森林病蟲害防治的基本原則(英文版)

1、OBJECTIVES OF FOREST INSECT MANAGEMENT At the end of this section students should be able to:Have an understanding of the following ecological processes, concepts and pest management strategies.The dynamic

2、 events associated with forest succession and the role of forest insects in the process.The basic differences between forest insect management on federal forest lands versus on private lands.The mortality quotient an

3、d the concept of economic damage.The different insect pest management strategies including mechanical and physical control, chemical control, biological control, and some alternative methods of insect control.The kin

4、ds of insecticides used in applied control and the different formulations of those chemicals.The basic differences between density dependent and density independent control.,Principles of Forest Insect Pest Management

5、,Hickory Horned Devil,Regal Moth - adult of HickoryHorned Devil,Philosophy of Forest Management1) Federal/State/County Lands2) Industrial and Private Forestry,Philosophy of Forest ManagementFederal/State/Gove

6、rnment Lands: Focus on Ecosystem PreservationApproaches:Establish forest preservesLong rotationsEncourage recreation useProtect biodiversityProtect endangered species,Philosophy of Forest ManagementIndustrial

7、 and Private Lands: Focus on Intensive ForestryApproaches:Genetic ImprovementShort rotationsThinning and pruningNew technology in wood utilization and harvesting,Long Range Forest Management GoalsFederal Fore

8、stry:Maintaining Forest HealthIndustrial and Private Forestry:Protecting Investments,Ecological Roles of Insects:Herbivores – Defoliators – Gypsy mothPredators – Checker beetles – MantidsPrey – Southern Pine

9、Beetles, AphidsDetritivores – termites, borersVectors – Elm beetles & DEDPollinators,What is a pest?Pest status depends on population levels economic factors &objectives of stand. (It is not your youn

10、ger sibling),Some Review Terms:Equilibrium Position - The average population level of an insect species (EP).Economic Threshold - The population level at which management action should be taken to prevent the pest fr

11、om reaching the economic injury level (ET).Economic Injury Level - The lowest number of insects that will cause economic damage (EIL).Economic Damage - The amount of pest-caused damage that justifies the cost of appl

12、ying pest control measures (ED).,Some Insects are never economic pests - the Equilibrium position (EP) is below the economic threshold (ET) or Economic Injury level (EIL) Example: Eastern Tent caterpillar,Some insect

13、s are occasional pests and must be controlled at ET or they will reach EIL.Example: Spruce budworm, Douglas-fir Tussock Moth,Some insects are regular and serious pests – the Equilibrium position (EP) is above EIL all

14、the time unless steps are taken to keep them low.Example: Seed and cone moths in seed orchards,Economic considerations in PestManagement include:Value of crop2) Cost of control 3) Pest status - depends on poin

15、t of view,Approaches to Pest Management:Mechanical ControlChemical ControlBiological ControlIntegrated Pest Management,1)Mechanical Control:Fly swatters,1) Mechanical Control:,Fly swatters,Salvage logging,Sani

16、tation,Water treatment of cut logs,Kiln drying of lumber,2) Chemical Control:Effects on insects and humans,Characteristics of Pesticides:,Specificity – range of action,Persistence – how long does it last?,Toxicity – How

17、 dangerous?,Measures of Toxicity,LD 50 – dose (mg/kg) lethal to50% of test population - Oral or Dermal,Pesticides are poisons!,“Everyday Toxins”,Acute oral LD 50’s (mg/kg),* For a 170 lb. male,Mode of Action of Pesticid

18、es:,Stomach Poisons – Bacillus thuringiensis,Contact Poisons - Malathion,Systemics - Temik,Fumigants – Methyl bromide,Repellents – N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide,Attractants – fire ant baits,Insecticide Chemical Groups:,Nico

19、tine – tobacco plantsPyrethrum - chrysanthemumsRotenone – tropical Derris plants,Characteristics: Quick knock downShort residual timeExpensive,a) Botanicals,b) Organochlorines - also called Chlorinated h

20、ydrocarbonsDDTMethoxychlorLindaneChlordaneAldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin,Characteristics:Generally have long residueToxicity varies greatly,c) Organophosphates - Malathion, ParathionAll are Cholinestera

21、se Inhibitors,Characteristics: Generally very effective Toxicity varies greatly - (Oral LD 50 Malathion 1375, Parathion 2 mg/kg) Short residual,CholinesteraseInhibition,d) Carbamates: carbyaryl (S

22、evin) or carbofuran (furdan)*Cholinesterase Inhibitors,Characteristics:Generally quite effectiveGenerally less toxic than OPCarbofuran is exception - Oral LD 50 8 mg/kgResidual limited, but longer than OP,e)Sy

