動(dòng)力工程及工程熱物理專業(yè)英語(yǔ)

1、動(dòng)力工程及工程熱物理學(xué)科 專業(yè)英語(yǔ),Dr. Liu Dong劉棟 博士江蘇大學(xué)能源與動(dòng)力工程學(xué)院,Special English for Power Engineering and Engineering Thermo-physics,課程任務(wù)及學(xué)習(xí)方法,檢索本學(xué)科有關(guān)國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)期刊，通過略讀摘要獲取本研究領(lǐng)域的重要學(xué)術(shù)論文，通過精讀，詞匯學(xué)習(xí)、表述方法分析、掌握寫作規(guī)范。通過6-8篇論文的精讀，達(dá)到能都熟練閱讀及翻譯本學(xué)科領(lǐng)域

2、的論文，掌握1000至1500個(gè)專業(yè)詞匯、學(xué)會(huì)寫作，制作PPT及英文演講。課程以檢索論文及翻譯、PPT制作及模擬演講確定成績(jī)。,主要學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容和任務(wù),檢索本學(xué)科及研究方向的重要論文10篇以上；翻譯題目及摘要；全文翻譯1-2篇；精讀本學(xué)科學(xué)位論文摘要10-20篇；掌握詞匯及摘要寫作方法；歸納1000以上詞匯，100種常用表達(dá)句式；以1-2篇重要期刊論文為題材，制作PPT, 模擬國(guó)際會(huì)議。,重要學(xué)術(shù)期刊：,Internationa

3、l Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow.International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer..Journal of Fluids Engineering International Journal of Multiphase Flow Experiments in Fluid Fluid Dynamic Research…….,學(xué)科分類（Disciplin

4、e Category）,Power Engineering and Engineering Thermo-physicsThermal engineeringEngineering Thermo-physicsPower Machinery and EngineeringFluid Machinery and EngineeringFreezing and Low Temperature EngineeringFluid m

5、echanicsChemical Process Equipment,概論,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)屬于科技英語(yǔ)，English for Science and Technology,簡(jiǎn)稱 EST，是一種用英文闡述科學(xué)技術(shù)中的理論、技術(shù)、實(shí)驗(yàn)和現(xiàn)象等的英語(yǔ)體系，它在詞匯、語(yǔ)法和文體等各方面都有自己的特點(diǎn)，從而形成了一門專門學(xué)科。文章的特點(diǎn)： 結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn) 邏輯嚴(yán)密

6、 文體多樣如：論文、綜述、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、教材、專利、說明書等。,專業(yè)英語(yǔ)與科技英語(yǔ),專業(yè)英語(yǔ)是結(jié)合各自專業(yè)的科技英語(yǔ) 各個(gè)專業(yè)文章的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象基本相同，他們都遵循科技英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法體系。,科技英語(yǔ)的構(gòu)詞法,所謂構(gòu)詞法即詞的構(gòu)成方法,即詞在結(jié)構(gòu)上的規(guī)律。 科技英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞特點(diǎn)： 外來(lái)語(yǔ)多（很多來(lái)自希臘語(yǔ)和拉丁語(yǔ)）； 構(gòu)詞法多． 除了非科技英語(yǔ)中常用的三種構(gòu)詞法—轉(zhuǎn)化、派生及合成法外，還普遍采用壓縮法、混成法，

7、符號(hào)法和字母象形法． 有大量半科技英語(yǔ)詞匯（semi-scientific words） annual output 年產(chǎn)量 produce…every year,轉(zhuǎn)化法（conversion）,合成法（composition）,由兩個(gè)或更多的詞合成一個(gè)詞，叫合成法。有時(shí)需加連字符。,壓縮法（shortening）,只取詞頭字母 TOEFL： Test of English as a

8、 Foreign Language 非英語(yǔ)國(guó)家英語(yǔ)水平考試 ppm: parts per million 百萬(wàn)分之一 將單詞刪去一些字母： lab： laboratory 實(shí)驗(yàn)室 Kilo：kilogram 千克、公斤 flu: influenza 流行性感冒,混成法（blending）,兩個(gè)詞的一頭一尾連在一起．

9、構(gòu)成一個(gè)新同．positron=positive＋electron 正的＋電子=正電子medicare=medical十care 醫(yī)學(xué)的+照管=醫(yī)療保障,字母形象法（letter symbolizing）,X-rayU-pipe,科技英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn),作為英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的一部分，科技英語(yǔ)以其行文莊重，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，力求客觀，感情色彩少而著稱。對(duì)科技英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析，我們可以看出其語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)有著不同于普通英語(yǔ)的特征： 陳述句使用較多

