建設(shè)項(xiàng)目管理中英文外文翻譯

1、<p>　　Construction Project Management——Value Engineering</p><p>　　By:Fredrick E.Gould.Nancy.E.Joyce</p><p><b>　　ABSTRACT</b></p><p>　　Value engineering is a kind of

2、 in the world proved very fruitful way of project management. In our country, with the improvement of socialist market economy, value engineering, whether in theoretical research or practical application aspects, obtaine

3、d greater progress, and is gradually applied to engineering project management. Due to the construction of the project design stage investment is less, the owners often ignored this phase of the application of value engi

4、neering, but the practice proo</p><p>　　Key Words: construction project; value engineering; design stage</p><p>　　Value engineering and cost reduction are often confused, so that the value engin

5、eering in the designer had a bad reputation, however, it is important that value engineering is a process, is to consider the cost of other factors, such as: life cycle cost, quality, durability and maintainability. On t

6、he other hand, reduce cost, think only reduced. At the same time they are in rely on a given standard role, we consider in the larger context of the standard, while the other reaction activity is only</p><p>

7、;　　Value engineering is all designed products in the active part. Value engineering is not done enough time, reduce cost becomes necessary. Value engineering provides a" better reduction mode", and reduce the c

8、ost can be reduced by engineering quality or quantity, save money.</p><p>　　Value engineering is not limited to the construction industry, but in the business world to help analysis is to minimize the cost o

9、f the optimal value of object technology and products. The best value is not an intrinsic property of. For each project, it takes on a different meaning, often in other similar product comparison. In the construction whi

10、ch is comparable to many products, it is a complicated job. Therefore, value engineering is as one of the best team in good operation. Value engineer</p><p>　　Owners of professional designers and constructio

11、n with the help of setting standards. In general, these standards are divided into several categories: best cost, the best optimal function and aesthetic value. Determining the optimal cost for life cycle cost analysis t

12、o the building, using the most effective play a role definition. The best aesthetic value, can be difficult to determine, but as with other important criteria. As an important emergency generator case, the team focused o

13、n cost and f</p><p>　　Including value engineering, all items are redundant. After all, is not a design team to put together the best solution, it finds the optimal solution will satisfy the owner's cost,

14、 functional, aesthetic standards. Of course, a good design team is doing. However, every design company established culture also needs to be questioned standard practice. In the value engineering in the process, he could

15、 do it. In addition, some teams may be dealt with as soon as possible in the design of the case. Fo</p><p>　　Building professionals in their occupation career into contact with many design company. Specific

16、design company may not know they brought other products and processes form information. In value engineering, these ideas will be checked, and where appropriate, set down. Building professionals can easily acquire about

17、certain product availability information. If a product needs a very long distance transport, which can increase the cost of. Maybe there are local products, can also achieve the same</p><p>　　Although the va

18、lue engineering in the project construction and even in the construction industry as a whole is pale, the maximum value is obtained in the earlier process: from one system to another, in the schedule have hardly any effe

19、ct, and the amount of redesign and redraw is minimized. However, in the early stages of design, to produce any saving document is one of the most difficult, because there are usually no formal drawings or plan. The most

20、recognizable effects occur in the schematic d</p><p>　　During the construction process, value engineering efforts continue. Because making changes to the project, design development should follow in the desi

21、gn phase to assess changes in the procedure. Contractors can also in the field of application of value engineering principle, save money method, equipment or sequence of operations. Who achieve these fields generated by

22、saving depends on the form of contract.</p><p>　　Some value engineering operation is informal, though the team members in favor of the arrangements and procedures, the others follow a more formal by another

23、person established standards, the following is a good value engineering project is the main component of:</p><p>　　(1) Review the field identification. He could be performed separately, as each team member c

24、ritically reviews the design drawings and specifications.</p><p>　　The idea was conceived, concern in the design field in this period of time, can use the new product or process, material the use of differen

25、t strengths, simplify the system, or to processing details.</p><p>　　(2) Brain storm team members sitting together with idea list and tossing ideas let others to accept, the idea is to get as many ideas as p

26、ossible on the desktop. As discussed in the context of members should be thought from the others and many have special ideas inspired.</p><p>　　(3) Each of the proposed analysis. The Group determines the sta

