淺析委婉語(yǔ)在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中的應(yīng)用【開(kāi)題報(bào)告+文獻(xiàn)綜述+畢業(yè)論文】

1、<p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文開(kāi)題報(bào)告</b></p><p><b>　　英語(yǔ)</b></p><p>　　淺析委婉語(yǔ)在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　一、選題的背景、意義（所選課題的歷史背景、國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)）</p><p>　　本文著重闡述委婉語(yǔ)在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中的應(yīng)

2、用，以使商務(wù)人員在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中能正確使用委婉表達(dá)，以達(dá)到很好的效果，最終能幫助完成交易。委婉語(yǔ)的產(chǎn)生是從禁忌開(kāi)始的，當(dāng)時(shí)的宗教禁止使用某些詞匯，對(duì)神靈的崇拜，對(duì)自然現(xiàn)象的不解，還有對(duì)那些人們不愿意說(shuō)出禁忌的事物，而又不得不指明時(shí)，委婉語(yǔ)便隨之產(chǎn)生了。如用the Thunder來(lái)婉稱(chēng)古希臘神話(huà)中的最高統(tǒng)治者Zeus 和羅馬神話(huà)中的最高統(tǒng)治者Jupiter，用Holy One（圣者），the Savior（救世主），Our Father（

3、圣父），the Almighty（萬(wàn)能者）來(lái)婉稱(chēng)上帝。英國(guó)維多利亞時(shí)代有很多語(yǔ)言拘謹(jǐn)古板，這個(gè)時(shí)候就創(chuàng)造了很多委婉語(yǔ)。如用unmentionable代替trousers，用nurse代替breast-feed等等.在18,19世紀(jì)時(shí)，隨著英帝國(guó)的擴(kuò)張，英國(guó)語(yǔ)言模式傳播到世界上的各個(gè)國(guó)家，各個(gè)地區(qū)。委婉語(yǔ)是社會(huì)心理在語(yǔ)言中的反映，不同時(shí)代反映出不同時(shí)代的社會(huì)心理狀態(tài)?？偨Y(jié)說(shuō)來(lái)，委婉語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)心理基礎(chǔ)有三個(gè)：一是“避諱”，委婉語(yǔ)源于禁忌語(yǔ)

4、。在人類(lèi)文明點(diǎn)早期，由于生產(chǎn)力水平低下，因?yàn)樗麄儫o(wú)法抗拒天災(zāi)人禍，生老病死，所以他</p><p>　　二、相關(guān)研究的最新成果及動(dòng)態(tài) </p><p>　　本文主要探討英語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中的運(yùn)用。委婉語(yǔ)是語(yǔ)言使用者考慮到社會(huì)變化、社會(huì)心理等因素，為了避免對(duì)聽(tīng)者或讀者造成傷害，通過(guò)使用一個(gè)禮貌的表達(dá)法及其他語(yǔ)言手段來(lái)代替一個(gè)直接的、普通的，甚至可能是粗俗的說(shuō)法。對(duì)委婉語(yǔ)在特定語(yǔ)境下的表

5、達(dá)方式做一些探討，有助于我們更深入的了解英語(yǔ)國(guó)家人們的思維方式、社會(huì)價(jià)值觀、道德觀以及文化風(fēng)格，對(duì)于提高自身的言語(yǔ)交際能力是十分必要的。通過(guò)分析可以看到，英語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)作為一種廣泛的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，是日常生活中必不可少的交際手段。委婉語(yǔ)使原本粗俗、露骨、不雅的話(huà)語(yǔ)變得文雅、含蓄，使聽(tīng)者更容易接受。正確把握和使用委婉語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)用功能會(huì)使語(yǔ)言增色、交流更加順暢。同時(shí)，也有助于我們深入了解各民族的文化內(nèi)涵。</p><p>　　對(duì)于

6、商務(wù)人員來(lái)說(shuō)，在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中如何有效使用英語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)顯得尤為重要。然而，委婉語(yǔ)絕對(duì)不可以濫用，必須要適合語(yǔ)境，適合交際對(duì)象，否則就會(huì)出現(xiàn)語(yǔ)用失誤。</p><p>　　委婉語(yǔ)在任何一種語(yǔ)言中都存在，是一種特殊的文化現(xiàn)象。在言語(yǔ)交際過(guò)程中，委婉語(yǔ)的理解和使用也受到語(yǔ)境、對(duì)象和意圖的制約。由于委婉語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)用意義并不等于符號(hào)與客觀存在的簡(jiǎn)單、直接的結(jié)合，而是在受說(shuō)話(huà)者的智力特別是語(yǔ)境和非語(yǔ)境因素的干預(yù)下，語(yǔ)言符號(hào)所折射出