10、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用頻繁 簡(jiǎn)略表達(dá)突出,一般陳述句多,科技文章中為了敘述自然現(xiàn)象的演變及其規(guī)律，解釋公式，通常用一般陳述句?？萍加⒄Z(yǔ)常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)論述理論部分，也可以用此時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)說明試驗(yàn)的全過程做學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告時(shí)常用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)例如：1、Force applied equals mass times acceleration.所作用的力等于質(zhì)量乘以加速度。F=ma2、Weakness in the metal caused i

11、t to fracture under tension這種金屬的強(qiáng)度差使得它在張力下斷裂。,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),首先，科技人員關(guān)心的是行為、動(dòng)作、作用、事實(shí)，至于這些行為是誰(shuí)做的，無(wú)關(guān)緊要，所以，在這樣的句子中就沒有必要出現(xiàn)人稱。其次，主語(yǔ)一般位于句首，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)句正是將“行為、活動(dòng)、作用、事實(shí)”等作為主語(yǔ)，從而能立即引起讀者對(duì)所陳述的事實(shí)的注意。最后，在意識(shí)的表達(dá)方面被動(dòng)句通常比主動(dòng)句更簡(jiǎn)潔明了。比較例句： Mathemati

12、cs is used in many different fields. People use mathematics in many different fields,簡(jiǎn)略表達(dá),簡(jiǎn)化時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 After it is separated… After separation…簡(jiǎn)化原因狀語(yǔ)從句 The steam pressure falls because it condenses on the cylinder

13、 The steam pressure falls because of its condensation on the cylinder簡(jiǎn)化名詞從句 The engineer has told us where we shall drill another oil well The engineer has told us where to drill another oil well把形容詞名詞化，以簡(jiǎn)化一些以whethe

14、，how等開頭的名詞從句 It is necessary to examine whether these results are accurate It is necessary to examine the accuracy of the results.,科技英語(yǔ)的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn),1.信（True）——忠實(shí) 所謂信，即譯文和原文是等義的，譯文應(yīng)當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤的表達(dá)原文的真實(shí)含義，使讀者能確切了解原文的內(nèi)容和精神，并如實(shí)領(lǐng)會(huì)

15、原文的風(fēng)格和文采。2.達(dá)（smooth）——流暢、通順 所謂達(dá)，即譯文應(yīng)當(dāng)通順的表達(dá)原文的含義。3.專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)正確 進(jìn)行科技英語(yǔ)翻譯時(shí)，一定要使用術(shù)語(yǔ)，不能說外行話。例如：the iron and steel industry 鋼鐵工業(yè) （不能譯成：鐵和鋼工業(yè)） The fluid of electricity 電流（不能譯作：電的流動(dòng)） Combine 化

16、和（化學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)），一般不譯成：結(jié)合,例句：,Force is any push or pull that tends to produce or prevent motion. 力是能產(chǎn)生或阻止運(yùn)動(dòng)的任何形式的推或拉。（錯(cuò)譯：力是任何傾向于產(chǎn)生或阻止運(yùn)動(dòng)的推或拉。）The moment the circuit is completed, a current will start flowing toward the coil.電

17、路一接通，電流就開始流向線圈。（The moment … 一……就…..)(錯(cuò)譯：電流被完成這一片刻，一個(gè)電流就開始流向這個(gè)線圈）,例句：,The difference in energy lever between the substrates and products is termed the change in Gibbs free energy. 底物與產(chǎn)物之間的能極差叫做吉布斯自由能的變化。 （錯(cuò)譯：在底

18、物和產(chǎn)物之間能量水平的差異稱為吉布斯自由能的變化）Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, require revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas ,observations and discoveries. 對(duì)于現(xiàn)代科技書籍

19、，特別是教科書來(lái)說，要是作者希望自己書中的內(nèi)容能與新概念，新觀察到的事實(shí)和新發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話，那么就需要每隔較短的時(shí)間，將書中的內(nèi)容重新修改。 （不準(zhǔn)確的翻譯：現(xiàn)代科技書籍，特別是教科書要求作者不定時(shí)地修改內(nèi)容，如果他們希望與新概念，觀察到的事實(shí)和發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話（照搬原文，逐字死譯）,翻譯技巧和方法---詞匯的翻譯,根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境來(lái)確定詞義 科技翻譯涉及到的領(lǐng)域較廣，一個(gè)詞在不同領(lǐng)域中的運(yùn)用，意義可能大相

