智能控制外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　英文文獻(xiàn)資料及翻譯</b></p><p>　　Intelligent Control</p><p>　　Control technology is 20 years in the last century established a frequency domain method based upon the classical co

2、ntrol theory developed, the control technology of industrial production has been widely used. Promote the development of space technology, the 50's emerged to law-based state space control theory now so widely contro

3、l technology development, resulting in more applications. Since the 60s, with the development of computer technology, many new methods and technology into engineering, </p><p>　　Intelligent control technolog

4、y is mainly used to resolve those using traditional methods can not solve the control problem of complex systems, such as intelligent robotics systems, computer integrated manufacturing system (CIMS), a complex industria

5、l process control systems, aerospace control systems, socio-economic management systems, transportation systems, communication network systems, environmental protection and energy systems. These complex systems have the

6、following characteristics: 1. C</p><p>　　Intelligent control technology often play a role through the intelligent control system. In short, intelligent control system is the system with an intelligent behavi

7、or, which uses artificial intelligence methods to solve difficult mathematical methods accurately describe the complex, random, flexible control problem, a self-learning, adaptive, self-organizing capabilities. Its main

8、objective is to explore the human brain deal with things closer to the "thinking" mode is to study a kind of mathe</p><p>　　The intelligent control technology in the engineering machinery products,

9、 to solve the traditional control methods can not well adapt to changing challenges of complex objects. Intelligent control technology can change the control strategy to adapt to the object complexity and uncertainty. It

10、 is not just rely on mathematical models, and online experience based on knowledge and reasoning to identify and select the best control strategy, the uncertainty for the system to maintain a predetermined q</p>&

11、lt;p>　　Intelligence and intelligent systems can be characterized in a number of ways and along a number of dimensions. There are certain attributes of intelligent systems, common in many definitions, which are of part

12、icular interest to the control community.</p><p>　　In the following, several alternative definitions and certain essential characteristics of intelligent systems are first discussed. A brief working definiti

13、on of intelligent systems that captures their common characteristics is then presented. In more detail, we start with a rather eneral definition of intelligent systems, we discuss levels of intelligence, and we explain t

14、he role of control in intelligent systems and outline several alternative definitions. We then discuss adaptation and learni</p><p>　　We start with a general characterization of intelligent systems:</p>

15、;<p>　　An intelligent system has the ability to act appropriately in an uncertain environment, where an appropriate action is that which increases the probability of success, and success is the achievement of beha

16、vioral subgoals that support the system’s ultimate goal. </p><p>　　In order for a man-made intelligent system to act appropriately, it may emulate functions of living creatures and ultimately human mental fa

17、culties. An intelligent system can be characterized along a number of dimensions. There are degrees or levels of intelligence that can be measured along the various dimensions of intelligence. At a minimum, intelligence

18、requires the ability to sense the environment, to make decisions and to control action. Higher levels of intelligence may include the abilit</p><p>　　The above characterization of an intelligent system is ra

19、ther general. According to this, a great number of systems can be considered intelligent. In fact, according to this definition, even a thermostat may be considered to be an intelligent system, although of low level of i

20、ntelligence. It is common, however, to call a system intelligent when in fact it has a rather high level of intelligence.</p><p>　　There exist a number of alternative but related definitions of intelligent s

21、ystems and in the following we mention several. They provide alternative, but related characterizations of intelligent systems with emphasis on systems with high degrees of intelligence.</p><p>　　The followi

22、ng definition emphasizes the fact that the system in question processes information, and it focuses on man-made systems and intelligent machines:</p><p>　　A. Machine intelligence is the process of analyzing,

23、 organizing and converting data into knowledge; where (machine) knowledge is defined to be the structured information acquired and applied to remove ignorance or uncertainty about a specific task pertaining to the intell

24、igent machine. This definition leads to the principle of increasing precision with decreasing intelligence, which claims that: applying machine intelligence to a database generates a flow of knowledge, lending an analyti

25、c form t</p><p>　　Next, an intelligent system is characterized by its ability to dynamically assign subgoals and control actions in an internal or autonomous fashion:</p><p>　　B. Many adaptive o

26、r learning control systems can be thought of as designing a control law to meet well-defined control objectives. This activity represents the system’s attempt to organize or order its “knowledge” of its own dynamical beh

