外文翻譯--機(jī)械工程設(shè)計(jì)選材基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

1、<p><b>　　英文原文</b></p><p>　　A knowledge-based system for materials selection in mechanical engineering design</p><p><b>　　Abstract </b></p><p>　　Thi

2、s paper studies various work on the development of computerized material selection system. The importance of Knowledge-based system (KBS) in the context of concurrent engineering is explained. The study of KBS in materia

3、l selection in an engineering design process is described. The development in materials databases, which sometimes serve as material selection packages, is also discussed. The use of KBS in material selection and the app

4、lication in the domain of polymeric-based composite are c</p><p>　　Introduction </p><p>　　Materials selection is a task normally carried out by design and materials engineers. Gutte ridge and Wa

5、ter- man [1] described the aim of materials selection as the identification of materials, which after appropriate manufacturing operations, will have the dimensions, shape and properties necessary for the product or comp

6、onent to demonstrate its required function at the lowest cost. For the purpose of material selection, thousands of data would be needed to characterize all the grades of materi</p><p>　　The material database

7、 for materials selection </p><p>　　2.1. Supporting data and rigorous logic for the hypothesis and observation.</p><p>　　In recent years, attention is being made to the use of computer systems t

8、o store and process data regarding the properties of materials. It enables the designers to achieve large capacity and rapid retrieval from a computer database to provide easy access to the materials data.According to Pr

9、ada [3], materials are the common elements enumerating parts in a product realization process. Nowadays, design engineers normally rely on the materials that they are familiar with. However, when design requ</p>&

10、lt;p>　　2.2. Critical review </p><p>　　This section reviews the development of computerized materials databases that enabled designers to select the materials in mechanical engineering design application.

11、The development of material databases has been reported by Harmer [5] , Breuer et al [6-10], Baur [11-12] , Michael [13] , Ashby [14-15] and C ebon and Ashby [16-17] .</p><p>　　Harmer [5] reported that vario

12、us database systems have been developed for plastics, elastomers and rubbers such as the Cambridge Materials Selector (CMS) , CAMPUS, Selector II, Specula, Cen-base/Materials, Mat. DB, Plastics Design Library .Engineered

13、 Materials Abstracts, FUNDUS, Prospector Plus, Poly mat, SPAO, Pro-Concept, Explorer, Plata’polymerically, Standards Info-disk, Piura Abstracts, Packaging Science and Technology Abstracts, Chem-In-tell and Welda-search.&

14、lt;/p><p>　　Computer-aided material pre-selection by uniform standards (CAMPUS) is a widely used materials database for plastics [6-10]. A product similar to that of CAMPUS is a database concerned with the sele

15、ction of long fiber reinforced plastics. This system is called FUNDUS and it allows the distribution of material information from the producer to the designer end-user [11-13]. As such, it is of interest to all who work

16、with sheet molding compound (SMC) , bulk molding compound ?.BMC or glass-mat therm</p><p>　　The system uses materials selection charts, which are a way of displaying material property data through the use of

17、 optimization procedures. The selection process depends on implementing performance Indices, a combination of material properties, which if maximized, optimizes performance. The charts are developed to present the materi

18、als,and the performance Indices, so that the most suitable selection of materials and shape can be carried out.</p><p>　　Machine Design</p><p>　　The complete design of a machine is a complex pro

19、cess. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineering material, materials mechanics and

20、 machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to to

21、day's desig</p><p>　　The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabi

22、lities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Desi

23、gns personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This c</p><p>　　If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the produc

24、t. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realiz

25、e to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personn</p><p>　　A good d

26、esign personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have t

27、he patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because ma

28、ny person of conservativeness, does this certainly i</p><p><b>　　中文譯文</b></p><p>　　機(jī)械工程設(shè)計(jì)選材基礎(chǔ)知識(shí) </p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　本文致力于研究對(duì)各種材料選擇的電腦化系