7、的會(huì)話(huà)含義。缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)和相應(yīng)的文化知識(shí)及不了解語(yǔ)用環(huán)境都會(huì)造成交際中不理解甚至誤解的情況，這一點(diǎn)在跨文化交際中表現(xiàn)得更加突出。所以，在進(jìn)行商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函交流時(shí)，不僅要從文化角度了解委婉語(yǔ)的特征和生成過(guò)程，把握好會(huì)話(huà)的切入點(diǎn)，更要明確會(huì)話(huà)的場(chǎng)合、時(shí)間及涉及的對(duì)象。在理解委婉語(yǔ)的同時(shí)，除了要確認(rèn)指稱(chēng)意義外，還要結(jié)合語(yǔ)境解釋說(shuō)話(huà)人的意圖，體會(huì)言外之意?？傊?，委婉語(yǔ)是語(yǔ)言和文化的重要組成部分，隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，受人們社會(huì)心理和文化變遷因素的影響，委婉

8、語(yǔ)也在不斷地變化。</p><p>　　三、課題的研究?jī)?nèi)容及擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線(xiàn)及研究難點(diǎn)，預(yù)期達(dá)到的目標(biāo)</p><p>　　本問(wèn)主要通過(guò)實(shí)例與理論想結(jié)合的方法，通過(guò)兩者的結(jié)合，是讀者在掌握理論知識(shí)的同時(shí)，也真正學(xué)會(huì)如何應(yīng)用于實(shí)際當(dāng)中，文中所舉的例子都是商務(wù)活動(dòng)中非常典型和實(shí)際的例子，借鑒性很強(qiáng)。</p><p>　　商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函指為了達(dá)到一定目的，用正式的

9、語(yǔ)言和客氣的語(yǔ)氣，處理商務(wù)洽談或個(gè)人的重要事件，涉及查詢(xún)、定貨、咨詢(xún)、回復(fù)、送貨、拒絕、信用卡辦理、銷(xiāo)售、付賬、求職等。在與國(guó)際友人的日常接觸中，我們有時(shí)需要進(jìn)行各種交流，如約定時(shí)間、邀請(qǐng)、請(qǐng)求辦理事件、致謝、留言、道歉等。雖然便條是一種不十分正式的交流形式，但是語(yǔ)言的使用是否禮貌、得體，會(huì)直接影響到語(yǔ)言交流的成功與否。委婉語(yǔ)在商務(wù)信函中的使用體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：</p><p><b>　?。ㄒ唬┦褂?/p>

10、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞</b></p><p>　　在商務(wù)信函中，一般多用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞來(lái)代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，因?yàn)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞可以在一定程度上體現(xiàn)間接、客氣的說(shuō)法，使說(shuō)話(huà)雙方在情感上容易溝通，有利于促進(jìn)交流。如”May we please call your attention to your account of US. 5000/- which has evidently escaped your notice?“（我們可

11、以請(qǐng)您注意您所欠的款額是5000 美元嗎？很顯然，您忘記了這件事情。）比直接提示對(duì)方“Do you remember your account of US. 5000? We hope you pay for your account as soon as possible.”更尊重對(duì)方。</p><p><b>　?。ǘ┤趸穸ㄕZ(yǔ)氣</b></p><p>　　在

12、交際中，直接的否定給對(duì)方造成情感上的撞擊，容易引起反感情緒，產(chǎn)生不愉快的心理狀態(tài)，不利于建立長(zhǎng)期的合作關(guān)系，應(yīng)該盡量避免使用。在表達(dá)否定的意思時(shí)，回避對(duì)對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)或行為的否定，而是從自身或側(cè)面來(lái)表明原因，會(huì)使對(duì)方的否定減小到最少。為了緩解矛盾,可以使用一些弱化否定的詞，如“unfortunately”，“unluckily”，“unsuccessful”，“I don't think”，“I am afraid，”等。例如，“Un

13、fortunately，because of financial difficulties，we are unable to recruit any foreign employees this year，much as we would like to do so. ”（很遺憾，由于經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的影響，我們不能按照計(jì)劃招募外國(guó)雇員）。</p><p>　　（三）敘述事件和原因注意適宜性</p><