27、avior, so to meet a control objective. The organization of knowledge can be seen as one important attribute of intelligence. If this organization is done autonomously by the system, then intelligence becomes a property o

28、f the system, rather than of the system’s </p><p>　　A procedural characterization of intelligent systems is given next:</p><p>　　C. Intelligence is a property of the system that emerges when the

29、 procedures of focusing attention, combinatorial search, and generalization are applied to the input information in order to produce the output. One can easily deduce that once a string of the above procedures is defined

30、, the other levels of resolution of the structure of intelligence are growing as a result of the recursion. Having only one level structure leads to a rudimentary intelligence that is implicit in the thermostat, or </

31、p><p>　　The concepts of intelligence and control are closely related and the term “Intelligent Control” has a unique and distinguishable meaning. An intelligent system must define and use goals. Control is then

32、 required to move the system to these goals and to define such goals. Consequently, any intelligent system will be a control system. Conversely, intelligence is necessary to provide desirable functioning of systems under

33、 changing conditions, and it is necessary to achieve a high degree of autonomo</p><p>　　Below, one more alternative characterization of intelligent (control) systems is included. According to this view, a co

34、ntrol system consists of data structures or objects (the plant models and the control goals) and processing units or methods (the control laws) :</p><p>　　D. An intelligent control system is designed so that

35、 it can autonomously achieve a high level goal, while its components, control goals, plant models and control laws are not completely defined, either because they were not known at the design time or because they changed

36、 unexpectedly.</p><p>　　There are several essential properties present in different degrees in intelligent systems. One can perceive them as intelligent system characteristics or dimensions along which diffe

37、rent degrees or levels of intelligence can be measured. Below we discuss three such characteristics that appear to be rather fundamental in intelligent control systems.</p><p>　　Adaptation and Learning. The

38、ability to adapt to changing conditions is necessary in an intelligent system. Although adaptation does not necessarily require the ability to learn, for systems to be able to adapt to a wide variety of unexpected change

39、s learning is essential. So the ability to learn is an important characteristic of (highly) intelligent systems.</p><p>　　Autonomy and Intelligence. Autonomy in setting and achieving goals is an important ch

40、aracteristic of intelligent control systems. When a system has the ability to act appropriately in an uncertain environment for extended periods of time without external intervention, it is considered to be highly autono

41、mous. There are degrees of autonomy; an adaptive control system can be considered as a system of higher autonomy than a control system with fixed controllers, as it can cope with greater uncertai</p><p>　　St

42、ructures and Hierarchies. In order to cope with complexity, an intelligent system must have an appropriate functional architecture or structure for efficient analysis and evaluation of control strategies. This structure

43、should be “sparse” and it should provide a mechanism to build levels of abstraction (resolution, granularity) or at least some form of partial ordering so to reduce complexity. [7] An approach to study intelligent machin

44、es involving entropy emphasizes such efficient computation</p><p>　　In view of the above, a working characterization of intelligent systems (or of (highly) intelligent (control) systems or machines) that cap

45、tures the essential characteristics present in any such system is:</p><p>　　An intelligent system must be highly adaptable to significant unanticipated changes, and so learning is essential. It must exhibit

46、high degree of autonomy in dealing with changes. It must be able to deal with significant complexity, and this leads to certain sparse types of functional architectures such as hierarchies.</p><p><b>　

47、　智能控制</b></p><p>　　控制技術(shù)是在上世紀(jì)20年代建立了以頻域法為主的經(jīng)典控制理論后發(fā)展起來的,控制技術(shù)首先在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。在空間技術(shù)發(fā)展的推動(dòng)下,50年代又出現(xiàn)了以狀態(tài)空間法為主的現(xiàn)在控制理論,使控制技術(shù)得到了廣泛的發(fā)展,產(chǎn)生了更多的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。60年代以來,隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,許多新方法和技術(shù)進(jìn)入工程化,產(chǎn)品化階段,顯得加快了工業(yè)技術(shù)更新的步伐,這對(duì)自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)提出了

