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1、文體學文體學課后題課后題1、2單元單元1Identifyclassifypatternsofsoundrepetitioninthefollowingexamples.1）Wdsphrasesshillyshally=pararhymesuperduper=rhymehighmighty=assonancefairsquare=rhymekithkin=reverserhymetoilmoil=rhymepartparcel=rever
2、serhymebyhookbycrook=rhyme2）PridePrejudice=alliterationTheLove’slabourLost=alliterationOfMiceMan=alliterationBillRogersMarvelousMarathonMan=alliterationFatherinaFix=alliterationWitchWatch=alliterationTheWonderofWaterfall
3、=alliteration3)AdvertisementsDrinkaPintaMilkaDay=soundelisionExtraPintasWarmaWinta=soundelisionBedifferentdaily.Bedreamydramatic.Experimentbutstilleconomise.Beboldbebeautiful—butdon’tbreakthebank.=(inder)alliterationalli
4、terationreverserhymealliteration2Theunderlinedwd(s)ineachofthefollowingexamples1)NimChimpskysoundslikeNoamChompskywhobelievesthatmanhasalanguagelearningdeviceinthemindwhichenablesthechildtolearnthelanguagehoweverbadlyiti
5、staught.Thismakesmandifferentfromanimalwhichdoesnothavesuchadevice.Thatiswhychimpanzee(whoisconsideredtobethemostintelligentanimal)canneverlearnthelanguagehoweverharditistaught.2）Romeowisawdimitatingthesoundmadebyacatsha
6、resthesamepronunciationwiththemainacterinShakespeare’stragedyRomeoJuliet.RomeohasdeeplovefJuliet.ItindicatesthatRomeowthecathasaffectionfthemaster.3)RecdshopnamedMobyDiscwhichimpliesitisahugeshopofitskindfitremindsoneoft
7、heMobyDickabookwhichdepictspeoplehuntahugewholecalledMobyDick.31)phonologicaldevicesinthefollowingextract.Acreakofhinges...aisle.Inthispassagetheauthsusesalliterationhighheeledassonancetiledsurfaceofthecentralaisle.Whati
8、smeconspicuousistheuseofonomatopoeicwdssuchascreakboomingthudfluttertiptapwhichpresentthedifferentkindsofnoisesheardinthechurch.Theuseofsuchwdshelpthereadersharethesameexperienceofthewritermakethedeionvividbelievable.2）R
9、eadthefollowingextractfromthenovelAdventuresofTom3）Sawyercommentonthegraphologicalfms.“TOM!”Noanswer....MarkTwaiThisisoneepisodeofthenovelAdventuresofTomSawyerdepictinghowGrannyislookingfTomwhoisnaughtyhidingunderthebed.
10、ThedifferentfmofletterswithpunctuationmarksindicateshowGrannyspeaks.WhenwereaditwehavethefeelingofwatchingGrannyonastageplay.Fexample“TOM!”issaidlouderthan“Tom!”.“YouuTom!”indicatesGrannydrawlshervoicewithunusualloudness
11、soastobeheardfaraway.Theexclamationmarks“!”showheremotionthedash“—“implieshersuddenstop.Theitalicizedthroughemphasizesthecontrastwith“over”“under”humouslyimplyingherglassesareintendedfnamentratherthanpracticaluse.Inthewh
12、olepassageweseetheonlyacterGrannywhoisspeakingtoherself.Itisverymuchlikeastagemonologue.AfterreadingwehaveavividimageofGrannyinourmind.thereisatouchofhumourallthrough.3單元單元1Whatarethethreewaysofclauseclassificationclassi
13、ficationaccdingtoconstituentsverbphrasefunctions.ByconstituentsclausescanbegroupedintoSV(A)SVO(A)SVCSVOOSVOC.Byverbphrasewehavefiniteclausenonfiniteclauseverblessclause.Byfunctionsclausescanbecategizedeitherasindependent
14、clausedependentclause.2howdowedistinguishsituationtypesByaccdingtomeaningsenseoftheverb.3NametheparticipantrolesinactiontypesTheparticipantrolesinactiontypesare:agentiverole(doeroftheaction)externalfce(causeroftheaction)
15、intrumentalrole(tooltodotheactionwith)recipientrole(receiveroftheaction)objectiverole(theaffectedtheresultoftheaction).4WhatisasimplesentenceWhatisamultiplesentenceDirectlyindirectlyAsimplesentenceconfmstothebasicclauses