29、統(tǒng)發(fā)展。并對(duì)以基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的系統(tǒng)在并行工程環(huán)境（KBS）的重要性進(jìn)行了解釋。KBS的研究在材料選擇方面由一個(gè)工程設(shè)計(jì)過程來描述。材料數(shù)據(jù)庫的發(fā)展，和選材服務(wù)，也被討論到了。在材料選擇KBS和使用中的聚合物基復(fù)合材料領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用是選材典型的例子。2001年由Else-vier科學(xué)有限公司出版。 </p><p><b>　　1. 簡(jiǎn)介 </b></p><p&

30、gt;　　材料選擇通常是設(shè)計(jì)和材料工程師一項(xiàng)任務(wù)。加特里奇和水人[1]中是這樣描述選擇材料的:經(jīng)過適當(dāng)?shù)闹圃鞓I(yè)務(wù)，將有尺寸，形狀和性能的產(chǎn)品或組件要以最低的成本展示其規(guī)定功能的材料選擇的目標(biāo)。對(duì)于選材的目的，成千上萬的數(shù)據(jù)將需要所有的材料的特性。許多選擇系統(tǒng)可以幫助設(shè)計(jì)工程師選擇最合適的材料。在最基本的層面上，設(shè)計(jì)工程師可利用材料性能數(shù)據(jù)手冊(cè)表。但是，數(shù)據(jù)表是不完整的，一旦公布，他們是難以更新。多德和范福 [2]描述了有關(guān)工程

31、材料的資料，可分為兩大類，即數(shù)據(jù)和知識(shí)的分歧。數(shù)據(jù)被定義為測(cè)量的結(jié)果，而信息代表之間的數(shù)據(jù)，在這方面的知識(shí)，這有助于對(duì)結(jié)果的認(rèn)識(shí)源項(xiàng)目的連接。無論是計(jì)算機(jī)化的數(shù)據(jù)庫和材料選擇的KBS將在以下各節(jié)描述。  </p><p>　　2. 針對(duì)對(duì)材料選擇的材料數(shù)據(jù)庫 </p><p>　　2.1 支持這一假設(shè)的數(shù)據(jù)和嚴(yán)密的邏輯</p><p>

32、　　近年來，關(guān)注正在面向計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)來存儲(chǔ)和處理數(shù)據(jù)的有關(guān)材料的性能。它使得設(shè)計(jì)者能夠在實(shí)現(xiàn)大容量和快速的從一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫里檢索到資料數(shù)據(jù)。據(jù)普拉薩德[3]，材料是在列舉部分產(chǎn)品實(shí)現(xiàn)過程的共同要素。如今，設(shè)計(jì)工程師通常依賴于材料，他們所熟悉的。然而，當(dāng)超過設(shè)計(jì)要求這些材料的限制或超過材料特性的限制，并行工程團(tuán)隊(duì)必須考慮替代材料。隨著直接在線訪問材料數(shù)據(jù)庫，并行工程團(tuán)隊(duì)可以選擇的材料，重量更輕，更強(qiáng)，成本更低。假設(shè)，這種替代的影響可以分析

33、或模擬，團(tuán)隊(duì)可以輕而易舉地把一個(gè)可用進(jìn)程的最佳選擇材料，節(jié)約每一個(gè)程序的材料，因此，減少材料浪費(fèi)是必須的。白[4]強(qiáng)調(diào)了計(jì)算機(jī)選型輔助材料的重要性，圖書有幾個(gè)缺點(diǎn)，他們往往在到達(dá)的書架得時(shí)候已經(jīng)過時(shí)。這使得他們很難找到答案指標(biāo)進(jìn)行排序或在您選擇的方式的數(shù)據(jù)。電腦化系統(tǒng)，它提供了訪問數(shù)據(jù)的材料，并不一定是材料選擇系統(tǒng)，雖然對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的訪問是必要的，以方便選擇。  </p><p>　　2.2

34、0;嚴(yán)格審查  </p><p>　　本節(jié)回顧了計(jì)算機(jī)化的材料數(shù)據(jù)庫，使設(shè)計(jì)人員選擇了機(jī)械工程設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用材料的發(fā)展。材料數(shù)據(jù)庫的發(fā)展哈默曾報(bào)道[5]，布魯爾等[6-10]，鮑爾[11-12]，Michael i [13]，阿什比[14-15]和C ebon和Ashby [16-17] 。哈默[5]報(bào)道，各種數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)已用于塑料，橡膠等材料的選擇劍橋（CMS）校園

