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1、動力工程及工程熱物理學科 專業(yè)英語,Dr. Liu Dong劉棟 博士江蘇大學能源與動力工程學院,Special English for Power Engineering and Engineering Thermo-physics,課程任務及學習方法,檢索本學科有關國際學術期刊,通過略讀摘要獲取本研究領域的重要學術論文,通過精讀,詞匯學習、表述方法分析、掌握寫作規(guī)范。通過6-8篇論文的精讀,達到能都熟練閱讀及翻譯本學科領域

2、的論文,掌握1000至1500個專業(yè)詞匯、學會寫作,制作PPT及英文演講。課程以檢索論文及翻譯、PPT制作及模擬演講確定成績。,主要學習內容和任務,檢索本學科及研究方向的重要論文10篇以上;翻譯題目及摘要;全文翻譯1-2篇;精讀本學科學位論文摘要10-20篇;掌握詞匯及摘要寫作方法;歸納1000以上詞匯,100種常用表達句式;以1-2篇重要期刊論文為題材,制作PPT, 模擬國際會議。,重要學術期刊:,Internationa

3、l Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow.International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer..Journal of Fluids Engineering International Journal of Multiphase Flow Experiments in Fluid Fluid Dynamic Research…….,學科分類(Disciplin

4、e Category),Power Engineering and Engineering Thermo-physicsThermal engineeringEngineering Thermo-physicsPower Machinery and EngineeringFluid Machinery and EngineeringFreezing and Low Temperature EngineeringFluid m

5、echanicsChemical Process Equipment,概論,專業(yè)英語屬于科技英語,English for Science and Technology,簡稱 EST,是一種用英文闡述科學技術中的理論、技術、實驗和現(xiàn)象等的英語體系,它在詞匯、語法和文體等各方面都有自己的特點,從而形成了一門專門學科。文章的特點: 結構嚴謹 邏輯嚴密

6、 文體多樣如:論文、綜述、實驗報告、教材、專利、說明書等。,專業(yè)英語與科技英語,專業(yè)英語是結合各自專業(yè)的科技英語 各個專業(yè)文章的語法現(xiàn)象基本相同,他們都遵循科技英語的語法體系。,科技英語的構詞法,所謂構詞法即詞的構成方法,即詞在結構上的規(guī)律。 科技英語構詞特點: 外來語多(很多來自希臘語和拉丁語); 構詞法多. 除了非科技英語中常用的三種構詞法—轉化、派生及合成法外,還普遍采用壓縮法、混成法,

7、符號法和字母象形法. 有大量半科技英語詞匯(semi-scientific words) annual output 年產量 produce…every year,轉化法(conversion),合成法(composition),由兩個或更多的詞合成一個詞,叫合成法。有時需加連字符。,壓縮法(shortening),只取詞頭字母 TOEFL: Test of English as a

8、 Foreign Language 非英語國家英語水平考試 ppm: parts per million 百萬分之一 將單詞刪去一些字母: lab: laboratory 實驗室 Kilo:kilogram 千克、公斤 flu: influenza 流行性感冒,混成法(blending),兩個詞的一頭一尾連在一起.

9、構成一個新同.positron=positive+electron 正的+電子=正電子medicare=medical十care 醫(yī)學的+照管=醫(yī)療保障,字母形象法(letter symbolizing),X-rayU-pipe,科技英語的語法特點,作為英語語言的一部分,科技英語以其行文莊重,結構嚴謹,力求客觀,感情色彩少而著稱。對科技英語語言特點進行分析,我們可以看出其語法結構有著不同于普通英語的特征: 陳述句使用較多

10、被動語態(tài)使用頻繁 簡略表達突出,一般陳述句多,科技文章中為了敘述自然現(xiàn)象的演變及其規(guī)律,解釋公式,通常用一般陳述句。科技英語常用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)來論述理論部分,也可以用此時態(tài)來說明試驗的全過程做學術報告時常用一般過去時態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成時例如:1、Force applied equals mass times acceleration.所作用的力等于質量乘以加速度。F=ma2、Weakness in the metal caused i

11、t to fracture under tension這種金屬的強度差使得它在張力下斷裂。,被動語態(tài),首先,科技人員關心的是行為、動作、作用、事實,至于這些行為是誰做的,無關緊要,所以,在這樣的句子中就沒有必要出現(xiàn)人稱。其次,主語一般位于句首,被動語句正是將“行為、活動、作用、事實”等作為主語,從而能立即引起讀者對所陳述的事實的注意。最后,在意識的表達方面被動句通常比主動句更簡潔明了。比較例句: Mathemati

12、cs is used in many different fields. People use mathematics in many different fields,簡略表達,簡化時間狀語從句 After it is separated… After separation…簡化原因狀語從句 The steam pressure falls because it condenses on the cylinder

13、 The steam pressure falls because of its condensation on the cylinder簡化名詞從句 The engineer has told us where we shall drill another oil well The engineer has told us where to drill another oil well把形容詞名詞化,以簡化一些以whethe