16、tructureSV(O)(C)(A).Amultiplesentenceconsistsofmethanoneclause.Itmaybeeitheracompoundsentenceacomplexsentenceamixedsentence.D:nominalclausesfunctionasSOC.I:relativeclausesfunctionasmodifiedinNPcomparativecfasminNPADJP5Wh
17、atisthedifferencebetweenaminsentenceanincompletesentenceNeithertypeconfmstothebasicclausestructure.Butaminsentenceissupposedtobe“complete”inthesensethatitisfinished.Anincompletesentencenevercomestoitsendbecauseofsuddenin
18、terruptionotherreasons.Fexample(1)Attentionplease.(2)Help!(3)Goingtothelecture(4)WhyareyoulateBecauseI—Ofthefoursentences(1)(2)(3)areminsentenceswhereas(4)isanincomplete.6WhatarethemajcomponentsofanounphraseWhatistheuseo
19、fpremodificationWhatisthefunctionofpostmodificationAcompletenounphraseconsistsoffourconstituents:determinerpremodifierheadpostmodifier.Thedeterminercanbeanarticlenumeralsnumeralpronounsallthewdsbetweenthedeterminativethe
20、headarepremodifierwhateverpartofspeechtheybelongtotheheadcanbeanounapronounthepostmodifierisusuallyaprepositionalphraseanounphraseanonfiniteclausearelativeclauseetc.Frequentuseofpremodificationinnewspaperheadlinescanecon
21、omizespacearousethereader’sinterestaswellbecausepremodificationisusuallyshtthuscannotspelloutdetails.Thiskeepsthereaderinsuspensekicksuptheireagernesstofindout.Premodificationtendstobeinfmalappearsinlessfmalstyle.Postmod
22、ificationcanbeverylongcomplicated.Usingpostmodificationcangiveenoughroomfdetailsffurtherinfmation.Therefeitisfrequentlyusedinmefmalcontextsfinstancewrittenlanguage.WrittenlegalEnglishpreferspostmodificationinnounphrasesb
23、ecausethecomposerofalegaldocumentmustensurethatitconveysmeaningexactlyexplicitlyguardingagainstanypossiblemisinterpretation.7WhatarethethreebasicfactsinthefmationofwrittentextsFeffectivepresentationofinfmationlanguagepro
24、cessingonthepartofthereaderweusuallyattachimptancetosequencesegmentationsalienceinthefmationoftextsbothspokenwritten.8WhichtypeofbranchingiscommonininfmalspeechWhichtypeofbranchingispreferredinwrittenstylesRightbranching
25、iscommoninspeechinrelaxedinfmalpresentationofideas.Awritermayfavrightbranchinguseshtsimplesentencestorepresentanarrativestyleofsimplicitydirectnessintensity.Leftbranchinghoweverisbetteradaptedtowritingbecauseitisstructur
26、allymecompactlogicalitisusuallymefmal.Sincesubdinateideasarepresentedfirstpostponingthemainideareadersoftenfeelinsuspensetrytoreadontoobtainthemainideatowardstheendofthesentence.9WhatisthebasicphrasederWhatarethestylisti
27、ceffectsoffrontingpostponementThebasicphrasederinanEnglishdeclarativeclauseismelessfixed:SV(O)(C)(A)withAbeingmobileinposition.Thechangeofthedercanmakeaparticularlanguageunitmesalient.Frontingrefersthemovementofasententi
28、alelementfromitsusualpositiontothefrontpostponementrefersthemovementofalinguisticunitfromitsnmalplacetowardstheendofthesentence.Inbothcasestheelementsmovedarehighlighted.Fexample(1)TalentMr.MicawberhascapitalMr.Micawberh
29、asnot.(frontingtalentcapitalfemphasis)(2)AcarstoppedoutsteppedthePresidentoftheUniversity.(PostponingPresidentoftheUniversityagainfemphasis)10WhatissyntacticparallelismitsfunctionSyntacticparallelismreferstotherepetition
30、ofthesamesyntacticfm(e.g.tenseaspect)phraseclausestructureintwomeneighbingclausessentences.Itreinfcesmeaningbycontrastantithesishelpstobuildupanemotionalclimax.FexampleSeehowtheycansaw.Powersaw.drill.Powerdrill.s.Powers.
