建設項目管理中英文外文翻譯

1、<p>　　Construction Project Management——Value Engineering</p><p>　　By:Fredrick E.Gould.Nancy.E.Joyce</p><p><b>　　ABSTRACT</b></p><p>　　Value engineering is a kind of

2、 in the world proved very fruitful way of project management. In our country, with the improvement of socialist market economy, value engineering, whether in theoretical research or practical application aspects, obtaine

3、d greater progress, and is gradually applied to engineering project management. Due to the construction of the project design stage investment is less, the owners often ignored this phase of the application of value engi

4、neering, but the practice proo</p><p>　　Key Words: construction project; value engineering; design stage</p><p>　　Value engineering and cost reduction are often confused, so that the value engin

5、eering in the designer had a bad reputation, however, it is important that value engineering is a process, is to consider the cost of other factors, such as: life cycle cost, quality, durability and maintainability. On t

6、he other hand, reduce cost, think only reduced. At the same time they are in rely on a given standard role, we consider in the larger context of the standard, while the other reaction activity is only</p><p>

7、;　　Value engineering is all designed products in the active part. Value engineering is not done enough time, reduce cost becomes necessary. Value engineering provides a" better reduction mode", and reduce the c

8、ost can be reduced by engineering quality or quantity, save money.</p><p>　　Value engineering is not limited to the construction industry, but in the business world to help analysis is to minimize the cost o

9、f the optimal value of object technology and products. The best value is not an intrinsic property of. For each project, it takes on a different meaning, often in other similar product comparison. In the construction whi

10、ch is comparable to many products, it is a complicated job. Therefore, value engineering is as one of the best team in good operation. Value engineer</p><p>　　Owners of professional designers and constructio

11、n with the help of setting standards. In general, these standards are divided into several categories: best cost, the best optimal function and aesthetic value. Determining the optimal cost for life cycle cost analysis t

12、o the building, using the most effective play a role definition. The best aesthetic value, can be difficult to determine, but as with other important criteria. As an important emergency generator case, the team focused o

13、n cost and f</p><p>　　Including value engineering, all items are redundant. After all, is not a design team to put together the best solution, it finds the optimal solution will satisfy the owner's cost,

14、 functional, aesthetic standards. Of course, a good design team is doing. However, every design company established culture also needs to be questioned standard practice. In the value engineering in the process, he could

15、 do it. In addition, some teams may be dealt with as soon as possible in the design of the case. Fo</p><p>　　Building professionals in their occupation career into contact with many design company. Specific

16、design company may not know they brought other products and processes form information. In value engineering, these ideas will be checked, and where appropriate, set down. Building professionals can easily acquire about

17、certain product availability information. If a product needs a very long distance transport, which can increase the cost of. Maybe there are local products, can also achieve the same</p><p>　　Although the va

18、lue engineering in the project construction and even in the construction industry as a whole is pale, the maximum value is obtained in the earlier process: from one system to another, in the schedule have hardly any effe

19、ct, and the amount of redesign and redraw is minimized. However, in the early stages of design, to produce any saving document is one of the most difficult, because there are usually no formal drawings or plan. The most

20、recognizable effects occur in the schematic d</p><p>　　During the construction process, value engineering efforts continue. Because making changes to the project, design development should follow in the desi

21、gn phase to assess changes in the procedure. Contractors can also in the field of application of value engineering principle, save money method, equipment or sequence of operations. Who achieve these fields generated by

22、saving depends on the form of contract.</p><p>　　Some value engineering operation is informal, though the team members in favor of the arrangements and procedures, the others follow a more formal by another

23、person established standards, the following is a good value engineering project is the main component of:</p><p>　　(1) Review the field identification. He could be performed separately, as each team member c

24、ritically reviews the design drawings and specifications.</p><p>　　The idea was conceived, concern in the design field in this period of time, can use the new product or process, material the use of differen

25、t strengths, simplify the system, or to processing details.</p><p>　　(2) Brain storm team members sitting together with idea list and tossing ideas let others to accept, the idea is to get as many ideas as p

26、ossible on the desktop. As discussed in the context of members should be thought from the others and many have special ideas inspired.</p><p>　　(3) Each of the proposed analysis. The Group determines the sta

27、ndards to evaluate each idea. Discussion of alternatives in the brainstorming sessions with standard test. Here the brainstorming session, costs are usually not considered first. Once a proposal in the functional require

28、ments based on the merits, and then calculate the cost, involves a considerable amount of time and energy. It is a keeping brainstorming focus on functional outcome and reduce costs.</p><p>　　(4) Report to m

29、anagement. The team will be all the idea of putting it all together. When presented with more and more information is available, some may be in other phases of the project carried out a detailed analysis. Some have been

30、team provides a rationale for rejected, some instant recommendation. All the topics for discussion, whether to reject or approve, should keep some for later reference.</p><p>　　When the cost of computing wor