14、,how等開頭的名詞從句 It is necessary to examine whether these results are accurate It is necessary to examine the accuracy of the results.,科技英語的翻譯標準,1.信(True)——忠實 所謂信,即譯文和原文是等義的,譯文應當準確無誤的表達原文的真實含義,使讀者能確切了解原文的內容和精神,并如實領會

15、原文的風格和文采。2.達(smooth)——流暢、通順 所謂達,即譯文應當通順的表達原文的含義。3.專業(yè)術語正確 進行科技英語翻譯時,一定要使用術語,不能說外行話。例如:the iron and steel industry 鋼鐵工業(yè) (不能譯成:鐵和鋼工業(yè)) The fluid of electricity 電流(不能譯作:電的流動) Combine 化

16、和(化學術語),一般不譯成:結合,例句:,Force is any push or pull that tends to produce or prevent motion. 力是能產生或阻止運動的任何形式的推或拉。(錯譯:力是任何傾向于產生或阻止運動的推或拉。)The moment the circuit is completed, a current will start flowing toward the coil.電

17、路一接通,電流就開始流向線圈。(The moment … 一……就…..)(錯譯:電流被完成這一片刻,一個電流就開始流向這個線圈),例句:,The difference in energy lever between the substrates and products is termed the change in Gibbs free energy. 底物與產物之間的能極差叫做吉布斯自由能的變化。 (錯譯:在底

18、物和產物之間能量水平的差異稱為吉布斯自由能的變化)Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, require revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas ,observations and discoveries. 對于現(xiàn)代科技書籍

19、,特別是教科書來說,要是作者希望自己書中的內容能與新概念,新觀察到的事實和新發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話,那么就需要每隔較短的時間,將書中的內容重新修改。 (不準確的翻譯:現(xiàn)代科技書籍,特別是教科書要求作者不定時地修改內容,如果他們希望與新概念,觀察到的事實和發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話(照搬原文,逐字死譯),翻譯技巧和方法---詞匯的翻譯,根據上下文語境來確定詞義 科技翻譯涉及到的領域較廣,一個詞在不同領域中的運用,意義可能大相

20、徑庭。如end的常用意為“末端,結束”,但是在科技英語中有著更多的專業(yè)意義,如soluble end“溶解范圍”,variable short end “可變短路器”,the overseas end of Bell telephone Corp.“美國貝爾電話公司的海外業(yè)務部”。詞匯翻譯中的變通手段 轉化法: 各類詞匯如名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞等都可以在雙語語義對應的要求下互相轉換詞性,從而改變原文的句子結構,

21、使譯文的表達更趨向自然。例如:The theory greatly facilitated the interpretation and prediction of properties of organic compounds. 這一理論,在很大程度上有助于解釋和預測有機化合物的性質。,翻譯技巧和方法---詞匯的翻譯,省譯法 為提高譯文的可讀性,翻譯時可以將原文中的冠詞,代詞,介詞,連詞,動詞等進行省譯

22、。 例如:The expenditure of energy of one kind in any process involves the production of an equivalent amount of energy of other kinds. 任何過程中,一種形式的能量損耗都會產生其他形式的相等的能量。增補法 指的是補充語義上和修辭上需要的詞,使原文中的省略部分和隱含部分

23、在譯文中清楚的表達出來。 The temperature needed for this processing is lower than that needed to melt the metal 這種加工方法所需要的溫度低于融化該金屬的溫度。,翻譯技巧和方法---句子的翻譯,長句的翻譯順譯法:有些科技英語長句在結構的表達次序和方式上與漢語基本一致,這時可以按照原文直譯。分譯法:按照漢語的習慣,將長句中的

24、從句或者短語化為若干短句,分開敘述。 例如:Each cylinder is encased in a water jacket, which forms part of a circuit through which water is pumped continually, and cooled by means of air drawn in from the outside atmosphere by large ro

25、tary fans worked by motors. 每一個氣缸都用一個水套圍著,水套構成了回路的一部分。水泵驅使水在回路中不停的流動,并由外面鼓進空氣使水冷卻。鼓風用的大型旋轉風扇由電機帶動的。,,變序法 指的是按照譯語的表達習慣重新組織和排列句子的語序。 例如: The construction of such a satellite is now believed to be quite

26、realizable, its realization being supported with all the achievements of contemporary science, which have brought into being not only materials capable of withstanding severe stresses involved and high temperature develo

27、ped, but new technological processes as well. 現(xiàn)代科學的一切成就不僅提供了能足夠承受高溫高壓的材料,而且也提供了新的工藝過程。依靠現(xiàn)代科學的這些成就,我們相信完全可以制造出這樣的人造衛(wèi)星。,,被動結構的翻譯 譯成漢語被動句 When a wire is pulled, its length increases with a corresponding re

28、duction in its area. 金屬絲被拉長,其長度變長,但橫截面積相應減少。 The laws of motion will be discussed in the next article. 運動定律將在下一章中予以(加以)討論。 Currently most solar cells are made from crystals of high-purity silicon

