探索行為及集群保護動物福利外文翻譯

1、<p>　　3615單詞，3500漢字</p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　Exploratory Behavior and the Welfare of Intensively Kept Animals</p><p>　　Material Source: Journal of Agricultural E

2、thics, Volume 2, pp. 161-169 Author: D. G. M. Wood-Gush, K. Vestergaard</p><p>　　ABSTRACT Exploratory behavior is considered underthe following categories:(1)extrinsic explora

3、tion in which the animal seeks information about convention reinforcers such as food, (2) intrinsic exploration which is directed toward stimuli which may have no biological significance, further divided into inspective

4、and inquisitive exploration. In the former the animal inspects a particular object; in the latter, the animal performs behavior to make a change in its environment, rather than merely re</p><p>　　Keywords E

5、xploratory behavior, animal welfare, farm animals, zoo animals.</p><p>　　Exploratory behavior is a largely neglected area of animal behavior but we feel that it is a major factor to be considered in the welf

6、are of animals. Berlyne (1960) divided it into a number of categories:Extrinsic exploratory behavior consists of those responses directed at obtaining information about conventional reinforcers such as food or a nesting

7、site. It is thus synonymous with appetitive behavior and in this article we interchange the terms. Intrinsic exploration,on the other hand, is def</p><p>　　In general it is agreed that exploratory behavior w

8、ill have a vital function in the life of animals in the wild, allowing them to gain information about their home range or territory that will be vital for survival. The wild boar, for example, does not live in large popu

9、lations; most animals leave their natal group eventually to form small new groups, very likely inhabiting completely new areas. The male is entirely solitary. Within its home range a group will have sites for special pur

10、poses suc</p><p>　　This ability does not appear to have been lost in domesticated species. A brief study on a small group of domestic pigs released into an area of woodland in southern Sweden showed that dur

11、ing the first few days the pigs ranged widely over sections of the area but later restricted their movements to sections of the enclosure with the required resources, behavior indicative of the formation of a cognitive m

12、ap and well-developed exploratory behavior (Wood-Gush et al. 1989). In another study, Grazfe</p><p>　　Russell (1983) argued that the division of exploratory behavior will be artificial in most cases, for an

13、 animal patrolling its territory will indulge in both extrinsic and intrinsic exploration. However, in the case of animals kept in monotonous farm or laboratory conditions, the division seems important. Extrinsic explora

14、tion is under the control of different causal mechanisms from intrinsic exploration and under mechanisms that may vary temporally; at one time, for example, being controlled b</p><p>　　On the other hand, it

15、has been suggested (Baxter 1983) that the sow, if provided with a nest comfortable to her udder, will forgo much of her nesting behavior. However, proof of this has not yet come to hand. It has been shown that the s

16、ow approaching parturition performs much appetitive behavior (Jensen 1986), seeking a place that is safe and that has a number of other criteria, as would her relative, the wild boar sow. Domestication may have blurred s

17、ome of the responses, but as Stolba an</p><p>　　Before proceeding to discuss this question, it is necessary to define two terms. We often use the term abnormal behavior. Most of these behavior patterns belo

18、ng to the categories listed as abnormal by Wiepkema et al. (1983). In addition, a behavior pattern which may appear normal in execution but which is performed at a significantly high rate or performed out of context is

19、referred to as abnormal. When we say that the animal is frustrated, we mean that it is motivated to perform a particular </p><p>　　escape responses are frequently performed by these birds while pacing (Wood-

20、Gush and Gilbert 1969; Sodeikat 1983). There can therefore be little doubt that when hens are unable to fulfill this type of appetitive behavior by finding relevant stimuli for the next phase, the), find their position

21、aversive. In addition, Sodeikat (1983) showed that this appetitive phase of the prelaying behavior is prolonged in caged birds compared to birds on deep litter. Sows also show abnormal behavior when</p><

22、p>　　In cattle the sucking behavior of the calf may be considered part of the appetitive component of milk ingestion. In a clear-cut study B6e (1988) showed that calves not allowed to proceed to milk ingestion by suck

23、ing performed significantly more abnormal behavior than calves that were able to suck before milk ingestion.Yet another example concerns horses: Behavioral abnormalities are often found in stallions used for semen collec

24、tion in which they perform the consummatory component without the a</p><p>　　In barren environments, animals may redirect the appetitive components of feeding behavior toward penmates, causing damage and inj