14、;p>　　避免使用直接、生硬的語(yǔ)言，減少對(duì)對(duì)方的冒犯。例如，在這封拒絕對(duì)方信用卡申請(qǐng)的商務(wù)信件中，敘述原因直接、生硬，使讀者讀后不滿(mǎn)?！癐 am sorry to inform you that your application for Allen's charge account has been turned down. Our credit department believes that，because of yo

15、ur current obligations，additional credit might be difficult for you to handle this time. Your application for the credit has been refused.”應(yīng)該委婉、間接地解釋原因，贏得對(duì)方的諒解，修改為：“ Having conducted our standard credit investigation，We

16、have concluded that it would be unwise for us to grant you credit at thi</p><p><b>　?。ㄋ模┦褂帽粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)</b></p><p>　　雖然大多數(shù)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信件很少使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但在特定的場(chǎng)合下，使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，將動(dòng)作的施動(dòng)者略去，可以省去不必要的麻煩，尤其是表示拒絕、否定時(shí)。例如，在拒

17、絕某公司的工作應(yīng)聘信件中，不便提到已經(jīng)在哪家公司找到了更理想的工作，最好使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)?！癐 was offered another position which I accepted.”有時(shí)，使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)比主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)更能避免冒犯對(duì)方。</p><p><b>　?。ㄎ澹┦褂锰摂M語(yǔ)氣</b></p><p>　　在商務(wù)信件中，有時(shí)需要提醒、警告對(duì)方按照約定辦事，使用虛擬語(yǔ)

18、氣可以達(dá)到預(yù)期的效果。例如，“Should you fail to settle your account by 14th October，we shall be obliged to entrust the matter to our solicitors，with instructions to take the necessary steps for recovering the amount.”（如果你在10 月14日之前沒(méi)有清

19、賬，我們將把事務(wù)交給律師處理，采取必要的手段來(lái)索要款項(xiàng)</p><p>　　四、論文詳細(xì)工作進(jìn)度和安排</p><p><b>　　五、主要參考文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　[1] Leech,G.N.Principles of Pragmatics[M].London:Longman,1983.</p><p>　

20、　[2] 李自修．英語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)詳解詞典[M] ．武漢：湖北教育出版社，1990：290．</p><p>　　[3] 張海燕．試析委婉語(yǔ)對(duì)語(yǔ)境的依賴(lài)[J] ．外語(yǔ)研究，2002,（6）：39．</p><p>　　[4] Geoff Leech. Principles of Pragmatics . London: Longman,1983.</p><p>　　[5

21、] Saussure, F. De. Course in General Linguistics ，外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社，2000 年。</p><p>　　[6] 何兆熊、梅德明：Modern Linguistics Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，1999.</p><p>　　[7] John C C.Jr.

22、Semantics and Communication [M].New York:Macmillan Publishing C.,1985:202-305.</p><p>　　[8] Enright D J.Fair of Speech—the Use of Euphemism[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1985:123-652.</p><p&

23、gt;　　[9] 楊信彰.An Introduction to Linguistcs[M].北京:高等教育出版</p><p>　　社,2005(2).</p><p>　　[10] 胡壯麟.韓禮德的語(yǔ)言觀[J].外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究,1984(1).</p><p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述</b></p><p>&l

24、t;b>　　英語(yǔ)</b></p><p>　　淺析委婉語(yǔ)在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　一、前言部分（說(shuō)明寫(xiě)作的目的，介紹有關(guān)概念，扼要說(shuō)明有關(guān)主題爭(zhēng)論焦點(diǎn)）</p><p>　　本文寫(xiě)作的目的也比較明確，就是闡述委婉語(yǔ)在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中的應(yīng)用，以使商務(wù)人員在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中能正確使用委婉表達(dá)，以達(dá)到很好的效果，最終能幫助完成交易。委婉語(yǔ)的

25、產(chǎn)生是從禁忌開(kāi)始的，當(dāng)時(shí)的宗教禁止使用某些詞匯，對(duì)神靈的崇拜，對(duì)自然現(xiàn)象的不解，還有對(duì)那些人們不愿意說(shuō)出禁忌的事物，而又不得不指明時(shí)，委婉語(yǔ)便隨之產(chǎn)生了。如用the Thunder來(lái)婉稱(chēng)古希臘神話(huà)中的最高統(tǒng)治者Zeus 和羅馬神話(huà)中的最高統(tǒng)治者Jupiter，用Holy One（圣者），the Savior（救世主），Our Father（圣父），the Almighty（萬(wàn)能者）來(lái)婉稱(chēng)上帝。英國(guó)維多利亞時(shí)代有很多語(yǔ)言拘謹(jǐn)古板，這個(gè)時(shí)候