48、新的挑戰(zhàn),也為其發(fā)展提供了條件,促進(jìn)了智能理論在控制技術(shù)中的應(yīng)用,形成了智能控制技術(shù)。</p><p>　　智能控制技術(shù)主要用來解決那些用傳統(tǒng)的方法難以解決的復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的控制問題,如智能機(jī)器人系統(tǒng),計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)（CIMS）,復(fù)雜的工業(yè)過程控制系統(tǒng),航天航空控制系統(tǒng),社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理系統(tǒng),交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng),通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng),環(huán)保與能源系統(tǒng)等。這些復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)具有以下特點(diǎn)：1.控制對(duì)象存在嚴(yán)重的不確定性,控制模型未知或模型的結(jié)構(gòu)

49、和參數(shù)在很大的范圍內(nèi)變化； 2.控制對(duì)象具有高度的非線性特征； 3.控制任務(wù)要求復(fù)雜。例如,在智能機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)中,要求系統(tǒng)對(duì)一個(gè)復(fù)雜的任務(wù)具有自行規(guī)劃和決策的能力,有自動(dòng)躲避障礙達(dá)到目的地的能力。</p><p>　　智能控制技術(shù)通常通過智能控制系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮作用。簡單地說,智能控制系統(tǒng)是指具備一個(gè)智能行為的系統(tǒng),它利用人工智能的方法能夠解決難以用數(shù)學(xué)的方法精確描述的復(fù)雜的,隨機(jī)的,柔性的控制問題,具有自學(xué)習(xí),自適應(yīng),自

50、組織的能力。它的主要目標(biāo)是探索更加接近人類大腦處理事物的“思維”模式,也是研究一種數(shù)理邏輯,能使機(jī)器像人一樣,根據(jù)少量模糊信息,依據(jù)一定的推理準(zhǔn)則進(jìn)行“思維”,就可以得出相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確的或足夠近似的結(jié)論和控制策略。</p><p>　　把智能控制技術(shù)應(yīng)用在工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品上,解決了傳統(tǒng)控制方法無法很好的適應(yīng)多變復(fù)雜對(duì)象的難題。智能控制技術(shù)可以改變控制策略去適應(yīng)對(duì)象的復(fù)雜性和不確定性。它不是僅依靠數(shù)學(xué)模型,而且根據(jù)知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)

51、進(jìn)行在線推理,確定并優(yōu)選最佳的控制策略,針對(duì)某種不確定性使系統(tǒng)保持預(yù)定的品質(zhì)和期望的目標(biāo)。</p><p>　　智力與智能系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)可以通過多種方式和多個(gè)方面來描述。有很多智能系統(tǒng)屬性，在許多定義中有共同點(diǎn)，其中特別關(guān)注的是社會(huì)的控制。</p><p>　　在下面，智能系統(tǒng)的幾個(gè)替代的定義和一些基本特征首先被討論。一個(gè)簡短的定義智能系統(tǒng)捕捉他們的共同特點(diǎn)，然后介紹。在更多的細(xì)節(jié)，我們從智能

52、系統(tǒng)的常規(guī)定義開始，詳細(xì)地討論智能的水平，說明智能系統(tǒng)中控制的作用，并概述幾種不同的定義。然后，我們討論適應(yīng)和學(xué)習(xí)，自主性和高效率的計(jì)算結(jié)構(gòu)的必要性，智能系統(tǒng)，以應(yīng)付復(fù)雜性。我們用一個(gè)簡短的工作總結(jié)表征智能（控制）系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　我們以智能系統(tǒng)的一般特征開始。</p><p>　　智能系統(tǒng)具有在不確定環(huán)境中正確反應(yīng)的能力，正確的反應(yīng)則增加了成功的幾率，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了支持系統(tǒng)終極目標(biāo)

53、的子目標(biāo)。</p><p>　　為了使人造智能系統(tǒng)行動(dòng)適當(dāng)，它可能會(huì)模擬人類生物的功能，并最終腦力。一個(gè)智能系統(tǒng)可沿著特征維數(shù)。有學(xué)位或智力水平，可以沿來衡量智力的各個(gè)方面。至少，情報(bào)要求能夠感知環(huán)境，作出決策和控制的行動(dòng)。更高水平的智能應(yīng)包括能夠識(shí)別物體和事件的能力，以代表在世界模型中的知識(shí)，并考慮將來可能的原因和計(jì)劃。在高級(jí)的形式中，智能在各種環(huán)境條件下都具有認(rèn)識(shí)和理解及正確地選擇和反應(yīng)的能力，從而能在復(fù)雜而