31、ThisisanadvertisementfsellingPowerBrseriesoftools.Whenthereaderfinishesthereadingtheywillnotfgetthebrname4HowdoeslanguagevaryintermsofpolitenessLanguagevariesaccdingtothedegreeofintimacybetweentheaddressaddresseethedegre
32、eofsocialdistanceseparatingtheaddresseraddressee.Languagebecomesmemepolitewhentheaddresseeismeseniinstatuslesintimateinrelation.5WhatarethebasicpatternsoftheuseofaddressfmsThebasicaddresspatternsinclude:Title(ProfessDoct
33、Reverend)TitleLastName(ProfessZhangMrSmithMissThatcher)FirstnameLastName(MichaelHallJohnSmith)LastName(SmithThatcher)FirstName(MichaelJohn)ShtenedFirstName(Mike=MichaelElizabeth=LizaLiz)Nickname(PiggyBully)TermsofEndearm
34、ent(DarlingDearHoneySweet).6WhatislinguisticimpersonalityLanguagebecomesimpersonalwhenitavoidsdirectreferencetotheaddresseraddressee.ThatisthewritingavoidstheuseofpersonalpronounssuchasIweyouetc7.Howdowemeasurethedegrees
35、ofaccessibilityWecanmeasurethedegreesofaccessibilitybythefollowingfmula:FOGINDEX=0.4(LH)L=theaveragesentencelengthinapassageH=thepercentageofhard(inaccessible)wdsinthepassageSupposeapassagehas:atotalnumberofwds120thenumb
36、erofsentences6thenumberof“hard”wds16L:1206=20H:(16120)100=13.3Fogindex:0.4(2013.3)=13.32Sinceaneasilyaccessibletextissupposedtohaveafogindexofabout10thementionedtextisjustalittledifficult.8CompareExtractsABintermsofthede
37、greeofaccessibility.ATherewasrealstressIhadtofaceabout1970threeyearsintopublicationofRollingStone(newspaper).Thecompanywasbankruptinessence.I’dgottentopambitious.Irememberonedayjustdrivingaroundwaitingfanaccidenttohappen
38、.Itwasn’tsuicideassuch.Itwasjustdrivingaroundverysloppilysaying.Fuckitmaybesomebody’llgetmeinanaccident.Iwasfacingfailurerealfailure.I’dneverfacedcompletefailurebefe.Iwasreallydepressed.Inretrospecttogobankruptwithalittl
39、enewspaperattheageof24isnotthemostterriblething.Itwasabsurd.Itdidn’tlastlong.Youreachapointwhereyourconfidenceisreallyshattered.Ittakesotherpeopletohelpbuildupyourconfidence.Comeonnowfacethebastardsdown.Youstarttobuildpu
40、titbacktogether.JannWennereditofRollingStoneB(ThepassageisaparodyofthespeechstyleofanAmericanpoliticianonceapresidentialadviser.)MyongoingadvisationalcapacityhavingbeenterminalisedpresidentiallyIwishtosubmitmyapplication
41、isednotificationfimmediateconsiderationalverification.QualificationallymyrecentpolicalisationalexperiencehassuitabilizedmeftheEditshipoftheNSbothinliterarymanipulativenesssocioeconomiclogisticstherebyensuringfinancialvia
42、bility.Myaimwouldbetheimmediateterminalisationofreadershipfalloutbycontentamendmentthroughextremeconservation….“WeekendCompetition”NewStatesmanExtractAusesshtsentencesmostofthemaresimple.Thesentencesaremostlyintheactivew
43、ithahighfrequencyofpersonalpronouns.Thewdsarecommon.Althoughthedictionindicatesthespeakeriseducatedthewholepassageishighlyaccessible.ExtractBiswritteninprofessionaljargonsrelatingtothespeaker’sprofessionasapolitician’sad
44、viser.MostofthecontentwdsareLatinatelearnedwhichmakethewritingveryfmaldifficulttoprocessthoughitispersonal.9Identifythelanguagemarkersinthefollowingextractwhichindicatethedegreeofimpersonality.Thesymbolagainstasubscriber
45、’sentryintheDictionarydenotesthatthetelephonenumberiswithheldpublicationatthesubscriber’srequestthePostOfficeisnotauthizedtosupplyittoenquirers.ThennamesaddressesofsuchsubscribersarehowevershownintheDirectyincaseswherefr
46、equentenquiresarereceivedbythePostOfficeftheexchangenumberwithaviewtosavingmembersofthepublicthetroubleoffruitlessenquiry.LondonTelephoneDirecty10Comparethefollowingtwopassagescommentonthedegreeoffmality.AI’macollegeprof
47、ess.AsacommunicationsspecialistItrainstudentstobecomemesensitiveawareofinterpersonalcommunication—symbolicbehaviuseofwdsaswellasnonverbalbehavi.Itrytoignitesymbolsinyourmindsowecancometoapointofagreementonlanguage.Thisis
48、aninvisibleindustry.SincetheSecondWldWarwe’vestrongteachersinthisdiscipline.B(ThepassageisaparodyofthespeechstyleofanAmericanpoliticianonceapresidentialadviser.)Myongoingadvisationalcapacityhavingbeenterminalisedpresiden
49、tiallyIwishtosubmitmyapplicationisednotificationfimmediateconsiderationalverification.QualificationallymyrecentpolicalisationalexperiencehassuitabilizedmeftheEditshipoftheNSbothinliterarymanipulativenesssocioeconomiclogi
50、sticstherebyensuringfinancialviability.Myaimwouldbetheimmediateterminalisationofreadershipfalloutbycontentamendmentthroughextremeconservation….“WeekendCompetition”NewStatesmanComparativelyspeakingBismuchmefmalthanAthough
51、botharefmalinasense.Aislessfmalbecausethespeakerusesshtsentencesafairptionofcommonwds.Butthereareprofessionaljargons.Itiswellplannedlogical.Biswritteninprofessionaljargonsrelatingtothespeaker’sprofessionasapolitician’sad
52、viser.MostofthecontentwdsareLatinatelearnedwhichmakethewritingveryfmaldifficulttoprocess.8單元1WhatfunctionsdoeslanguageserveinsocialactivitiesLanguageservesanumberoffunctionsinsocialactivities.Linguistshavecomeupwithdiffe
53、rentnumbersoffunctions.Thewidelyacceptedfunctionsare:referentialexpressiveconativephaticmetalinguisticpoetic.2WhatfunctionsdoesanewspaperserveAnewspaperhastwomainfunctions:togiveinfmationtoreflectshapeguidepublicopinion.
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