26、就創(chuàng)造了很多委婉語(yǔ)。如用unmentionable代替trousers，用nurse代替breast-feed等等.在18,19世紀(jì)時(shí)，隨著英帝國(guó)的擴(kuò)張，英國(guó)語(yǔ)言模式傳播到世界上的各個(gè)國(guó)家，各個(gè)地區(qū)。委婉語(yǔ)是社會(huì)心理在語(yǔ)言中的反映，不同時(shí)代反映出不同時(shí)代的社會(huì)心理狀態(tài)?？偨Y(jié)說(shuō)來(lái)，委婉語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)心理基礎(chǔ)有三個(gè)：一是“避諱”，委婉語(yǔ)源于禁忌語(yǔ)。在人類(lèi)文明點(diǎn)早期，由于生產(chǎn)力水平低下，因?yàn)樗麄儫o(wú)法抗拒天災(zāi)</p><p&g

27、t;　　委婉語(yǔ)的講解和解釋必然離不開(kāi)對(duì)禮貌原則的詮釋?zhuān)诖?，本文?duì)禮貌原則也進(jìn)行了粗略的介紹。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函并不要求使用華麗優(yōu)美的句子，最需要做的就是，用簡(jiǎn)單樸實(shí)的語(yǔ)言，準(zhǔn)確的表達(dá)自己的意思，讓對(duì)方可以非常清楚地了解您想說(shuō)什么。一般的，商務(wù)信函有以下幾個(gè)方面的寫(xiě)作原則：體諒原則，完整原則，清楚原則，簡(jiǎn)潔原則，具體原則，正確原則，禮貌原則。而其中，禮貌原則是在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中最需要重視的基本原則。 隨著全球經(jīng)貿(mào)一體化的不斷推進(jìn)，國(guó)際貿(mào)易的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

28、日益激烈。禮貌用語(yǔ)在國(guó)際商務(wù)活動(dòng)中起著重要的作用，它能營(yíng)造一種尊重對(duì)方、尋求合作的氣氛，使對(duì)方樂(lè)意與我們合作，從而有助于在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中占據(jù)一席之地。隨著中國(guó)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷深入，商業(yè)信函已經(jīng)成為人們?cè)诮?jīng)濟(jì)交往中不可缺少的一種手段。人們只有在商業(yè)信函中使用一定的禮貌策略，才能在商業(yè)交往中成功地達(dá)到交際的目的</p><p>　　本文爭(zhēng)論的最大焦點(diǎn)在于，如何正確使用委婉語(yǔ)在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中的表達(dá)，不僅僅是禮貌，不僅僅是避諱，應(yīng)

29、該是許多的結(jié)合，才能正確表達(dá)這個(gè)意思，也常常因?yàn)闆](méi)有正確表達(dá)，而造成一些不必要的損失，因此，這必然是一件很重要的事，也是進(jìn)行商務(wù)活動(dòng)的一個(gè)重要前提。本文通過(guò)現(xiàn)實(shí)例子，根據(jù)一些現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中會(huì)遇到的問(wèn)題，從現(xiàn)實(shí)下手，這樣才有根據(jù)性，有更大的說(shuō)服力。因此，對(duì)不恰當(dāng)表達(dá)的更正，會(huì)比對(duì)正確例子的講解更有說(shuō)服力，更有邏輯性。</p><p>　　二、主題部分（闡明有關(guān)主題的歷史背景、現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展方向，以及對(duì)這些問(wèn)題的評(píng)述）<

30、;/p><p>　　商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函指為了達(dá)到一定目的，用正式的語(yǔ)言和客氣的語(yǔ)氣，處理商務(wù)洽談或個(gè)人的重要事件，涉及查詢(xún)、定貨、咨詢(xún)、回復(fù)、送貨、拒絕、信用卡辦理、銷(xiāo)售、付賬、求職等。在與國(guó)際友人的日常接觸中，我們有時(shí)需要進(jìn)行各種交流，如約定時(shí)間、邀請(qǐng)、請(qǐng)求辦理事件、致謝、留言、道歉等。雖然便條是一種不十分正式的交流形式，但是語(yǔ)言的使用是否禮貌、得體，會(huì)直接影響到語(yǔ)言交流的成功與否。委婉語(yǔ)在商務(wù)信函中的使用體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)

