle and generator of axis deflection stator tooth axis operate, have imbalance angle surely, by the error that imbalance angle produces, with thin minute, drive can not so

84、lve. </p><p>　　4, year starts frequency: </p><p>　　Generator in certain kind drive form, voltage and specified current take off, under the condition of not add load the biggest frequency that ca

85、n directly start. </p><p>　　5 . the running frequency of big weight empty: </p><p>　　Generator in certain kind drive form, under voltage and specified current, generator does not take the highes

86、t frequency of rotational speed of load. </p><p>　　6 . operation rules frequency property: </p><p>　　Generator measures the curve of export moment and frequency relation in operation under certa

87、in kind test condition to be called as operation rules frequency property, this is generator many development curve in most important, it is also the basic basis of generator option. Following picture shows: </p>

88、<p>　　Other property still has to spoil frequency property, starts frequency property. </p><p>　　Generator once choose , the quiet moment of generator determines , and development moment otherwise, the

89、development moment of generator depends on the average current in generator operation ( instead of the current of static quiet ), average current is the more big, generator export moment is the more big, the frequency pr

90、operty of generator is the more hard. In which, 3 curve currents are biggest , or voltage highest; Curve 1 currents are minimum , or voltage minimum, the intersection of curve</p><p>　　7 . the resonance poin

91、t of generator: </p><p>　　Step has regular resonance area and 2 into generator , 4 the appearance inductor type resonance district that walks into generator general in 180-250 pps between ( the 1.8 angle deg

92、rees of step pitch ) or in 400 pps control ( the angle of step pitch is 0.9 degrees ), generator driving voltage is the more high, generator current has the more light load the more , generator volume is the more little,

93、 resonance district upward deflection, otherwise also Ran, to make generator export electrical rule</p><p>　　8, generator is pros and cons to turn control: </p><p>　　When generator winding start

94、s electricity, sequential is AB-BC-CD-DA or () is turning, start electricity sequential is DA-CA-BC-AB or ( ) is turn on the contrary. </p><p>　　Third Drive to control system composition</p><p>

95、;　　Use and control step into generator must from annular pulse, power enlarge the control system of etc. composition, its block diagram is as follows: </p><p>　　1 pulse signal produce. </p><p>　

96、　Pulse signal is produced normally by only flat machine or CPU, general pulse signal take leave empty than is 0.3-0.4 around, generator rotational speed is the more high, take to leave empty than the more big. </p>

97、<p>　　2 the signal inductor that distributes </p><p>　　my factory production type step enter generator with 2 and 4 appearance generator mainly with, 2 appearance generator working way have 2 4 appear

98、ance racket and 2 appearance 8 pat 2 kinds, specific distribution is as follows: 4 appearance rackets are 2, the angle of step pitch is 1.8 degrees; 8 appearance rackets are 2, the angle of step pitch is 0.9 degrees. 4 a

99、ppearance generator working way also have 2 kinds, 44 appearance rackets is AB-BC-CD-DA-AB, the angle of step pitch is 1.8 degrees; 48 </p><p>　　3 power enlarge </p><p>　　power enlarge is drive

100、the part with the most important system. The torque that step takes off into generator in certain rotational speed depends on it's development average current instead of the current of static quiet ( the current on s

101、ample is the current of static quiet ). Average current the bigger generator moment the more big, to reach average current big this need to drive system surmount generator as far as possible turn over electromotive force

102、. Thus different occasion adopt differenc</p><p>　　To raise the development performance of generator as far as possible enlarge signal distribution and power to form step enter the drive of generator power s

103、ource. The SH series 2 of my factory production appearance constant current chop wave drive power source and only flat machine and generator wiring diagram is as follows: </p><p>　　Explanation: </p>&