31、k begins, the team can have a look simple first cost, but also can view the life cycle cost proposal. If the proposal in first cost on the basis of sound words, life cycle cost, may not be complete, but the danger is, fi

32、rst cost may not be incorporated into the overall savings work during the life of structures. Therefore, it is best to consider the life cycle cost, figure 6.5 shows the first cost and life cycle cost differences between

33、.</p><p>　　Life cycle cost in building or construction system in the initial study life, operation and maintenance costs, and future interests. Prior to this analysis can be applied, assumptions are made abo

34、ut the under construction quality expectations, limitations of the procedure, as well as prospective predictors of cost of capital. Life cycle cost can help the design team decided to set system design, site, materials u

35、sed in construction, and the investment of money. It can be used to build or rebuild</p><p>　　The goal is to find, give some to meet the needs of customers alternatives, which cost at least over the life of

36、the building. For example, a specific non traditional heating system can have a higher cost base. Basic cost includes direct related design, procurement costs, as well as system installation. However, such a system might

37、 be a longer life expectancy than traditional systems, can burn the fuel more efficiently, and may not require so much of the repair, and can use the cheap fuel source</p><p>　　建設項目管理——價值工程</p><p&

38、gt;　　Fredrick E.Gould.Nancy.E.Joyce</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　價值工程是一種在世界各國被證明卓有成效的工程管理方法。在我國，隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的不斷完善，價值工程無論在理論研究還是實際應用方面，都取得了較大的發(fā)展，并且正在逐步地運用到工程項目管理工作中。由于建設項目設計階段的投資較少，業(yè)主往往容

39、易忽略這一階段價值工程的應用，但實踐證明，設計階段是節(jié)約投資的可能性最大的階段。所以，本文立足于建設項目設計階段，研究價值工程的應用。</p><p>　　關鍵詞：建設項目;價值工程;設計階段</p><p>　　價值工程和減少成本經(jīng)常搞混淆，這樣就使價值工程在設計者中留下了不好的名聲，但是，重要的是價值工程是一個過程，是考慮成本的其他因素方面，比如：生命周期成本，質(zhì)量，耐用性和可維護性。

40、另一方面，減少成本，認為只有減少的意思。同時他們都是在依靠于某種給定的標準而起作用，我們考慮在更大范圍內(nèi)的標準，而其他的反應活動僅是為了預算問題。項目團隊應該非常清楚他們在過程中都參與了。盡管緊張的預算降低了現(xiàn)實生活的成本，業(yè)主需要確切地知道他或她所購買。價值工程過程中，業(yè)主應以另一個系統(tǒng)的參考購買物品或同等價值體系來降低成本.在降低成本中，他或她為了省錢所得到的價值不大或范圍更少。</p><p>　　價值工程

41、應是所有設計產(chǎn)品中活躍的一部分。價值工程做得并不充足的時候，減少成本就變得必要了。價值工程提供了一個“更好的減少方式”，而降低成本可降低工程質(zhì)量或數(shù)量，節(jié)省資金。 價值工程不僅限于建筑行業(yè)，但在整個商業(yè)界用來幫助分析得到以最小的成本的最佳值的對象工藝和產(chǎn)品。最佳值不是一個固有財產(chǎn)。對于每一個項目，它需要在不同的意義，往往是在其他類似產(chǎn)品之間比較。在建設中這是比較很多的產(chǎn)品，這樣是很復雜的一項工作。因此，價值工程是作為一個最好的團

42、隊良好的運作的。價值工程消極采取的原因之一是設計者有時會覺得，建筑專業(yè)是衡量他們的工作和提出建議，損害了該項目的審美質(zhì)量。在過程中如果設計師是一個平等伙伴，這種感覺會被減少。同時，業(yè)主需要充分了解一定的設計理念使其選擇，當時間一到，以一個具體建議理由是適當?shù)臋嗪?，接受或拒絕。</p><p>　　業(yè)主在設計師和專業(yè)施工的幫助下設置標準。一般來說，這些標準分為幾類：最佳的成本，最好的功能和最佳的審美價值。確定最佳的

43、成本可以用生命周期成本分析，以建筑物使用最有效發(fā)揮作用的定義。最好的審美價值，是有點難以確定，但可以作為其他重要的標準。作為重要的一個應急發(fā)電機案，該團隊著眼于成本和功能，但并不對審美價值的關注，因為發(fā)電機將被隱藏在視野中。它的花費首先考慮成本，耐久性，和可靠性。它的作用將根據(jù)生命安全要求和建筑物內(nèi)的居民需要而決定。在一個幕墻系統(tǒng)的情況下，業(yè)主注重于成本，功能和美學價值。因為系統(tǒng)將是首要的建筑形象，審美價值可能比成本更有重量，甚至超過功