20、徑庭。如end的常用意為“末端，結(jié)束”，但是在科技英語(yǔ)中有著更多的專業(yè)意義，如soluble end“溶解范圍”，variable short end “可變短路器”，the overseas end of Bell telephone Corp.“美國(guó)貝爾電話公司的海外業(yè)務(wù)部”。詞匯翻譯中的變通手段 轉(zhuǎn)化法： 各類詞匯如名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞等都可以在雙語(yǔ)語(yǔ)義對(duì)應(yīng)的要求下互相轉(zhuǎn)換詞性，從而改變?cè)牡木渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)，

21、使譯文的表達(dá)更趨向自然。例如：The theory greatly facilitated the interpretation and prediction of properties of organic compounds. 這一理論，在很大程度上有助于解釋和預(yù)測(cè)有機(jī)化合物的性質(zhì)。,翻譯技巧和方法---詞匯的翻譯,省譯法 為提高譯文的可讀性，翻譯時(shí)可以將原文中的冠詞，代詞，介詞，連詞，動(dòng)詞等進(jìn)行省譯

22、。 例如：The expenditure of energy of one kind in any process involves the production of an equivalent amount of energy of other kinds. 任何過程中，一種形式的能量損耗都會(huì)產(chǎn)生其他形式的相等的能量。增補(bǔ)法 指的是補(bǔ)充語(yǔ)義上和修辭上需要的詞，使原文中的省略部分和隱含部分

23、在譯文中清楚的表達(dá)出來(lái)。 The temperature needed for this processing is lower than that needed to melt the metal 這種加工方法所需要的溫度低于融化該金屬的溫度。,翻譯技巧和方法---句子的翻譯,長(zhǎng)句的翻譯順譯法：有些科技英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句在結(jié)構(gòu)的表達(dá)次序和方式上與漢語(yǔ)基本一致，這時(shí)可以按照原文直譯。分譯法：按照漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣，將長(zhǎng)句中的

24、從句或者短語(yǔ)化為若干短句，分開敘述。 例如：Each cylinder is encased in a water jacket, which forms part of a circuit through which water is pumped continually, and cooled by means of air drawn in from the outside atmosphere by large ro

25、tary fans worked by motors. 每一個(gè)氣缸都用一個(gè)水套圍著，水套構(gòu)成了回路的一部分。水泵驅(qū)使水在回路中不停的流動(dòng)，并由外面鼓進(jìn)空氣使水冷卻。鼓風(fēng)用的大型旋轉(zhuǎn)風(fēng)扇由電機(jī)帶動(dòng)的。,,變序法 指的是按照譯語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣重新組織和排列句子的語(yǔ)序。 例如： The construction of such a satellite is now believed to be quite

26、realizable, its realization being supported with all the achievements of contemporary science, which have brought into being not only materials capable of withstanding severe stresses involved and high temperature develo

27、ped, but new technological processes as well. 現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的一切成就不僅提供了能足夠承受高溫高壓的材料，而且也提供了新的工藝過程。依靠現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的這些成就，我們相信完全可以制造出這樣的人造衛(wèi)星。,,被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯 譯成漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句 When a wire is pulled, its length increases with a corresponding re

28、duction in its area. 金屬絲被拉長(zhǎng)，其長(zhǎng)度變長(zhǎng)，但橫截面積相應(yīng)減少。 The laws of motion will be discussed in the next article. 運(yùn)動(dòng)定律將在下一章中予以（加以）討論。 Currently most solar cells are made from crystals of high-purity silicon

29、 目前，絕大多數(shù)太陽(yáng)能電池是用高純度的硅晶體制成的,被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯,譯成漢語(yǔ)主動(dòng)句 When the rust is formed, a chemical change has taken place. 當(dāng)鐵生銹時(shí)，就發(fā)生了化學(xué)變化。 Friction can be reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by lubrication. 潤(rùn)滑能減少摩擦

30、，延長(zhǎng)機(jī)器壽命。 It is said that…據(jù)說…. It is believed that….人們相信…. It is noted that….人們注意到….有人指出… It is taken/though that….人們認(rèn)為…. It is sometime asked that….人們有時(shí)會(huì)問… It is found that….據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)…. It is illustr

31、ated that….據(jù)圖示（說明）….,翻譯過程,翻譯過程一般需經(jīng)過三個(gè)階段：理解、表達(dá)、校對(duì)。1.理解階段 在理解原文時(shí)，首先應(yīng)把全篇文章閱讀一遍，領(lǐng)略大意。2.表達(dá)階段 表達(dá)就是選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臐h語(yǔ)，把已經(jīng)理解了的原作內(nèi)容敘述出來(lái)。3.校對(duì)階段 該階段是對(duì)上兩個(gè)階段的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行校對(duì)，檢查譯文是否能準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地轉(zhuǎn)述原作內(nèi)容；譯文的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)是否規(guī)范，是否符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。,了解國(guó)際期刊的投稿周期,,,第二篇 國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)交