31、方面：</p><p><b>　?。ㄒ唬┦褂们閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞</b></p><p>　　在商務(wù)信函中，一般多用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞來(lái)代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，因?yàn)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞可以在一定程度上體現(xiàn)間接、客氣的說(shuō)法，使說(shuō)話(huà)雙方在情感上容易溝通，有利于促進(jìn)交流。如”May we please call your attention to your account of US. 5000/- which

32、 has evidently escaped your notice?“（我們可以請(qǐng)您注意您所欠的款額是5000 美元嗎？很顯然，您忘記了這件事情。）比直接提示對(duì)方“Do you remember your account ofUS. 5000?We hope you pay for your account as soon as possible.”更尊重對(duì)方。</p><p><b>　?。ǘ┤趸?/p>

33、否定語(yǔ)氣</b></p><p>　　在交際中，直接的否定給對(duì)方造成情感上的撞擊，容易引起反感情緒，產(chǎn)生不愉快的心理狀態(tài)，不利于建立長(zhǎng)期的合作關(guān)系，應(yīng)該盡量避免使用。在表達(dá)否定的意思時(shí)，回避對(duì)對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)或行為的否定，而是從自身或側(cè)面來(lái)表明原因，會(huì)使對(duì)方的否定減小到最少。為了緩解矛盾,可以使用一些弱化否定的詞，如“unfortunately”，“unluckily”，“unsuccessful”，“I d

34、on't think”，“I am afraid，”等。例如，“Unfortunately，because of financial difficulties，we are unable to recruit any foreign employees this year，much as we would like to do so. ”（很遺憾，由于經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的影響，我們不能按照計(jì)劃招募外國(guó)雇員）。</p><

35、;p>　?。ㄈ⑹鍪录驮蜃⒁膺m宜性</p><p>　　避免使用直接、生硬的語(yǔ)言，減少對(duì)對(duì)方的冒犯。例如，在這封拒絕對(duì)方信用卡申請(qǐng)的商務(wù)信件中，敘述原因直接、生硬，使讀者讀后不滿(mǎn)。“I am sorry to inform you that your application for Allen's charge account has been turned down. Our credit

36、department believes that，because of your current obligations，additional credit might be difficult for you to handle this time. Your application for the credit has been refused.”應(yīng)該委婉、間接地解釋原因，贏得對(duì)方的諒解，修改為：“ Having conducted

37、 our standard credit investigation，We have concluded that it would be unwise for us to grant you credit at thi</p><p><b>　?。ㄋ模┦褂帽粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)</b></p><p>　　雖然大多數(shù)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信件很少使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但在特定的場(chǎng)合下，使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，

38、將動(dòng)作的施動(dòng)者略去，可以省去不必要的麻煩，尤其是表示拒絕、否定時(shí)。例如，在拒絕某公司的工作應(yīng)聘信件中，不便提到已經(jīng)在哪家公司找到了更理想的工作，最好使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。“I was offered another position which I accepted.”有時(shí)，使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)比主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)更能避免冒犯對(duì)方。</p><p><b>　　（五）使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣</b></p><

39、;p>　　在商務(wù)信件中，有時(shí)需要提醒、警告對(duì)方按照約定辦事，使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣可以達(dá)到預(yù)期的效果。例如，“Should you fail to settle your account by 14th October，we shall be obliged to entrust the matter to our solicitors，with instructions to take the necessary steps for re

40、covering the amount.”（如果你在10 月14日之前沒(méi)有清賬，我們將把事務(wù)交給律師處理，采取必要的手段來(lái)索要款項(xiàng)）。</p><p>　　三、總結(jié)部分（將全文主題進(jìn)行扼要總結(jié)，提出自己的見(jiàn)解并對(duì)進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展方向做出預(yù)測(cè)）</p><p>　　以上我們探討了英語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中的運(yùn)用。委婉語(yǔ)是語(yǔ)言使用者考慮到社會(huì)變化、社會(huì)心理等因素，為了避免對(duì)聽(tīng)者或讀者造成傷害，通過(guò)