44、能。這些是只有擁有者可以決定最終作出。 其中包括價值工程在內(nèi)的所有項目都看似多余。畢竟，不是設計團隊放在一起的最佳方案，它認為最佳的解決方案將滿足業(yè)主的成本，功能，審美標準。當然，一個好的設計團隊正是這么做的。然而，每一個設計公司已建立的文化也是需要被質(zhì)疑的標準做法。在價值工程過程中，他能做到這一點。此外，一些團隊可能盡快處理在設計的情況下出現(xiàn)的事情。例如，業(yè)主要加快工作來獲取項目開工建設。其目的是要回到以前的事實和很不容易的重

45、新</p><p>　　在施工過程中，價值工程努力持續(xù).因為進行更改的項目，設計的發(fā)展應當遵循在設計階段評估變化了的程序。承建商也可以在該領域程序申請價值工程原理，節(jié)省錢的方法，設備或操作順序。誰實現(xiàn)這些領域產(chǎn)生的節(jié)約取決于合同的形式。 有些價值工程運作是非正式的，盡管團隊成員贊成的安排和程序，其他人跟隨更加正式的被另外的人建立的標準，下面是一個好的價值工程方案的主要組成部分：</p>&l

46、t;p>　?。?）審查領域的鑒定。他可以單獨完成，因為每個團隊成員嚴格審查設計圖紙和規(guī)格。</p><p>　　想法被構想，在關注設計領域這段時間里，可以利用新產(chǎn)品或工藝，材料不同的使用優(yōu)勢，簡化系統(tǒng)，或重新加工的細節(jié)。</p><p>　?。?）頭腦風暴小組成員坐在一起以想法清單和折騰意見和想法讓別人接受，這個想法是把盡可能多的想法放在桌面上。由于討論的背景下成員應該從別人的想法和

47、許多想出特的想法得到啟發(fā)。</p><p>　?。?）每個提議的分析。小組確定了標準以評估每種想法。討論的供選方案在頭腦風暴的會議上以標準測試。這里的頭腦風暴會議，費用通常不是首先考慮的。一旦某個建議在功能要求的基礎上有可取之處的，然后計算成本時，會涉及到相當數(shù)量的時間和精力。它也是一個保持頭腦風暴關注功能和降低成本的結果。</p><p>　　（4）報告給管理人員。團隊將所有的想法全部放

48、在一起。當提出越來越多的信息是可用的時候，一些可能會在項目的其他階段的進行詳細分析。有的已被團隊規(guī)定的理由拒絕了，有些即時推薦。所有討論題目，不管是否拒絕或批準，應留一部分供以后參考。</p><p>　　當成本計算工作開始時，團隊可以看看簡單的第一成本，也可以查看的生命周期成本方面的建議。如果該建議在第一成本的基礎上是健全的話，生命周期成本，可能無法完成，但這樣做的危險是，第一成本可能無法納入總體儲蓄轉化工作壽

49、命期間的結構。因此，最好是考慮一下生命周期方面任何成本，圖6.5說明第一成本和生命周期成本的之間的差異。</p><p>　　生命周期成本在建筑物或建筑系統(tǒng)中的生命初始進行探討，運行和維護費用，以及未來的利益。在此之前的分析可以應用，假設是關于在建設中質(zhì)量的期望，程序的限制，以及未來預測的資金成本。生命周期成本可幫助設計團隊系統(tǒng)地決定設計方案，設置場地，建筑使用的材料，和統(tǒng)金錢投資。它可用于新建或改建項目。在改造

50、項目中，首先解決的問題是，是否將該建筑物被拆除或保留。如果已決定保留建筑，接下來的問題是如何規(guī)模的整修來滿足期望。這些分析可以通過一個生命周期成本分析完成。這目標是去發(fā)現(xiàn)，給與幾個滿足顧客需要的供選方案，哪一個成本至少超過了建筑物的壽命。例如，一個特定的非傳統(tǒng)的加熱系統(tǒng)能有一個高的基本成本?；境杀景ㄖ苯酉嚓P的設計，采購成本，以及系統(tǒng)的安裝。但是，這樣的系統(tǒng)可能比傳統(tǒng)系統(tǒng)預期壽命較長，可更有效地燃</p><p&g

51、t;　　燃料，并可能不需要這么多的維修，和可以使用廉價的燃料來源。</p><p>　　本科生畢業(yè)設計（論文）</p><p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　題　　目 建設項目管理——價值工程 </p><p>　　姓　　名　 翁緯緯　　　　　　　 </p>

52、<p>　　學　　號 408105000230　　　　　 </p><p>　　學 　院　 管理科學與工程學院　　　 </p><p>　　?！　I(yè)　 工程管理　　　　　　　</p><p>　　指導教師　 王麗　　　　　　　　</p><p>　　2012 年4月13日&l