市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷理論外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　文獻(xiàn)翻譯</b></p><p>　　Marketing theory</p><p>　　McCarthy (E.J.Mccarthy) ,in 1960, also under the micro-marketing definition: Marketing is the responsibility of business act

2、ivities, products and services will be directly from the producer towards the consumer or user in order to meet customer needs and the achievement of the company profits, but also a process of socio-economic activities w

3、ith the aim to meet the social or human needs, to achieve social goals. this definition than in the United States, although the definition of marketing asso</p><p>　　Christian Grnroosto the definition and em

4、phasized the purpose of marketing: Marketing is in the interests of a whole, through mutual exchange and commitment to establish, maintain, consolidate and consumers and other participants in the relationship between the

5、 parties to achieve the purpose.</p><p>　　This definition has been in use ever since, until the summer of 2004 was revised. The new definition is nearly 20 years on the marketing of the first amendment to th

6、e definition, no wonder the majority of marketers attracted universal attention. The development of marketing theory has the following four stages: </p><p>　　The first stage: start-up phase. Marketing in the

7、 late 19th century to 20 in the United States the world's creation of 20, due to industrial development and marketing at this time by a very narrow scope of the study, but research and commercial advertising network

8、settings. Island in Illinois and other related courses at the universities. By the "Association of American Advertising" to "National Advertising and Marketing Association of Science Teachers", to mar

9、keting research to ensure the organ</p><p>　　Phase II: Application stage. During the 20th century to the end of World War II 20 for the application stage, begun to take shape at this time, the United States

10、began large-scale domestic enterprises to use marketing to operate businesses, open overseas markets, European countries have to follow. Established in 1931, "American Marketing Association" Marketing preach, a

11、nd in 1937 merged the two organizations, academia and the business community to absorb a wide range to join the Marketing from t</p><p>　　The third phase: the formation period of development. The 20th centur

12、y, the 50's to 80's for the marketing stage of development, the U.S. military-industrial economy has begun to shift the public economic, social goods, the sharp increase in social productivity improved significan

13、tly, while the corresponding consumption level of residents has not been much improvement, market began to emerge in a state of oversupply. At this point the U.S. marketing expert R. Cox and W. Aderson the "broad se

14、nse </p><p>　　Phase IV: the mature stage. Since the 80's for the marketing of the mature stage, in: a. associated with other disciplines such as economics, mathematics, statistics, psychology, etc.; b. t

15、heory began to form their own system; 80 is the age of marketing revolutionary period, begun to enter the field of modern marketing, so marketing the new look.</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p

16、><b>　　市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷理論</b></p><p>　　麥卡錫(E.J.Mccarthy)于1960年對(duì)微觀市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷下了定義：市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷是企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的職責(zé)，它將產(chǎn)品及勞務(wù)從生產(chǎn)者直接引向消費(fèi)者或使用者以便滿足顧客需求及實(shí)現(xiàn)公司利潤(rùn)，同時(shí)也是一種社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)過(guò)程，其目的在于滿足社會(huì)或人類需要，實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)目標(biāo)。這一定義雖比美國(guó)市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷協(xié)會(huì)的定義前進(jìn)了一步，指出了滿足顧客需求及實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)贏利成為

17、公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)目標(biāo)，但這兩種定義都說(shuō)明，市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷活動(dòng)是在產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)結(jié)束時(shí)開始的，中間經(jīng)過(guò)一系列經(jīng)營(yíng)銷售活動(dòng)，當(dāng)商品轉(zhuǎn)到用戶手中就結(jié)束了，因而把企業(yè)營(yíng)銷活動(dòng)僅局限于流通領(lǐng)域的狹窄范圍，而不是視為企業(yè)整個(gè)經(jīng)營(yíng)銷售的全過(guò)程，即包括市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷調(diào)研、產(chǎn)品開發(fā)、定價(jià)、分銷廣告、宣傳報(bào)導(dǎo)、銷售促進(jìn)、人員推銷、售后服務(wù)等。而格隆羅斯給的定義強(qiáng)調(diào)了營(yíng)銷的目的：營(yíng)銷是在一種利益之上下，通過(guò)相互交換和承諾，建立、維持、鞏固與消費(fèi)者及其他參與者的關(guān)系，實(shí)現(xiàn)各方的目