54、且通常不利的環(huán)境中得到持續(xù)發(fā)展。智能可通過計(jì)算能力的增長，并通過在一個(gè)復(fù)雜和不斷變化的世界中對(duì)意識(shí)如何，決定和采取行動(dòng)的知識(shí)的積累來觀察到增長和發(fā)展。</p><p>　　一個(gè)智能系統(tǒng)的上述特性是相當(dāng)普遍。根據(jù)這一點(diǎn)，大量的系統(tǒng)可以被視為聰明。事實(shí)上，根據(jù)這一定義，甚至一恒溫器可被視為是一個(gè)智能系統(tǒng)，雖然智力低的水平。它是常見的，然而，在實(shí)際中有一個(gè)相當(dāng)高的水平智能才能稱為智能系統(tǒng)。</p><

55、;p>　　存在著一個(gè)智能系統(tǒng)和其他相關(guān)的一些定義，但下面我們提到幾個(gè)。它們提供了的選擇，但都是同高度重視的高水平的智能系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的。</p><p>　　下面的定義強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)在問題進(jìn)程信息的系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)人造系統(tǒng)和智能機(jī)器：</p><p>　　A．機(jī)器智能是個(gè)分析，組織和數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成知識(shí)的過程;其中知識(shí)定義為結(jié)構(gòu)化信息獲取和適用于消除無知或有關(guān)特定任務(wù)有關(guān)的不確定性的智能機(jī)器。由這

56、一定義產(chǎn)生了以較低的智能達(dá)到較高精度的原則，但要求應(yīng)用于數(shù)據(jù)庫的機(jī)器智能構(gòu)造一個(gè)知識(shí)庫，從而提供一種便于對(duì)象建模的解析形式。</p><p>　　接下來，一個(gè)智能系統(tǒng)是以它能夠動(dòng)態(tài)地分配和在內(nèi)部或自主地控制行動(dòng)的能力而被定義：</p><p>　　B．許多自適應(yīng)或者學(xué)習(xí)型控制系統(tǒng)可以被看作是一個(gè)控制律設(shè)計(jì)以滿足明確的控制目標(biāo)。這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)代表了系統(tǒng)的籌組或命令其“自身的動(dòng)力學(xué)行為的知識(shí)”，因此

57、，以滿足控制目標(biāo)，該知識(shí)的組合可以被視為智能一個(gè)重要的屬性。如果這組織是由系統(tǒng)自主完成，然后變成了智力系統(tǒng)的財(cái)產(chǎn)，而不是系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)者。這是表示，就內(nèi)部實(shí)現(xiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)原理而言，控制器能高度自組織的系統(tǒng)屬于智能控制系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　一個(gè)智能系統(tǒng)的程序特征如下：</p><p>　　C．智能是個(gè)系統(tǒng)的財(cái)產(chǎn)，該系統(tǒng)在當(dāng)出現(xiàn)財(cái)產(chǎn)集中的程序，組合搜索，并推廣應(yīng)用到輸入的資料，以產(chǎn)生輸出。人們可以

58、很容易推斷，一旦上述程序字符串的被定義，另一個(gè)決定智能結(jié)構(gòu)的水平是作為一個(gè)趨勢的結(jié)果遞歸增長。只有一個(gè)層次結(jié)構(gòu)，導(dǎo)致了一個(gè)初步的智能，是個(gè)隱含的自動(dòng)調(diào)溫器，或一個(gè)可變結(jié)構(gòu)滑?？刂破鳌?lt;/p><p>　　智能和控制的概念是密切相關(guān)的，所謂“智能控制“具有獨(dú)特的意義和區(qū)別。一個(gè)智能系統(tǒng)必須定義和使用目標(biāo)。然后，需要控制移動(dòng)系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)，并確定這些目標(biāo)。因此，任何一個(gè)智能系統(tǒng)將控制系統(tǒng)。相反，智力要不斷變化的條件