29、 目前,絕大多數(shù)太陽能電池是用高純度的硅晶體制成的,被動結構翻譯,譯成漢語主動句 When the rust is formed, a chemical change has taken place. 當鐵生銹時,就發(fā)生了化學變化。 Friction can be reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by lubrication. 潤滑能減少摩擦

30、,延長機器壽命。 It is said that…據說…. It is believed that….人們相信…. It is noted that….人們注意到….有人指出… It is taken/though that….人們認為…. It is sometime asked that….人們有時會問… It is found that….據發(fā)現(xiàn)…. It is illustr

31、ated that….據圖示(說明)….,翻譯過程,翻譯過程一般需經過三個階段:理解、表達、校對。1.理解階段 在理解原文時,首先應把全篇文章閱讀一遍,領略大意。2.表達階段 表達就是選擇恰當?shù)臐h語,把已經理解了的原作內容敘述出來。3.校對階段 該階段是對上兩個階段的內容進行校對,檢查譯文是否能準確無誤地轉述原作內容;譯文的語言表達是否規(guī)范,是否符合漢語習慣。,了解國際期刊的投稿周期,,,第二篇 國際學術交

32、流英語,English for international academic exchange,第一講 國際會議前期準備,會議時間及地點會議主題會議日程參加會議人員組委會會務費聯(lián)系方式。。。,,會議發(fā)言,,Oral presentation at a conference,會議發(fā)言開頭,Thank you for the warm introduction. It is a great pleasure to be he

33、re with you today.Good morning. Let me start by saying just a few words about my own background.Good morning , I am XX,from Jiangsu university. Today i will introduce our new research about XX.……..,闡明發(fā)言主題,This present

34、ation will focus on …It is a pleasure for me to be here this afternoon and to address you on the subject of….I would like to talk to you about…I am happy to have the opportunity to share information with you about ……

35、..,發(fā)言內容提要,I have divided my presentation into five parts: first ….second….To address these questions, I would like to divide my talk into five parts:My talk is organized into four parts:…..,分步討論問題,Let us look at the s

36、lit wall effect on Taylor-Couette flowThe first thing I want to talk about is the slit wall effect on Taylor-Couette flowNow to the second part of my talk: A second point, that also needs to be stressed, is that:An

37、other point I would like to make related to……,轉向下一個話題,So far, I have presented you with….And now I would to present you with …We have talked here about…. There are some relevant questions that need to be addressed agai

38、n.Now I am going to talk about…Before concluding, I would like to touch on one other important phenomenon …,引用及例證,A complete proof of this fact can be found in Fig. a.I can even give another example.I take just one o

39、f his figures to illustrate my point.….,結束語,Thank you for your attention. I would be pleased to address your questions at this time.That is all that I want to talk about this morning. Please do not hesitate to ask me

40、if you have any question.That concludes my talks. Thank you very much. So , now I am very interested to hear your comments.….,科技英語論文寫作,英語寫作一般知識簡介 寫作的基本理論和技巧,科技英語論文的組成部分,標題(Title 或Topic) 作者的姓名(Author’s Name) 論文作者的工作單

41、位(Institution)論文摘要(Abstract 或Summary) 論文的內容目錄(Contents)論文內容本身(Text) 引言(Introduction) 正文 結論或結束語(Conclusion(s))及建議等 附錄(Appendix) 致謝(Acknowledgement(s)) 作者簡介(Biography),對他人研究成果、觀點的評估

42、:,By the late 1980’s, researchers has started scientific work on …Somebody (1990) gave a theoretical overview of …, but … However, these studies were limited to …近期進展情況分析:The method worked well at …The models of … h

43、as recently received considerable attention.In the last decade, several approaches of … were independently proposed. The study of … was in vogue for several years until… ……,標題,使用名詞短語或非限定動詞短語作為論文的標題Computer Imitation

44、System for … Investigation of the Feasibilities of … Primary Study on … Mathematical Model of …Study on Torsional Vibration Analysis of ICE Crankshaft. Development of Automobile Electronics and Domestic Application

45、. A Simulation Optimization Method for Automotive Cooling System Microprocessors in Transport,摘要的特點:,篇幅短小語言精煉 用詞規(guī)范 概括完整 內容具體 獨立成文,摘要,文摘包括:研究目的、研究對象、研究方法、研究結果、所得結論、結論的使用范圍等。This paper presents/discusses/studies/de

46、als with/investigates The effect of the presence of slits in the wall of the outer one of two concentric cylinders involved in creating a Taylor–Couette flow is experimentally investigated. Three models with

47、 different numbers of slits (6, 9 and 18) are used and the radius ratio and aspect ratio of the models are 0.825 and 48, respectively. The velocity fields are measured by using the digital particle image velocimetry meth

48、od, and the refractive index matching technique is applied to remove image distortion. The flow regime in the Taylor–Couette flow is studied by increasing the Reynolds number. The results show that the presence of slits

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