18、的。</p><p>　　這個(gè)定義一直沿用至今，直到2004年夏天才被重新修訂。這次新定義是近20年來(lái)關(guān)于市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷定義的首次修訂，無(wú)怪乎引起了廣大營(yíng)銷者的普遍重視。</p><p>　　市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷理論發(fā)展有以下四個(gè)階段：</p><p>　　第一階段：初創(chuàng)階段。市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷于19世紀(jì)末到20世界20年代在美國(guó)創(chuàng)立，源于工業(yè)的發(fā)展，這時(shí)的市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷所研究的范圍很窄，只是研究廣

19、告和商業(yè)網(wǎng)點(diǎn)的設(shè)置。并在伊利諾等洲的大學(xué)開設(shè)相關(guān)課程。并由“美國(guó)廣告協(xié)會(huì)”改為“全美廣告學(xué)與市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)教員協(xié)會(huì)”，給市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)的研究提供了組織保證。這時(shí)市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)的研究特點(diǎn)是：a. 著重推銷術(shù)和廣告術(shù)，至于現(xiàn)代市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷的理論、概念、原則還沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)；b. 研究活動(dòng)基本上局限于大學(xué)的課堂和教授的書房，還沒(méi)有得到社會(huì)和企業(yè)界的重視。</p><p>　　第二階段：應(yīng)用階段。20世紀(jì)20年代至二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束為應(yīng)用階段，此時(shí)初具

20、規(guī)模，美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)開始大規(guī)模運(yùn)用市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)來(lái)運(yùn)營(yíng)企業(yè)，打開海外市場(chǎng)，歐洲國(guó)家也紛紛效仿。1931年成立“美國(guó)市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷協(xié)會(huì)”，宣講市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)，并于1937年上述兩組織合并，廣泛吸收學(xué)術(shù)界與企業(yè)界人士參加，市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)開始從大學(xué)講臺(tái)走向社會(huì)。此階段市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷的發(fā)展表現(xiàn)在應(yīng)用上。因1929年資本主義世界爆發(fā)了空前的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)，經(jīng)濟(jì)出現(xiàn)大蕭條、大萎縮，社會(huì)購(gòu)買力急劇下降，市場(chǎng)問(wèn)題空前尖銳。危機(jī)對(duì)整個(gè)資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)打擊很大。這個(gè)階段，市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)的研究特點(diǎn)

21、是：a. 并沒(méi)有脫離產(chǎn)品推銷這一狹窄的概念；b. 在更深更廣的基礎(chǔ)上研究推銷術(shù)和廣告術(shù)；c. 研究有利于推銷的企業(yè)組織機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置；d. 市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷理論研究開始走向社會(huì)，被廣大企業(yè)界所重視。</p><p>　　第三階段：形成發(fā)展時(shí)期。20世紀(jì)50年代至80年代為市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)的發(fā)展階段，美國(guó)軍工經(jīng)濟(jì)開始轉(zhuǎn)向民眾經(jīng)濟(jì)，社會(huì)商品急劇增加，社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力大幅度提升，而與此相對(duì)應(yīng)的居民消費(fèi)水平卻沒(méi)有得到多大的提升，市場(chǎng)開始出現(xiàn)供過(guò)于

22、求的狀態(tài)。此時(shí)美國(guó)市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)專家W.Aderson與R.Cox提出“廣義的市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)，是促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)者與消費(fèi)者進(jìn)行潛在商品或勞務(wù)交易的任何活動(dòng)。”此觀點(diǎn)使?fàn)I銷開始步入全新的階段。原先認(rèn)為市場(chǎng)是生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的終點(diǎn)，現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為是生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的起點(diǎn)；原先認(rèn)為市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷就是推銷產(chǎn)品，現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷是通過(guò)調(diào)查了解消費(fèi)者的需求和欲望，而生產(chǎn)符合消費(fèi)者的需求和欲望的商品或服務(wù)，進(jìn)而滿足消費(fèi)者的需求和欲望；從而使市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)擺脫企業(yè)框架而進(jìn)入社會(huì)視野，并有明顯的管理導(dǎo)