23、nthetic Pyrethroids Ambush, Warrior T, Pounce,Characteristics:Much more effective than natural PryrethrumUsed at very low ratesRelatively safe - LD50 about 250 mg/kgResistance by insects has become a serious probl

24、em,Formulation and Application of Insecticides:SpraysDustsWettable Powders (WP)Emulsifiable concentrates (EC)Ultra low volume sprays (ULV),Pesticide SafetyKeep away from childrenRead the LabelLegal contract

25、 between the user, the producer and the State and Federal GovernmentsRemember – these are poisons!,Insect Growth Regulators:Development Juvenile Hormone (JH) Methoprene.Synthetic ecdysone interferes with normal de

26、velopmentCuticle formation - Diflubenzuron disrupts cuticle formation, inhibits molting process,Behavioral chemicals = semiochemicalsPheromones = chemicals used forcommunication within speciesSex PheromonesA

27、ggregation pheromonesAnti-aggregation pheromones,Behavioral chemicals = semiochemicalsSpecific insect pheromones collected, analyzed and synthesized.Synthetic pheromone impregnated into rubber septum.Wendell Roe

28、l of (Cornell University)did much of the pioneering work in this field.,,Pheromone may be used in insect control and pest management:1. Detection and monitoring2. Trap outs – Protection3. Attracticides4. Confusa

29、nts,1. Detection and monitoring: Turf beetle,2. Trap outs /Protection: German Bark beetles,3. Attracticides: pheromone plusinsecticide Insects are attracted to the material and killed. Many ants are killed in thi

30、s manner; Amdro, etc.,4. Confusants: German Grape berry Moth,Biological Control:a)Action of natural enemiesb)Predatorsc)Parasites (Parasitoids)d)Pathogens,Biological Control:Usually density dependent - the

31、percentage of hosts killed increases with population densityIn contrast, natural control factors (like weather) are density independentKill the same percentage of the pests regardless of population density,Native and

32、 Introduced biological control agentsPredators – Preying mantidsLady bird beetles (ladybugs)Lacewing larvae and adultsGround beetles,Lacewingadult,Preyingmantid,Lady bird beetle(ladybug),Larva eating ap

33、hids,Parasitoids –Chalcid waspsCynipid waspsIchneumonid waspsNumerous Diptera,,Value of Parasitoids vs. PredatorsParasitoidsGenerally very host specificWell synchronized with host biologyPredatorsNot host s

34、pecific, can switch prey when food is scarcePopulations do not die out when one prey is gone,PathogensBacteria – Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt Controls many insect pestsFungi – Entomophthorales spp. Infects Gypsy Moth

35、larvaViruses NPV – Nuclear Polyhydrosis virus (Gypsy Moth & other larva). GV Granulosis Virus (Douglas-fir Tussock Moth)Protoza – Nosema – Fall Webworm,Approaches to Biological ControlImportation from other coun

36、triesConservation that protect habitats of any biocontrol agents that may be presentEnhancement: Artificial rearing of agent for release to increase or “enhance” existing biocontrol populations,Advantages of Biologic

37、al ControlControl is self-perpetuatingControl is selective and density dependentDoes not create new problems - normally,Disadvantages of Biological ControlNot effective against Direct Pestswhere any damage is u

38、nacceptableSome level of damage occurs and must be acceptableMust be implemented over large areasMay take years to become effective,Other Approaches to Insect Control:Host Resistance-- Preference/non-preferenc

39、e –Antibiosis –Tolerance -,Other Approaches to Insect Control:Legislative Control:Laws made to prevent entry or spread of pests. Quarantine against pine shoot borer.,Integrated Forest Pest Management,“The combi

40、nation of all suitabletechniques to reduce or manipulatepest populations so that they remain below economically important levels”,,Questions to for Principals of Forest Insect Management:1) What are the basic diffe

41、rences in management philosophy between those in Federal forestry and the private forestry companies?2) Why is control of seed orchard pests so important? Why is the approach used in seed orchards said to be similar t

42、o pest management in agriculture?3) What are the basic approaches to pest management used in forestry?4) What are the basic characteristics of commonly used insecticides?5) What is the LD 50 of a pesticide?6) Wha

43、t is the basic mode of action of the organophosphate and carbamate insecticides?7) What are semiochemicals and how can they be used in forest pest management?8) What is the difference between density dependent and de

44、nsity independent pest control?9) What type of biological agent was used in the control program of the larch casebearer? Would you characterize this as a program of introduction, conservation or enhancement?10) Why

45、is Bacillus thuringensis used so often in control of forest Lepidoptera?11) What are the basic types of viruses used in control of forest pests?12) Explain why biological control agents are not effective at eradicati