醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)(閱讀一分冊(cè))翻譯及答案

1、Chapter1Passage1HumanBodyInthispassageyouwilllearn:1.Classificationofgansystems2.Structurefunctionofeachgansystem3.AssociatedmedicaltermsTounderstthehumanbodyitisnecessarytoundersthowitspartsareputtogetherhowtheyfunction

2、.Thestudyofthebodysstructureiscalledanatomythestudyofthebodysfunctionisknownasphysiology.Otherstudiesofhumanbodyincludebiologycytologyembryologyhistologyendocrinologyhematologyimmunologypsychologyetc.了解人體各部分的組成及其功能，對(duì)于認(rèn)識(shí)人

3、體是必需的。研究人體結(jié)構(gòu)的科學(xué)叫解剖學(xué)；研究人體功能的科學(xué)叫生理學(xué)。其他研究人體的科學(xué)包括生物學(xué)、細(xì)胞學(xué)、胚胎學(xué)、組織學(xué)、內(nèi)分泌學(xué)、血液學(xué)、遺傳學(xué)、免疫學(xué)、心理學(xué)等等。Anatomistsfinditusefultodividethehumanbodyintotensystemsthatistheskeletalsystemthemuscularsystemthecirculatysystemtherespiratysystemthed

4、igestivesystemtheurinarysystemtheendocrinesystemthenervoussystemthereproductivesystemtheskin.Theprincipalpartsofeachofthesesystemsaredescribedinthisarticle.解剖學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)把整個(gè)人體分成骨骼、肌肉、循環(huán)、呼吸、消化、泌尿、內(nèi)分泌、神經(jīng)、生殖系統(tǒng)以及感覺(jué)器官的做法是很有幫助的。本文描繪并闡

5、述了各系統(tǒng)的主要部分。Theskeletalsystemismadeofbonesjointsbetweenbonescartilage.Itsfunctionistoprovidesupptprotectionfthesofttissuesthegansofthebodytoprovidepointsofattachmentfthemusclesthatmovethebody.Thereare206bonesinthehumanske

6、leton.Theyhavevariousshapeslongshtcubeshapedflatirregular.Manyofthelongboneshaveaninterispacethatisfilledwithbonemarrowwherebloodcellsaremade.骨骼系統(tǒng)由骨、關(guān)節(jié)以及軟骨組成。它對(duì)軟組織及人體器官起到支持和保護(hù)作用，并牽動(dòng)骨胳肌，引起各種運(yùn)動(dòng)。人體有206根骨頭。骨形態(tài)不一，有長(zhǎng)的、短、立方的、扁的

7、及不規(guī)則的。許多長(zhǎng)骨里有一個(gè)內(nèi)層間隙，里面充填著骨髓，這即是血細(xì)胞的制造場(chǎng)所。Ajointiswherebonesarejoinedtogether.Theconnectioncanbesoclosethatnomovementispossibleasisthecaseintheskull.Otherkindsofjointspermitmovement:eitherbackfthinoneplaneaswiththehingejoin

8、toftheelbowmovementaroundasingleaxisaswiththepivotjointthatpermitstheheadtorotate.Awiderangeofmovementispossiblewhentheballshapedendofonebonefitsintoasocketattheendofanotherboneasfromthelungssendsittotherestofthebodytheo

9、therhalfsendsbloodthathastraveledthroughthebodybacktothelungs.Whentheheartmusclecontractsthebloodisfcedoutintoarteriesenterssmallcapillaries.Bloodreturnstotheheartthroughveins.心臟是一塊被分為幾乎對(duì)等兩半的肌肉。一半吸收來(lái)自肺部的血液，并將血液運(yùn)送到機(jī)體的其余部位

10、，另一半使流經(jīng)全身的血液回流人肺。心臟收縮時(shí)，動(dòng)脈把全身血液輸送到毛細(xì)血管。靜脈輸送血液返回心臟。Alsofunctioningincirculationisthelymphaticsystem.Someofthefluidthatsurroundscellsdoesnotreenterthebloodvesselsdirectly.Thisfluidcalledlymphreturnstotheheartbywayofanothers

11、ystemofchannelsthelymphvessels.Lymphnodesalongthesevesselsfilterthefluidbefeitreenterstheblood.Thespleenisalargelymphaticganthatfilterstheblood.淋巴系統(tǒng)也是循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)組成部分。一些細(xì)胞周?chē)捏w液不是直接回流入血管通道，這種體液叫淋巴液，它是流經(jīng)另一個(gè)管道系統(tǒng)——淋巴管而回流人心臟。沿淋巴管的

12、淋巴結(jié)將淋巴液過(guò)濾，過(guò)濾后再回流人血液。脾是一個(gè)過(guò)濾血液的大淋巴器官。Therespiratysystemtakesinoxygenfromtheairexpelscarbondioxidewatervap.Airentersthenosemouthtravelsthroughthelarynxtrachea.Thetracheadividestoentereachofthetwolungsthendividesmethan20time

13、stofmaverylargenumberofsmallairspaces.Oxygenfromtheairentersthebloodthroughcapillariesinthewallsoftheseairspacesthebloodreleasecarbondioxideintotheairspacestobeexhaled.呼吸系統(tǒng)從空氣中攝取氧氣，并將二氧化碳、水蒸氣排出體外。空氣經(jīng)鼻腔、口腔人喉管、氣管。氣管分成左右支氣管

14、，各連結(jié)左右肺，左右支氣管再分枝20多次，在終端形成大量微小的肺泡。從空氣攝取的氧氣流經(jīng)這些肺泡壁內(nèi)的毛細(xì)血管流入血液，血液再經(jīng)肺泡把釋放出的二氧化碳排出體外。Thedigestivesystemconsistsofatubeextendingfromthemouthtotheanus.Initfoodfluidsaretakeninmovedthroughthebodybrokendownintosmallmoleculesthata

15、reabsbedintothecirculatysystem.Thisbreakdownknownasdigestionisbothamechanicalachemicalprocess.消化系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)從口腔直到肛門(mén)的管道。食物和液體在消化道里被吸收，在腸道里移動(dòng)時(shí)，被分解成小分子物質(zhì)后再進(jìn)入循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。這種分解，即消化，是一個(gè)機(jī)械過(guò)程，也是一個(gè)化學(xué)過(guò)程。Foodentersthroughthemouthwherechewingsaliv

16、astarttobreakitupmakeiteasiertoswallow.Nextthefoodtravelsdownthroughtheesophagustothestomach.Contractionsofthestomachsmuscularwallcontinuetobreakdownthefoodmechanicallychemicaldigestioncontinueswhenacidenzymesaresecreted

17、intothestomachcavity.食物進(jìn)入口腔里，咀嚼和唾液開(kāi)始將食物粉碎，使之便于吞咽。接著，食物經(jīng)食管人胃。胃肌壁的收縮繼續(xù)機(jī)械化地分解食物，而當(dāng)酸和酶分泌入胃腔時(shí)，化學(xué)性消化開(kāi)始。Theliquifiedfoodgraduallypassesintothesmallintestine.Inthefirstpartofthesmallintestinecalledtheduodenumenzymesfromthepancre