pops污染現(xiàn)狀與對(duì)策分析

1、POPs污染現(xiàn)狀與對(duì)策分析,The status quo and possible solution to the pollution of POPs楊新羽 張嘉幼 曾曉文,The conception of POPs,POPs are a small group of persistent , bio-accumulative , long-range transported and toxic chemicals. They

2、have high solubility in grease. Through the transportation of atmosphere and water, the pollution of POPs can be global, so they are considered to be highly poisonous.In May 2001 , the Stockholm Convention , a legally

3、binding treaty on POPs , was signed. It entered into force on May 27th, 2004. China signed the Convention on the first day opened for signature.　　1) DDT、氯丹(chlordane)、滅蟻靈(mirex)、艾氏劑(Aldrin)、狄氏劑(Dieldrin)、異狄氏劑( Endrin)、

4、七氯(heptachlor)、毒殺酚(toxaphene)；　　2) 六氯苯(hexachlorobenzene)和PCBs；　　3) including dioxins、呋喃(furan)類,The structure of PAHs,The structure of PAHs,6-甲基-5,10-亞乙基-1,2-苯并蒽,10-甲基-1,2-苯并蒽,The structure of PAHs,2-甲基-3,4-苯并菲,1

5、,2,3,4-二苯并菲,The property of PAHs,PAHs結(jié)構(gòu)上最明顯的特征是它們都是在一個(gè)平面上的稠環(huán)相結(jié)合。它的分子中，多個(gè)苯環(huán)的共軛∏電子云，構(gòu)成大∏電子云體系，決定了其自身的光學(xué)性質(zhì)，同時(shí)也使得PAHs具有穩(wěn)定的化學(xué)性質(zhì)。自然界中除少數(shù)幾個(gè)氫化衍生物外，所有的PAHs在常溫下大多是固態(tài)，且揮發(fā)性甚小(萘除外)。由于PAHs的分子量較大，而且沒(méi)有極性取代基團(tuán)，導(dǎo)致其在水中的溶解度極小。,,The transmiss

6、ion of POPs,Persistent Organic Pollutants are transported across international boundaries far from their sources, even to regions where they have never been used or produced. The eco-systems and indigenous people of the

7、Arctic are particularly at risk because of the long-range environmental transportation and bio-magnification of these substances. Consequently, persistent organic pollutants pose a threat to the environment and to human

8、health all over the globe.,The status quo - which we must encounter,There are many significant events caused by POPS, for instance, the fatal damage in 1968( Aizhi county, Japan) caused by PCBs in edible oil, resulted i

9、n several death and agenesis of infants. Similar events happened in Taiwan, China. During the civil war in the United States, the wide spread of POPs caused countless health problems in the local people, the soldiers an

10、d their descendents. In 1999, Belgium, the pollution of PCDD and PCDF in chicken-feedstuff spread all over the world, causing disastrous damage to the stock raising industry,,,>,The living proof,,How can POPs come int

11、o our surroundings?,Firstly, by the combustion of rubbish and other solid wastes.Secondly, by the combustion at a high temperature of fossil fuel and the release of oils.Thirdly, the process of industry. (smelting, pre

12、fabricating, heating, paper making, printing and dyeing),The distribution of PAHs along the kiaochow bay(膠州灣),We can use specific methods to distill the PAHs from the soil along the Kiaochow bay, and then use HPLC to de

13、tect the concentration of PAHs.The areas in the circle are affected by PAHs severely.,The ability of POPs to cause cancer,How to deal with the problem- the authority,UNEP( United Nations Environment Program) consolidat

14、e the common division > on 23th, August.The key to the prevention and cure of POPs is the enactment of TDI( Tolerant Daily Intake).Make laws and regulation to control the emission of POPs.( effective way to control

15、the source),How to deal with the problem- the environmentalist,Four fields for research:1)The transportation, transformation and environmental trend of POPs.2)The degradation under natural and artificial circumstanc

16、es. 3)The characteristic of the environmental behavior of POPs in typical climate and geographic conditions.4)The inter-relationship between the structure and the environmental behavior.,,To control POPs,Three methods:

17、1)Find alternative to replace the source2)Reduce the emission of POPs through strict control of the manufacturing process3)To deal with existing POPs,The technics of controlling POPs,The technics of controlling the so