41、使用一個(gè)禮貌的表達(dá)法及其他語(yǔ)言手段來(lái)代替一個(gè)直接的、普通的，甚至可能是粗俗的說(shuō)法。對(duì)委婉語(yǔ)在特定語(yǔ)境下的表達(dá)方式做一些探討，有助于我們更深入的了解英語(yǔ)國(guó)家人們的思維方式、社會(huì)價(jià)值觀、道德觀以及文化風(fēng)格，對(duì)于提高自身的言語(yǔ)交際能力是十分必要的。通過(guò)分析可以看到，英語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)作為一種廣泛的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，是日常生活中必不可少的交際手段。委婉語(yǔ)使原本粗俗、露骨、不雅的話(huà)語(yǔ)變得文雅、含蓄，使聽(tīng)者更容易接受。正確把握和使用委婉語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)用功能會(huì)使語(yǔ)言增色、交

42、流更加順暢。同時(shí)，也有助于我們深入了解各民族的文化內(nèi)涵。</p><p>　　對(duì)于商務(wù)人員來(lái)說(shuō)，在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中如何有效使用英語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)顯得尤為重要。然而，委婉語(yǔ)絕對(duì)不可以濫用，必須要適合語(yǔ)境，適合交際對(duì)象，否則就會(huì)出現(xiàn)語(yǔ)用失誤。</p><p>　　四、參考文獻(xiàn)（根據(jù)文中參閱和引用的先后次序按序編排）</p><p>　　[1] Leech,G.N.Principl

43、es of Pragmatics[M].London:Longman,1983.</p><p>　　[2] 李自修．英語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)詳解詞典[M] ．武漢：湖北教育出版社，1990：290．</p><p>　　[3] 張海燕．試析委婉語(yǔ)對(duì)語(yǔ)境的依賴(lài)[J] ．外語(yǔ)研究，2002,（6）：39．</p><p>　　[4] Geoff Leech. Principles

44、of Pragmatics . London: Longman,1983.</p><p>　　[5] Saussure, F. De. Course in General Linguistics ，外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社，2000 年。</p><p>　　[6] 何兆熊、梅德明：Modern Linguistics Beijing Foreign Language Teaching a

45、nd Research Press，1999.</p><p>　　[7] John C C.Jr.Semantics and Communication [M].New York:Macmillan Publishing C.,1985:202-305.</p><p>　　[8] Enright D J.Fair of Speech—the Use of Euphemism[M].Ne

46、w York:Oxford University Press,1985:123-652.</p><p>　　[9] 楊信彰.An Introduction to Linguistcs[M].北京:高等教育出版</p><p>　　社,2005(2).</p><p>　　[10] 胡壯麟.韓禮德的語(yǔ)言觀[J].外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究,1984(1).</p>

47、<p><b>　　（20_ _屆）</b></p><p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p><b>　　英語(yǔ)</b></p><p>　　淺析委婉語(yǔ)在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　On the Use of Euphemism in

48、Business English Letter</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　本文著重闡述委婉語(yǔ)在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中的應(yīng)用，以使商務(wù)人員在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中能正確使用委婉表達(dá)，以達(dá)到最好的效果，最終能幫助完成交易。委婉語(yǔ)的產(chǎn)生是從禁忌開(kāi)始的，當(dāng)時(shí)的宗教禁止使用某些詞匯，對(duì)神靈的崇拜，對(duì)自然現(xiàn)象的不解，還有對(duì)那些人們不愿意說(shuō)出禁忌的事物，而又不得

49、不指明時(shí)，委婉語(yǔ)便隨之產(chǎn)生了。為了使委婉語(yǔ)在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中的應(yīng)用深入人心并且融會(huì)貫通，本文首先介紹了委婉語(yǔ)的三個(gè)交際功能：忌諱功能、禮貌功能、掩飾功能。在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上，再深入研究委婉語(yǔ)的三個(gè)構(gòu)建方法：虛擬語(yǔ)氣法、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)法、消極詞匯法。通過(guò)前兩部分的大量介紹，再轉(zhuǎn)到本文的重中之重，如何在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中正確地使用委婉語(yǔ)。這一部分的介紹不僅是理論上的詳細(xì)解釋?zhuān)步Y(jié)合了實(shí)際例子的具體分析，通過(guò)這樣的知識(shí)與實(shí)踐的結(jié)合達(dá)到本文最終的目的。</

50、p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞： 委婉語(yǔ)；商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函；交際功能；構(gòu)建方法；實(shí)際例子</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　This paper focuses on the use of Euphemism in business English correspondence, so that business peo

51、ple could use euphemism correctly in business English letters to achieve the best results, and ultimately to help complete the transaction. Euphemisms started from the taboo, when the religion forbid people to use some w