27、ndards to evaluate each idea. Discussion of alternatives in the brainstorming sessions with standard test. Here the brainstorming session, costs are usually not considered first. Once a proposal in the functional require

28、ments based on the merits, and then calculate the cost, involves a considerable amount of time and energy. It is a keeping brainstorming focus on functional outcome and reduce costs.</p><p>　　(4) Report to m

29、anagement. The team will be all the idea of putting it all together. When presented with more and more information is available, some may be in other phases of the project carried out a detailed analysis. Some have been

30、team provides a rationale for rejected, some instant recommendation. All the topics for discussion, whether to reject or approve, should keep some for later reference.</p><p>　　When the cost of computing wor

31、k begins, the team can have a look simple first cost, but also can view the life cycle cost proposal. If the proposal in first cost on the basis of sound words, life cycle cost, may not be complete, but the danger is, fi

32、rst cost may not be incorporated into the overall savings work during the life of structures. Therefore, it is best to consider the life cycle cost, figure 6.5 shows the first cost and life cycle cost differences between

33、.</p><p>　　Life cycle cost in building or construction system in the initial study life, operation and maintenance costs, and future interests. Prior to this analysis can be applied, assumptions are made abo

34、ut the under construction quality expectations, limitations of the procedure, as well as prospective predictors of cost of capital. Life cycle cost can help the design team decided to set system design, site, materials u

35、sed in construction, and the investment of money. It can be used to build or rebuild</p><p>　　The goal is to find, give some to meet the needs of customers alternatives, which cost at least over the life of

36、the building. For example, a specific non traditional heating system can have a higher cost base. Basic cost includes direct related design, procurement costs, as well as system installation. However, such a system might

37、 be a longer life expectancy than traditional systems, can burn the fuel more efficiently, and may not require so much of the repair, and can use the cheap fuel source</p><p>　　建設(shè)項(xiàng)目管理——價(jià)值工程</p><p&

38、gt;　　Fredrick E.Gould.Nancy.E.Joyce</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　價(jià)值工程是一種在世界各國(guó)被證明卓有成效的工程管理方法。在我國(guó)，隨著社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷完善，價(jià)值工程無(wú)論在理論研究還是實(shí)際應(yīng)用方面，都取得了較大的發(fā)展，并且正在逐步地運(yùn)用到工程項(xiàng)目管理工作中。由于建設(shè)項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)階段的投資較少，業(yè)主往往容

39、易忽略這一階段價(jià)值工程的應(yīng)用，但實(shí)踐證明，設(shè)計(jì)階段是節(jié)約投資的可能性最大的階段。所以，本文立足于建設(shè)項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)階段，研究?jī)r(jià)值工程的應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：建設(shè)項(xiàng)目;價(jià)值工程;設(shè)計(jì)階段</p><p>　　價(jià)值工程和減少成本經(jīng)常搞混淆，這樣就使價(jià)值工程在設(shè)計(jì)者中留下了不好的名聲，但是，重要的是價(jià)值工程是一個(gè)過(guò)程，是考慮成本的其他因素方面，比如：生命周期成本，質(zhì)量，耐用性和可維護(hù)性。

40、另一方面，減少成本，認(rèn)為只有減少的意思。同時(shí)他們都是在依靠于某種給定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而起作用，我們考慮在更大范圍內(nèi)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而其他的反應(yīng)活動(dòng)僅是為了預(yù)算問(wèn)題。項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)該非常清楚他們?cè)谶^(guò)程中都參與了。盡管緊張的預(yù)算降低了現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的成本，業(yè)主需要確切地知道他或她所購(gòu)買。價(jià)值工程過(guò)程中，業(yè)主應(yīng)以另一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的參考購(gòu)買物品或同等價(jià)值體系來(lái)降低成本.在降低成本中，他或她為了省錢所得到的價(jià)值不大或范圍更少。</p><p>　　價(jià)值工程

