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1、外文資料 外文資料原文 原文Clutch Common ProblemsFrom the 1950s to the 1970s, you could count on getting between 50,000 and70,000 miles from your car's clutch. Clutches can now last for more than 80,000 milesif you use them gentl

2、y and maintain them well. If not cared for, clutches can start tobreak down at 35,000 miles. Trucks that are consistently overloaded or that frequentlytow heavy loads can also have problems with relatively new clutches.T

3、he most common problem with clutches is that the friction material on the discwears out. The friction material on a clutch disc is very similar to the friction materialon the pads of a disc brake or the shoes of a drum b

4、rake -- after a while, it wears away.When most or all of the friction material is gone, the clutch will start to slip, andeventually it won't transmit any power from the engine to the wheels.The clutch only wears whi

5、le the clutch disc and the flywheel are spinning atdifferent speeds. When they are locked together, the friction material is held tightlyagainst the flywheel, and they spin in sync. It's only when the clutch disc is

6、slippingagainst the flywheel that wearing occurs. So, if you are the type of driver who slips theclutch a lot, you'll wear out your clutch a lot faster.Sometimes the problem is not with slipping, but with sticking. I

7、f your clutchwon't release properly, it will continue to turn the input shaft. This can cause grinding,or completely prevent your car from going into gear. Some common reasons a clutchmay stick are:Broken or stretche

8、d clutch cable - The cable needs the right amount oftension to push and pull effectively. Leaky or defective slave and/or master clutch cylinders - Leaks keep thecylinders from building the necessary amount of pressure.

9、Air in the hydraulic line - Air affects the hydraulics by taking up space thefluid needs to build pressure. Misadjusted linkage - When your foot hits the pedal, the linkage transmits thewrong amount of force. Mismatched

10、clutch components - Not all aftermarket parts work with your1外文資料 外文資料原文 原文European vehicle recycling laws are making carmakers that sell cars in Europe take more responsibility for the effect their vehicles Honda and Mi

11、tsubishi are the latest to develop new materials.Recycling the metal that makes up majority of the vehicle is not the hardest pert; the plastics plastics present a far greater challenge. Interiors pose a particular recyc

12、ling problem as they use a lot of plastics.Honda has developed a plant-based fabric with excellent durability and resistance to sunlight for use a surface material in automobile interiors.Bio-fabrics are the most likely

13、solution as they are derived from plants that absorb carbon dioxide ad they grow. When vehicle is scrapped and the fabrics incinerated, only some of the released carbon dioxide has come from a fossil source.Despite this

14、benefit, plant-based fabrics have not yet been used commercially for automobile interiors. Interior quality is too important to take risks with and there have been concerns about the limited durability and aesthetics of

15、biomaterials.Honda says it has a fabric that can overcome these issues, achieving a soft and smooth material appropriate for the surface of automobile interiors. It has high durability and its color does not fade after p

16、rolonged exposure to sunlight.Honda will use the material for seats, the interior surface of doors, roof linings and for floor mats. Series production is still some way off , however. The firm will install the bio-fabric

17、 interiors in 2009 in a fuel cell vehicle and then expand the application.The bio-fabric’s basic material is a polyester called polypropylene terephthalate (PPT). PPT is produced through the polymerization of propaneiol,

18、 which is produced from corn and terephthalic acid, a petroleum-based component.In order to improve the fabric’s stability, Honda has applied a multi-thread structure for the fiber. “The fiber is very flexible, achieving

19、 unprecedented aesthetic properties,” says Honda.The bio-fabric does not require changes to existing fabric production processes and is suitable for mass production .Using it instead of the traditional petroleum-based po