18、urce of POPs based on the principle of destroying the structure of POPs, and eliminating the damage.Combustion in high temperatureChemical treatmentLandfillLong-time store and recycle,,The interaction between PAHs

19、and microorganisms,,PCBs樣品操作流程圖,樣品稱重,超聲萃取,離心分離,濃硫酸凈化,無(wú)水硫酸鈉,丙酮/正己烷,過(guò)無(wú)水硫酸鈉,旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā),交換溶劑,銅粉,再次濃縮,GC分析,,,,,,,,,,,,2% NaCl,過(guò)硅膠柱,,,,PCB209,,The Status quo of POPs Research in China,The national environmental department has organi

20、zed some international cooperation items about POPs, such as how to control organic chlorine and investigation about contamination of PCBs, pre-preparation item for obeying “Stockholm Convention” and so on.We will devel

21、op advanced sampling technics and devices to survey POPs and set a new detecting technics and quality-controling system which is as good as international technics to detect tiny and persistent pollutants. Thus, the techn

22、ics about detecting POPs in environment will be improved in China.And the main research contents are including:POPs物質(zhì)的分析方法及快速檢測(cè)技術(shù)(analysis method of POPs and quick monitoring technics);典型POPs的多介質(zhì)環(huán)境循環(huán)模型(multi-medium envi

23、ronmental cycling model of typical POPs );受POPs污染水體,土壤,底泥的修復(fù)原理(POPs–contaminated aquatics, soil, sediment remediation principle).,The Status quo of POPs Research in China,And next stage, we will go further to perfect pri

24、mary listing and strategy about pesticide persistent pollutants, investigate POPs which are produced by medical treatment and combustion of dangerous wastes and so on. We will propose a plan and a strategy to reduce POPs

25、 and take actions in typical industry, such as organize a “feasible technics/best environment practice model”,International POPs research,Historic period Organic chemistry commonly used (WWⅡ~1960s)Organic chemistr

26、y pollution aggravate (1960s~1990s) > 　 1976年7月在意大利發(fā)生的二惡英泄漏事件,1968年在日本以及1979年在臺(tái)灣發(fā)生的因食用受多氯聯(lián)苯污染的米糠油而導(dǎo)致上千人中毒的事件等POPs conception appears (1990~1995) 　 1995年5月召開的聯(lián)合國(guó)環(huán)境規(guī)劃署(UNEP)理事會(huì)上提出了首批12種受控制POPs包括艾氏劑,氯丹,滴滴涕,異狄氏劑,七氯,滅

27、蟻靈,毒殺芬等8種殺蟲劑,以及多氯聯(lián)苯,六氯代苯,二惡英,呋喃.在這次會(huì)議之后,POPs概念正式得到國(guó)際社會(huì)的認(rèn)可. Become heat discussion and international focus 2001年5月23日,包括中國(guó)在內(nèi)的90個(gè)國(guó)家的環(huán)境部長(zhǎng)或高級(jí)官員在瑞典斯德哥爾摩代表各自政府簽署了《關(guān)于持久性有機(jī)污染物的斯德哥爾摩公約》,從而正式啟動(dòng)了人類向POPs宣戰(zhàn)的進(jìn)程.根據(jù)該公約,各締約國(guó)將通過(guò)法

28、律,禁止或限制使用12種對(duì)人體健康和自然環(huán)境特別有害的POPs.,POPs heat topic,Toxicity and ecology impactBasic parameter and configuration-activity quantitative researchTransfer and translate behaviorEliminate and substitute research,,Thank you f

29、or listening ^-^,The distilling of PAHs,準(zhǔn)確稱取10g 沉積物樣品,置于索氏提取器中,加入100 mL 甲醇-二氯甲烷(體積比1:2),在65攝氏度水浴中提取8h,提取液在旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)器上減壓濃縮至5mL(水浴溫度30攝氏度 ),并繼續(xù)在高純N2下吹至約0.5 mL.然后加入裝有活化硅膠的層析柱(填有無(wú)水Na2SO4)進(jìn)一步純化.先后用25mL正己烷和25 mL 二氯甲烷淋洗,收集二氯甲烷