59、下提供理想的系統(tǒng)運(yùn)作，這是要實(shí)現(xiàn)在一個(gè)控制系統(tǒng)的高度的自主行為所必須的。是由于控制是任何一個(gè)智能系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，所謂“智能控制系統(tǒng)”，有時(shí)用于工程文獻(xiàn)，而不是“智能系統(tǒng)”或“智能機(jī)”。該術(shù)語“智能控制系統(tǒng)”只是強(qiáng)調(diào)了智能系統(tǒng)的控制方面。</p><p>　　下面，更多的智能（控制）系統(tǒng)選擇的特征是包括在內(nèi)。根據(jù)這種觀點(diǎn)，一個(gè)控制系統(tǒng)包括數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)或?qū)ο螅üS模式和控制目標(biāo)）和加工單位或方法（對(duì)照法）：</

60、p><p>　　D.是智能控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)上，它可以自主實(shí)現(xiàn)高層次的目標(biāo)，而它的組成部分，控制目標(biāo)，植物模型和控制規(guī)律并沒有徹底的定義，是因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)谠O(shè)計(jì)時(shí)不知道或者是因?yàn)樗麄円馔獾母淖儭?lt;/p><p>　　智能系統(tǒng)具有若干個(gè)不同層次的基本屬性。人們可以根據(jù)能被度量的不同程度來將其</p><p>　　看成是智能系統(tǒng)的特性或程度。下面我們討論三種這樣的特點(diǎn)，這似乎是智能控制

61、系統(tǒng)中相當(dāng)基礎(chǔ)的。</p><p>　　適應(yīng)和學(xué)習(xí)。對(duì)一個(gè)智能系統(tǒng)來說，能夠適應(yīng)不斷變化的條件是必要的。雖然并不一定需要獲得學(xué)習(xí)的能力，為系統(tǒng)能夠適應(yīng)，學(xué)習(xí)是至關(guān)重要的。因此，學(xué)習(xí)能力是一個(gè)（高度）智能系統(tǒng)的重要特征。</p><p>　　自動(dòng)與智能。在制定和實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的時(shí)候，自動(dòng)是一個(gè)重要的智能控制系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)。當(dāng)一個(gè)系統(tǒng)有能力采取適當(dāng)?shù)男袨樵趯?duì)于長時(shí)間沒有外來干預(yù)的不確定的環(huán)境下，它是被認(rèn)

62、為是高度自治。有程度的自治;一套自適應(yīng)控制系統(tǒng)可被視為更高的自動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，一個(gè)高于固定控制器，控制系統(tǒng)作為自治制度它可以應(yīng)付大于固定反饋控制器的不確定性。雖然自主性低沒有智慧（或“低”情報(bào)）是必要的，高程度的自治，對(duì)于智能系統(tǒng)（或“高”智力度）是至關(guān)重要的。</p><p>　　結(jié)構(gòu)和層次結(jié)構(gòu)。為了應(yīng)付復(fù)雜性，智能系統(tǒng)必須有一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)墓δ芙Y(jié)構(gòu)或有效的分析和評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)控制策略。這一結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是稀疏的，并且提供一種機(jī)制來確定

63、概括（分辨率、尺度）的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，或至少是某些形式的局部分類，以降低復(fù)雜程度。</p><p>　　用一種方法來研究，涉及到智能機(jī)器所強(qiáng)調(diào)這種高效的計(jì)算機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)。層次結(jié)構(gòu)（即可能是近似的，局部或聯(lián)合的層次），它們能夠適應(yīng)，為這一結(jié)構(gòu)可作為主要工具，以應(yīng)付復(fù)雜性。所謂“層次”是指功能等級(jí)，或等級(jí)和范圍以及空間或時(shí)間方面的決議，它不一定意味著等級(jí)的硬件。這些結(jié)構(gòu)可能是一些硬部分。至配合不斷轉(zhuǎn)變的情況下，學(xué)習(xí)能力是必要的，所以

64、這些結(jié)構(gòu)可以適應(yīng)重大的，意想不到的變化。</p><p>　　鑒于上述，智能系統(tǒng)（（或高）智能（控制）系統(tǒng)或機(jī)器）的一個(gè)工作性的特征，這個(gè)特征會(huì)出現(xiàn)在任何現(xiàn)有基本特征。這個(gè)特征是：</p><p>　　一個(gè)智能系統(tǒng)必須高度適應(yīng)重大意外變化，因此學(xué)習(xí)是必要的。它必須表現(xiàn)出在處理與變化，高度自治。它必須是能夠處理重大復(fù)雜的事件，這導(dǎo)致了某些類型的功能稀疏結(jié)構(gòu)，如層次結(jié)構(gòu)。</p>