52、ords, such as the worship of God, the curious of natural phenomena, as well as those people do not want to say but have to specify. Then euphemism appears. In order to make the euph</p><p>　　Key words: euphe

53、mism; business English Letter; communicative functions; construction methods; practical examples</p><p><b>　　Contents</b></p><p>　　Abstract…………………………………………………………………………...II</p>

54、;<p>　　1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………7</p><p>　　2 Communicative functions of euphemism……………………………………...8</p><p>　　Taboo function……………………………………………………………..8</p><p>

55、　　Courtesy function…………………………………………………………..9</p><p>　　Concealing function………………………………………………………..9</p><p>　　Construction methods of euphemism</p><p>　　3.1The subjunctive method………………

56、…………………………………...10</p><p>　　3.2The passive voice method…………………………………………………10 </p><p>　　3.3The negative words method……………………………………………….11</p><p>　　4 Specific analysis on the use of

57、euphemism in business English letter</p><p>　　4.1Several specific examples of business English letter……………………..12</p><p>　　4.2Specific analysis on the use of euphemism in the above letters…………..

58、17</p><p>　　5 Conclusion...........................................................................................................18</p><p>　　Bibliography…………………………………………..……………………………20</p&

59、gt;<p>　　Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………....2</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　The word "euphemism" comes from the Greek prefix "eu-" , representative of good t

60、hings and root "phemism" refering to what people say. Oxford Advanced English Dictionary defines euphemism: "Use of pleasant, mild or indirect words or phrases in place of more accurate or direct ones &quo

61、t;Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Dictionary interpreted it as a language form by using some words which sounds indirect and gentle to express something which may be considered as unpleasant. From the above t&

62、lt;/p><p>　　The use of euphemism can be dated back into 11 century, which is closely related with social psychology, the middle class, and the rise of female’s position. When people express topics about health,

63、 old, disease, and dead, they extensively use euphemisms. For example, in British, people use “pass away” and “fall asleep” instead of die. Firstly, as the development of scientific technology and social economy, more an

64、d more taboo emerges, which also increase the use of euphemism. Secondly, the prol</p><p>　　Communicative functions of euphemism</p><p>　　Language communication is an important way to maintain t

65、he social relationships among human beings. The use of Euphemism avoids causing the unpleasantness of two communicative sides. Basing on the implication of euphemism, the paper mainly explores the functions of taboo, cou

66、rtesy and covering that are helpful for our conscious and correct language using in cross-cultural communication. When people use certain terms, these words refer to the object's image and will be vividly apparent in

67、 people'</p><p>　　2.1 Taboo function</p><p>　　Taboo language refers to the words which people can’t say or don’t want to say. It is often relevant to body organs and functions, or religion,

68、including swearing, vulgar language, and words against GOD. Sometimes people may not use taboo language, but they still have to express their meanings. At that time, euphemism comes into being instead of taboo language.

69、From the moment euphemism itself generated, they begin to transform to taboo language. Most of the euphemisms will experience such a tra</p><p>　　Courtesy function</p><p>　　Another function of t

70、he euphemism is to avoid bad behavior and impulse in communication. When forced to be involved in something unpleasant, one can select the euphemistic expressions in order to avoid harming to others’ feelings. In social

71、activities, people always pay attention to courtesy, trying best to avoid indecent words and deeds. Using euphemism, the speaker not only shows his politeness but also often gets the other's goodwill and recognition

72、through taking care of the other's feelings</p><p>　　2.3 Concealing function</p><p>　　A group of diplomatic euphemism also emerged in the field of economy, political and war. Diplomatic pers

73、on is a rich source of euphemism. Because they often try to reduce the severity of international tensions to the minimum to let others feel they express in a vague and only experts can understand their real motivation an

74、d intent. A useful and businesslike meeting (the meeting is useful but serious) between two diplomats is a meeting which can not solve any problem. As a matter of fact, a serio</p><p>　　Construction methods

75、of euphemism</p><p>　　There are a lot of methods to express euphemism in our daily life and in the business world. From the beginning inquiry, quotation, offer, counter-offer to shipping, insurance, credit i

76、nvestigation and to loan payments, businessmen will use a lot of euphemistic expressions. In order to show the euphemism properly, they will not only use euphemism words, but also many grammatical changes of tense, voice

77、, tone and form of sentences. Compared with Chinese, euphemistic expressions in Business Englis</p><p>　　3.1 The subjunctive method </p><p>　　In daily communications, people usually use subjunct