35、，選擇二，材料，橡膠墊發(fā)展。數(shù)據(jù)庫，塑料設(shè)計(jì)庫。文摘工程材料，眼底，勘探者另外，市產(chǎn)管辦，臨概念，探險(xiǎn)家，普拉特的Polymers-can，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Info-disk，皮拉文摘，包裝科學(xué)與技術(shù)文摘，化學(xué)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)和搜索。 </p><p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)輔助材料前通過統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的選擇（CAMPUS）是一種廣泛使用的塑料材料數(shù)據(jù)庫[6-10]。一個(gè)產(chǎn)品類似CAMPUS，與長纖維選擇有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)庫增強(qiáng)塑料。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)被稱為眼

36、底，它允許信息從材料到設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)銷售的最終用戶[11-13]。因此，它是關(guān)系到所有誰與片狀模塑料（SMC）的，散裝模塑料(BMC)或玻璃墊熱塑性（GMT）的材料由鮑爾報(bào)道[11-12]和Michael i等。 [13]。校園及眼底有特點(diǎn)，它允許用戶查看任何列出的產(chǎn)品的所有屬性，打印任何產(chǎn)品搜索數(shù)據(jù)，滿足特定性能要求，選擇和查看比較性質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)庫，并按照升序排序的具體要求或降序。阿什比[14，15]和C ebon和Ashby&#

37、160;[16-17]開發(fā)一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)化的材料選擇系統(tǒng)，稱為劍橋材料選擇器（CMS）的。該系統(tǒng)使用材料的選擇圖表，這是一種顯示，通過優(yōu)化程序使用材料性能數(shù)據(jù)的方法。甄選過程由實(shí)施性能指標(biāo)而定，一個(gè)物質(zhì)屬性的組合，而如果最優(yōu)化性能。圖表的開發(fā)，以目前的材料，和性能指標(biāo)，使最合適的材料和形狀可以進(jìn)行選擇。 </p><p><b>　　機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì) </b></p><p

38、>　　一臺(tái)完整機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性，還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。 </p><p>　　任何產(chǎn)品在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)第一步就是選擇產(chǎn)品每個(gè)部分的構(gòu)成材料。許多的材料被今天的設(shè)計(jì)師所使用。對(duì)產(chǎn)品的功能，它的外觀、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的選擇是十分重要的。對(duì)材料的特性必須事先作出仔細(xì)的評(píng)估。

39、 </p><p>　　仔細(xì)精確的計(jì)算是必要的，以確保設(shè)計(jì)的有效性。在任何失敗的情況下，最好知道在最初設(shè)計(jì)中有有缺陷的部件。計(jì)算（圖紙尺寸）檢查是非常重要的。一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)就可以導(dǎo)致一個(gè)本可以完成的項(xiàng)目失敗。設(shè)計(jì)工作的各個(gè)方面都應(yīng)該檢查和復(fù)查。 </p><p>　　計(jì)算機(jī)是一種工具,它能夠幫助機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師減輕繁瑣的計(jì)算，并對(duì)現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)提供進(jìn)一步的分析?；?dòng)系統(tǒng)基于計(jì)算機(jī)的能力，已經(jīng)使

40、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)（CAD）和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造（CAM）成為了可能。心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作，因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對(duì)所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。另一個(gè)重要問題，設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開始階段設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商，并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。 </p&g

41、t;<p>　　如前所訴，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識(shí)本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處，只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在一個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。 </p><p>　　應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式

42、更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如，即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，也會(huì)使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。 </p><p>　　一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，當(dāng)新的方法不適用時(shí)，就使用原來的方法。因此，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)?，所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì)，要求屏棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟

43、知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法，在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理，將其與未經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的新觀念結(jié)合起來。 </p><p>　　新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí)，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方