25、ury, as suggested by Hoffmeyer (1969) with respect to feather pecking and cannibalism in pheasants. Like-wise, nibbling of the body parts of penmates by piglets has been ascribed to redirected exploratory behavior (van

26、Putten and Dammers 1976). In many other motivational systems, apart from feeding, the appetitive component is likely to be redirected in this way in b</p><p>　　Summarizing these results, it appears that eith

27、er denying the animal the chance to perform appetitive behavior or denying it the opportunity to carry out meaningful appetitive behavior forces it into a state indicative of frustration or aversion. Often deprivation ma

28、y increase appetitive behavior disproportionally compared with consummatory behavior, because there are often several links in that component, each with its own controlling external stimuli, most of which may be absent.

29、Indeed, we su</p><p>　　Inspective exploration is important for consideration in good husbandry; when introducing animals to a new location or a new feeding system, for example, the operator must realize that

30、 fear is an important part or a competing response in inspective exploration (Murphy and Wood-Gush 1978). Inquisitive exploration, on the other hand, presents a different concept. First we must ask what proof there is of

31、 its existence in animals such as the common farm species. Russell (1983) discussed how patrol</p><p>　　Evidence from experiments with farm animals is somewhat indirect in that certain findings may be inte

32、rpreted as evidence of inquisitive exploration, although the experiments were performed to test entirely different hypotheses. Duncan and Hughes (1972), for example, trained hens which lived alone in a modified Skinner b

33、ox with a minimum of external stimulation to peck a disk for food. After the birds had learned this task, food was made freely available without the hens having to peck at the dis</p><p>　　Further evidence o

34、f inquisitive exploration comes from a study by Wood-Gush et al. (in prep.) in which it was found that piglets would leave their home pen to explore a new area. In addition there was evidence that piglets reared in an en

35、vironment enriched by a floor covering of wood shavings and that contained branches and stones showed less inquisitive exploratory behavior of a novel area accessible from the home pen than those from a barer environme

36、nt. A similar finding in relation to in</p><p>　　Berlyne (1960) linked inquisitive exploration with boredom, and the citations above of some possible examples of inquisitive exploration raise the questio

37、n as to whether boredom can be considered in the case of farm animals. In the wild, when an animal's drives have been satisfied, it is unlikely that natural selection would have led to animals, liable to predation, p

38、assing into a neutral state. (We do not count sleep or resting as neutral states, because they have their own appetitive phases a</p><p>　　The presence of inquisitive exploration in a species repertoire may

39、not even depend on phylogenetic distance between species. Closely related species may differ in their propensity to show true inquisitive exploration in that one species might be very opportunistic or neophilic (Morris

40、 1964) and be able to exploit a number of habitats, while another fairly closely related species might have a very different ecology; not showing any inquisitive exploration, it may respond to near-satiation by p</p&g

41、t;<p>　　On the other hand it is often noticeable that pigs become very torpid, a state that may be caused by a barren environment. Fraser (1975), for example, describes tethered sows as "standing or sitting m

42、otionless, often for tens of seconds at a time, usually with the head drooping and with eyes half dosed or glassy-looking." The enrichment of the environment by the provision of straw reduced this behavior signif

43、icantly. In another study, Wood-Gush and Beilhartz (1983) kept litters of piglets in</p><p>　　The breaking of monotony might be one way in which apathy and frustration might be overcome. However, the manner

44、 in which it is done is important. The animal should feel that it has some control over its environment, or in the event of no control, it should be able to predict salient factors, for as Weinberg and Levine (1979) hav

45、e emphasized predictability in the absence of control may help the animal to cope. If, for example, irregular feeding were to be instituted, then the animal should be a</p><p>　　The Istwert-Sollwert comparat

46、or model has been used in relation to animal welfare (Wiepkema 1988). At its simplest level the model easily accommodates extrinsic and inspective exploration, but with regard to inquisitive exploration, the suitability

47、 of the model is less obvious. Nevertheless, Wiepkema (1988) has pointed out that the model can be extended to accommodate behavior of a highly intelligent nature and thus can include the concept of inquisitive explorat

48、ion. However, the model cannot </p><p>　　Inactivity and boredom are problems in zoo animals (Stevenson 1983). However, activity may be increased by enrichment of the environment. Wilson (1982) enriched the

49、 environment of gorillas and orang-utangs by the provision of three types of objects: stationary, moving, or temporary. The stationary objects were poles, steel ladders, and tree-like structures, and the movable ones wer