41、應(yīng)是所有設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品中活躍的一部分。價(jià)值工程做得并不充足的時(shí)候，減少成本就變得必要了。價(jià)值工程提供了一個(gè)“更好的減少方式”，而降低成本可降低工程質(zhì)量或數(shù)量，節(jié)省資金。 價(jià)值工程不僅限于建筑行業(yè)，但在整個(gè)商業(yè)界用來(lái)幫助分析得到以最小的成本的最佳值的對(duì)象工藝和產(chǎn)品。最佳值不是一個(gè)固有財(cái)產(chǎn)。對(duì)于每一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，它需要在不同的意義，往往是在其他類似產(chǎn)品之間比較。在建設(shè)中這是比較很多的產(chǎn)品，這樣是很復(fù)雜的一項(xiàng)工作。因此，價(jià)值工程是作為一個(gè)最好的團(tuán)

42、隊(duì)良好的運(yùn)作的。價(jià)值工程消極采取的原因之一是設(shè)計(jì)者有時(shí)會(huì)覺(jué)得，建筑專業(yè)是衡量他們的工作和提出建議，損害了該項(xiàng)目的審美質(zhì)量。在過(guò)程中如果設(shè)計(jì)師是一個(gè)平等伙伴，這種感覺(jué)會(huì)被減少。同時(shí)，業(yè)主需要充分了解一定的設(shè)計(jì)理念使其選擇，當(dāng)時(shí)間一到，以一個(gè)具體建議理由是適當(dāng)?shù)臋?quán)衡，接受或拒絕。</p><p>　　業(yè)主在設(shè)計(jì)師和專業(yè)施工的幫助下設(shè)置標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為幾類：最佳的成本，最好的功能和最佳的審美價(jià)值。確定最佳的

43、成本可以用生命周期成本分析，以建筑物使用最有效發(fā)揮作用的定義。最好的審美價(jià)值，是有點(diǎn)難以確定，但可以作為其他重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。作為重要的一個(gè)應(yīng)急發(fā)電機(jī)案，該團(tuán)隊(duì)著眼于成本和功能，但并不對(duì)審美價(jià)值的關(guān)注，因?yàn)榘l(fā)電機(jī)將被隱藏在視野中。它的花費(fèi)首先考慮成本，耐久性，和可靠性。它的作用將根據(jù)生命安全要求和建筑物內(nèi)的居民需要而決定。在一個(gè)幕墻系統(tǒng)的情況下，業(yè)主注重于成本，功能和美學(xué)價(jià)值。因?yàn)橄到y(tǒng)將是首要的建筑形象，審美價(jià)值可能比成本更有重量，甚至超過(guò)功

44、能。這些是只有擁有者可以決定最終作出。 其中包括價(jià)值工程在內(nèi)的所有項(xiàng)目都看似多余。畢竟，不是設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)放在一起的最佳方案，它認(rèn)為最佳的解決方案將滿足業(yè)主的成本，功能，審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。當(dāng)然，一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)正是這么做的。然而，每一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)公司已建立的文化也是需要被質(zhì)疑的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)做法。在價(jià)值工程過(guò)程中，他能做到這一點(diǎn)。此外，一些團(tuán)隊(duì)可能盡快處理在設(shè)計(jì)的情況下出現(xiàn)的事情。例如，業(yè)主要加快工作來(lái)獲取項(xiàng)目開工建設(shè)。其目的是要回到以前的事實(shí)和很不容易的重

45、新</p><p>　　在施工過(guò)程中，價(jià)值工程努力持續(xù).因?yàn)檫M(jìn)行更改的項(xiàng)目，設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循在設(shè)計(jì)階段評(píng)估變化了的程序。承建商也可以在該領(lǐng)域程序申請(qǐng)價(jià)值工程原理，節(jié)省錢的方法，設(shè)備或操作順序。誰(shuí)實(shí)現(xiàn)這些領(lǐng)域產(chǎn)生的節(jié)約取決于合同的形式。 有些價(jià)值工程運(yùn)作是非正式的，盡管團(tuán)隊(duì)成員贊成的安排和程序，其他人跟隨更加正式的被另外的人建立的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，下面是一個(gè)好的價(jià)值工程方案的主要組成部分：</p>&l

46、t;p>　?。?）審查領(lǐng)域的鑒定。他可以單獨(dú)完成，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員嚴(yán)格審查設(shè)計(jì)圖紙和規(guī)格。</p><p>　　想法被構(gòu)想，在關(guān)注設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域這段時(shí)間里，可以利用新產(chǎn)品或工藝，材料不同的使用優(yōu)勢(shì)，簡(jiǎn)化系統(tǒng)，或重新加工的細(xì)節(jié)。</p><p>　　（2）頭腦風(fēng)暴小組成員坐在一起以想法清單和折騰意見(jiàn)和想法讓別人接受，這個(gè)想法是把盡可能多的想法放在桌面上。由于討論的背景下成員應(yīng)該從別人的想法和