32、流英語(yǔ),English for international academic exchange,第一講 國(guó)際會(huì)議前期準(zhǔn)備,會(huì)議時(shí)間及地點(diǎn)會(huì)議主題會(huì)議日程參加會(huì)議人員組委會(huì)會(huì)務(wù)費(fèi)聯(lián)系方式。。。,,會(huì)議發(fā)言,,Oral presentation at a conference,會(huì)議發(fā)言開頭,Thank you for the warm introduction. It is a great pleasure to be he

33、re with you today.Good morning. Let me start by saying just a few words about my own background.Good morning , I am XX，from Jiangsu university. Today i will introduce our new research about XX.……..,闡明發(fā)言主題,This present

34、ation will focus on …It is a pleasure for me to be here this afternoon and to address you on the subject of….I would like to talk to you about…I am happy to have the opportunity to share information with you about ……

35、..,發(fā)言內(nèi)容提要,I have divided my presentation into five parts: first ….second….To address these questions, I would like to divide my talk into five parts:My talk is organized into four parts:…..,分步討論問題,Let us look at the s

36、lit wall effect on Taylor-Couette flowThe first thing I want to talk about is the slit wall effect on Taylor-Couette flowNow to the second part of my talk: A second point, that also needs to be stressed, is that:An

37、other point I would like to make related to……,轉(zhuǎn)向下一個(gè)話題,So far, I have presented you with….And now I would to present you with …We have talked here about…. There are some relevant questions that need to be addressed agai

38、n.Now I am going to talk about…Before concluding, I would like to touch on one other important phenomenon …,引用及例證,A complete proof of this fact can be found in Fig. a.I can even give another example.I take just one o

39、f his figures to illustrate my point.….,結(jié)束語(yǔ),Thank you for your attention. I would be pleased to address your questions at this time.That is all that I want to talk about this morning. Please do not hesitate to ask me

40、if you have any question.That concludes my talks. Thank you very much. So , now I am very interested to hear your comments.….,科技英語(yǔ)論文寫作,英語(yǔ)寫作一般知識(shí)簡(jiǎn)介 寫作的基本理論和技巧,科技英語(yǔ)論文的組成部分,標(biāo)題（Title 或Topic） 作者的姓名（Author’s Name） 論文作者的工作單

41、位（Institution）論文摘要（Abstract 或Summary） 論文的內(nèi)容目錄（Contents）論文內(nèi)容本身（Text） 引言（Introduction） 正文 結(jié)論或結(jié)束語(yǔ)（Conclusion(s)）及建議等 附錄（Appendix） 致謝（Acknowledgement(s)） 作者簡(jiǎn)介（Biography）,對(duì)他人研究成果、觀點(diǎn)的評(píng)估

42、：,By the late 1980’s, researchers has started scientific work on …Somebody (1990) gave a theoretical overview of …, but … However, these studies were limited to …近期進(jìn)展情況分析：The method worked well at …The models of … h

43、as recently received considerable attention.In the last decade, several approaches of … were independently proposed. The study of … was in vogue for several years until… ……,標(biāo)題,使用名詞短語(yǔ)或非限定動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作為論文的標(biāo)題Computer Imitation

44、System for … Investigation of the Feasibilities of … Primary Study on … Mathematical Model of …Study on Torsional Vibration Analysis of ICE Crankshaft. Development of Automobile Electronics and Domestic Application

45、. A Simulation Optimization Method for Automotive Cooling System Microprocessors in Transport,摘要的特點(diǎn)：,篇幅短小語(yǔ)言精煉 用詞規(guī)范 概括完整 內(nèi)容具體 獨(dú)立成文,摘要,文摘包括：研究目的、研究對(duì)象、研究方法、研究結(jié)果、所得結(jié)論、結(jié)論的使用范圍等。This paper presents/discusses/studies/de

46、als with/investigates The effect of the presence of slits in the wall of the outer one of two concentric cylinders involved in creating a Taylor–Couette flow is experimentally investigated. Three models with

47、 different numbers of slits (6, 9 and 18) are used and the radius ratio and aspect ratio of the models are 0.825 and 48, respectively. The velocity fields are measured by using the digital particle image velocimetry meth

48、od, and the refractive index matching technique is applied to remove image distortion. The flow regime in the Taylor–Couette flow is studied by increasing the Reynolds number. The results show that the presence of slits