78、ive verbs to state their views and make requests, suggestions or recommendations in order to make tone tactful and semantic subtle. In trade negotiations or correspondence, business people often use subjunctive verbs to

79、express their views, requests, or suggestions politely and moderately, which is more helpful to achieve their own purposes in an equal and friendly atmosphere, and also conducive to establish a long-term and stable busin

80、ess rela</p><p>　　Several examples of using subjunctive are listed as follows:</p><p>　　1) If it were not for the regular orders we receive from a number of our customers, we could not have quot

81、ed for supplies even at those prices. </p><p>　　2) We wish we could lower our prices but unfortunately we cannot do so. </p><p>　　3) May we suggest that you make some allowance on your quoted pr

82、ices so as to enable us to introduce your goods to our customers? </p><p>　　In the above examples, the use of the subjunctive verbs makes tones be much more relaxing to both parts in statement, requirements

83、of prices, and determination of prices, which avoids being too sure and absolute, leaves more room for negotiation, and helps the development of business and the establishment of trade relations.</p><p>　　Th

84、e passive voice method </p><p>　　In business correspondence, active voice is needed in many cases in order to express a clear position and view of two parties. But in writing a class of refusing, blame or co

85、mplaint letters, passive voice is often used so as to avoid being aggressive and make the tone seem mild, so that it can be more accordance with the stylistic characteristics of business correspondence. </p><

86、p>　　Several examples of using passive words are listed as follows:</p><p>　　1) Your remittance in full discharge of this claim at an early date will be much appreciated. </p><p>　　2) You shou

87、ld be informed that the shipment time is February or March at our option and the goods will be shipped in one lot.</p><p>　　3) Since it is agreed that we have the right to reject the goods when they are disq

88、ualified upon examination by China Commodity Inspection Bureau at the port of destination, we regret to inform you that we have to return the goods to you at your expense.</p><p>　　As we all know, active voi

89、ce sentences in English emphasize the implementation of those actions, but passive voice sentence emphasize the bearer of those actions, such as the sentences in the above examples "it is agreed", "will be

90、 shipped "are the implementation of those actions. "We", "you" have been weakened to the position not to be mentioned. The emphasis is on the obligations and responsibilities based on contract an

91、d commitment, which is more in accordance with the international business </p><p>　　The negative words method</p><p>　　In Chinese there are many kinds of sayings that people will praise or criti

92、cize euphemistically the nature of things, conditions or human behavior, personality, appearance and the like.</p><p>　　For example: She can not be appraised beautiful, but looks strong and robust. The autho

93、r use “can not be appraised beautiful” instead of "ugly" so as to avoid the tone are too straight, and heavy. In business English, this euphemistic expression is used widely. In order to make the view statement

94、s, requests or suggestions, whether positive or negative, agree or disagree, praised or criticized, anyway, have more place to discuss..</p><p>　　For example:</p><p>　　We feel that your quotatio

95、n is not proper because the price for such material is on the decline at present. </p><p>　　The “not proper” in the above sentence actually refers to “improper”. , Although there is no much change in meaning

96、, but it sounds much more polite and easy to be accepted by the listeners.</p><p>　　Specific analysis on the use of euphemism in business English letter</p><p>　　In the practical business Englis

97、h activities, business English letters are essential when communicating with foreigners, in which the use of euphemism is a very important part. The followings are some specific cases in the actual letters, which highlig

98、ht the importance of appropriate use of euphemism, and the effect from proper use of euphemism.</p><p>　　Furthermore, the readers can know the profound of use of euphemism through specific analysis.</p>

99、;<p>　　4.1 Several specific examples of business English letter</p><p><b>　　CASE 1</b></p><p>　　The first letter：</p><p>　　Sent: Thursday, March 10, 2011 12:54 AM

100、</p><p>　　Subject: Re: Outdoor Furniture Vendor</p><p>　　Dear Manager,</p><p>　　ABC is a prominent company in Argentina. We are an outdoor furniture vendor to many famous brands, li

101、ke DEF, GHI.</p><p>　　We are writing this email to you with great respect to see if you are looking for new products and new vendors.</p><p>　　Dear Customer’s Name,</p><p>　　Thanks

102、for your reply! Your English is really good! We are both not English speakers, but really glad we still could commnuicate!</p><p>　　1. Attached you will find quotations!</p><p>　　2. For the armr