47、許多想出特的想法得到啟發(fā)。</p><p>　?。?）每個(gè)提議的分析。小組確定了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以評(píng)估每種想法。討論的供選方案在頭腦風(fēng)暴的會(huì)議上以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)試。這里的頭腦風(fēng)暴會(huì)議，費(fèi)用通常不是首先考慮的。一旦某個(gè)建議在功能要求的基礎(chǔ)上有可取之處的，然后計(jì)算成本時(shí)，會(huì)涉及到相當(dāng)數(shù)量的時(shí)間和精力。它也是一個(gè)保持頭腦風(fēng)暴關(guān)注功能和降低成本的結(jié)果。</p><p>　　（4）報(bào)告給管理人員。團(tuán)隊(duì)將所有的想法全部放

48、在一起。當(dāng)提出越來(lái)越多的信息是可用的時(shí)候，一些可能會(huì)在項(xiàng)目的其他階段的進(jìn)行詳細(xì)分析。有的已被團(tuán)隊(duì)規(guī)定的理由拒絕了，有些即時(shí)推薦。所有討論題目，不管是否拒絕或批準(zhǔn)，應(yīng)留一部分供以后參考。</p><p>　　當(dāng)成本計(jì)算工作開始時(shí)，團(tuán)隊(duì)可以看看簡(jiǎn)單的第一成本，也可以查看的生命周期成本方面的建議。如果該建議在第一成本的基礎(chǔ)上是健全的話，生命周期成本，可能無(wú)法完成，但這樣做的危險(xiǎn)是，第一成本可能無(wú)法納入總體儲(chǔ)蓄轉(zhuǎn)化工作壽

49、命期間的結(jié)構(gòu)。因此，最好是考慮一下生命周期方面任何成本，圖6.5說(shuō)明第一成本和生命周期成本的之間的差異。</p><p>　　生命周期成本在建筑物或建筑系統(tǒng)中的生命初始進(jìn)行探討，運(yùn)行和維護(hù)費(fèi)用，以及未來(lái)的利益。在此之前的分析可以應(yīng)用，假設(shè)是關(guān)于在建設(shè)中質(zhì)量的期望，程序的限制，以及未來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)的資金成本。生命周期成本可幫助設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)系統(tǒng)地決定設(shè)計(jì)方案，設(shè)置場(chǎng)地，建筑使用的材料，和統(tǒng)金錢投資。它可用于新建或改建項(xiàng)目。在改造

50、項(xiàng)目中，首先解決的問(wèn)題是，是否將該建筑物被拆除或保留。如果已決定保留建筑，接下來(lái)的問(wèn)題是如何規(guī)模的整修來(lái)滿足期望。這些分析可以通過(guò)一個(gè)生命周期成本分析完成。這目標(biāo)是去發(fā)現(xiàn)，給與幾個(gè)滿足顧客需要的供選方案，哪一個(gè)成本至少超過(guò)了建筑物的壽命。例如，一個(gè)特定的非傳統(tǒng)的加熱系統(tǒng)能有一個(gè)高的基本成本?；境杀景ㄖ苯酉嚓P(guān)的設(shè)計(jì)，采購(gòu)成本，以及系統(tǒng)的安裝。但是，這樣的系統(tǒng)可能比傳統(tǒng)系統(tǒng)預(yù)期壽命較長(zhǎng)，可更有效地燃</p><p&g

51、t;　　燃料，并可能不需要這么多的維修，和可以使用廉價(jià)的燃料來(lái)源。</p><p>　　本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）</p><p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　題　　目 建設(shè)項(xiàng)目管理——價(jià)值工程 </p><p>　　姓　　名　 翁緯緯　　　　　　　 </p>

52、<p>　　學(xué)　　號(hào) 408105000230　　　　　 </p><p>　　學(xué) 　院　 管理科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院　　　 </p><p>　　專　　業(yè)　 工程管理　　　　　　　</p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師　 王麗　　　　　　　　</p><p>　　2012 年4月13日&l