50、e ropes, chains, tires, nets, and swinging ladders. Temporary objects included boxes, unprinted newspaper, plasti</p><p>　　Stereotyped behavior may also be a problem in zoo animals and increasing the appeti

51、tive component of feeding behavior by hiding small amounts of food or delivering small amounts of food at irregular intervals may increase activity and serve as occupational therapy. In Copenhagen Zoo, for example, Hols

52、t (1989) fed the brown bears with honey from a hole high up in a tree at irregular intervals, with the result that the animals increased their exploratory behavior and decreased their stereotypica</p><p>　　

53、The above cases have referred to either extrinsic or inspective exploration, but there may be evidence of inquisitive exploration, because some animals indicate that they are seeking to make stimulus changes by various a

54、bnormal behavior patterns. Some of these are pathological, involving self-mutilation such as hair-pulling or biting of limbs or tails (Morris 1964; Erwin and Deni 1979). Such behavior is prevalent in neophilic animals,

55、 i.e.,those that are motivated to explore (Stevenson 1983).</p><p>　　The results from environmental enrichment projects such as those mentioned above may in fact underline that the abnormalities in behavior

56、 are linked with the lack of opportunities to perform inquisitive exploration, because when the environments were enriched, the invented novel activities were reduced or stopped. The provision of objects, for example, r

57、educed feces handling by chimpanzees and increased their activity in the Edinburgh Zoo (Watson 1973). </p><p>　　In conclusion, we feel that </p><p>　　1.appetitive behavior (extrinsic exploration

58、) is a vital part of an animal's repertoire, and any blocking of it or prevention of its fulfillment leads to frustration or aversion. </p><p>　　2.inquisitive or diverse exploration should be studied

59、in all classes of farm live-stock, because it is possible that species may differ considerably in their ability to perform inquisitive exploration. The greater the propensity for inquisitive exploration, the greater the

60、 need for the abolition of monotonous environments. </p><p>　　3.The development of apathy in farm animals should be studied. Although it leads to apparently docile animals, it is an abnormal behavioral state

61、 and is contrary to the animals' welfare and natural dignity. </p><p><b>　　。</b></p><p>　　Acknowledgments</p><p>　　D. G. M. Wood-Gush participated in this study whi

62、le in receipt of a N.A.T.O. Senior Guest Fellowship. The authors wish to thank B. Hoist of the Copenhagen Zoo for valuable information and discussions on zoo animals. </p><p>　　References</p><p>

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95、t;<b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　探索行為及集群保護動物的福利</p><p>　　資料來源: Exploratory Behavior and the Welfare of Intensively Kept Animals[J]. Journal of Agricultural Ethics, Volume 2, pp. 161-169</p&

96、gt;<p>　　作者：D. G. M. Wood-Gush, K. Vestergaard</p><p>　　摘要：探索行為被分成以下幾類：(1)外在的探索是指動物在習慣性的刺激下尋找信息比如，食物；（2）內在的探索是指在特定的刺激下卻沒有生物意義的探索，進一步劃分為檢查和好奇探索。在以前，動物的檢查沒有特定的對象。后來，動物的行為改變了他們的環(huán)境，對于這樣改變還是有一定的影響的。外在的探索與行

97、為學是同義的。我們在預防報告上發(fā)現(xiàn)很多象征性行為的聚集動物的地方被驅使。考慮到檢查性的探索對于避免那些競爭的反應在對農業(yè)的研究是有必要的。好奇性的探索并沒有廣泛調查以下物種，但作者有幾個的示例中常見的農業(yè)動物的物種，他們認為這種類型的探索傾向在物種上有密切相關的聯(lián)系。在這貧瘠的勘探環(huán)境中，動物的發(fā)展可能被漠不關心，因此關于動物福利討論是密切相關的是有必要的。</p><p>　　關鍵詞：探索行為； 動物福利； 農

98、場動物；動物園動物</p><p>　　探索性行為在動物行為方面是一個很大程度上被忽視的領域，但我們認為它是動物的福利探究當中要考慮的主要因素。Berlyne(1960)把它分成多個類別：外在的探索是指動物在習慣性的刺激下尋找信息，比如食物或者棲息地。書中的調查對象關于動物的習慣性環(huán)境會屬于這一類。外在的探索與行為學是同義的，在文章中可以相互轉換。在另一方面被定義為內在的探索是指在特定的刺激下卻沒有生物意義的探索