[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]---公共事業(yè)管理外文翻譯--老年人居家護(hù)理服務(wù)社會(huì)福利、利潤(rùn)及扶貧商業(yè)模式

1、中文 中文 7500 字,4250 單詞， 單詞，21500 英文字符 英文字符出處： 出處：Mandal K S. Home Based Care Service for the Aged: A Business Model of Social Welfare, Profit and Poverty Alleviation[J]. Indian Journal of Gerontology, 2013.Home Based Care

2、 Service for the Aged: A Business Model of Social Welfare, Profit and Poverty AlleviationKalyan Sankar MandalABSTRACTThe present study conducted in Kolkata city, shows, how outside any government effort, purely on priv

3、ate business initiative, care service for the aged and employment for the marginalised women were made possible. This brings out a social welfare role of business which is not commonly associated with business. The tot

4、al sample of the study was 475: ayahs (N=300), ayah centre owners (N=60), and a knowledgeable member of the households using ayah service and/or the aged person (N=115). The data was collected by using of interview sch

5、edules. It was found that in the process of earning profit by providing ayahs (women service providers) for home based care for the aged, the ayah centres not only ensure a steady and reliable care service for the aged

6、, to the families in the need of such services, they also empower vulnerable women (ayahs) by providing them an earning that enables their needy families to survive. Key Words: Home based care service for the aged; Pro

7、fit, poverty alleviation and social welfare; Business model.Business earns a profit while providing goods and services for the members of the society. It contributes to the growth of economy,provides employme

8、nt and earning to the members of the society. However, profit maximisation being the primary goal, business is not normally expected to focus on ‘social welfare’. Of course, this does not mean that business is complete

9、ly devoid of playing any welfare role. There are claims of welfare role of business from various schools. For instance, the father of capitalism like Adam Smith argued that the individual pursuit of self-interest (thro

10、ugh business) helps the entire society to prosper. From narrow self-interest comes, to use Smith’s (1937) famous phrase, “greatest good of the greatest number of people.” On the other end, there exist the school profe

11、ssing Corporate Social Responsibility - business ‘should’ do well to the society. And in- between, there is a school of ‘eradicating poverty through profits’ by serving ‘the Bottom of the Pyramid’ (Prahlad 2005). The mo

12、st recent and powerful proponent of humanitarian role of business is the concept of ‘social business’, articulated by Yunus (2008) which unlike profit maximising business, primarily aims at serving a social cause in a

13、self-sustaining manner through business on a cost recovery basis or more.Social welfare, on the other hand, is considered as the primary responsibility of the state. However, the extent and the nature of welfare servic

14、e to be provided by the state vary depending on the political ideology subscribed by a particular state. For instance, a socialist state is supposed to meet all the needs, inclusive of welfare needs, of its citizens. A

15、 capitalist state is expected to provide welfare services to the most vulnerable section of the society who fails to take the opportunities provided by the market. In a welfare state, the sate takes the main responsibi

16、lity of meeting the welfare needs of its citizens (Williams, 1989). Non-government organizations also play a role in providing social welfare services. However, they operate on a limited scale and their role is seconda

17、ry to state’s role. It is under such backdrop, the present paper, documents an example of a business which, in the process of earning profit, serves a highly needed social welfare service and in the process alleviates

18、poverty of a vulnerable section of the society.Among the various functions performed by the family, taking care of the aged is important one. With the progress of industrialization and urbanisation many functions tr

19、aditionally performed by the family are moving away from the family to other agencies. Providing care service to the aged is one such function which is in the process of moving away from the family to outside agency ev

20、en in a non- western society like India. Breaking away of the Indian joint family system has added to this process. Because of the emergence of nuclear family and small family norm, often aged persons are in a situatio

21、n to live on their own, away from their children or other younger family members – devoid of the presence of someone in the family to look after them. Secondly, as per with the global trend life expectancy is increasin

22、g in India, particularly among the upwardly mobile middle class and upper classes due to availability of improved medical treatment and improvement in standard of living. However, as people are surviving longer, the qu

23、ality of life at the very old days of survival, calls for greater demand of caregiver’s service. Even when they live with their children, son, daughter-in-law or daughter, son-in-law or other younger members of the fam

24、ily, often being pre-occupied with the demand of their job, may not be available to provide the type of care service needed particularly for by them were:a) Do not have anyone to look after me (54%), As my children res

25、ide in their place of work somewhere else, there is no one to look after me (13%), My health condition requires continuous monitoring and family members lack time and capability for that (13%) My wife is too old and p

26、hysically not capable to look after me (5%) and other reasons (15%). A somewhat tragic reality of urbanisation is revealed in these responses. The main reason is that no one in the family is available to look after the

27、 aged.Another related question asked was- what was the reasons for hiring ayah from the ayah centre and not opting for some other arrangements?. It was reported (see Table 1) that an important value addition that ayah

28、centres brought in providing care to the aged is safe and secure care service. Safe in the sense that, ayah centres are supposed to check the background information of the ayahs in terms of their place of residence (by

29、 checking their voter identification card or other residential address proof) and other credentials and also supposed to take some responsibility in terms of safety (theft etc.). Another important point that was mentio

30、ned by some beneficiary households is that ayah centres are capable of providing undisrupted care service for the aged. In case of absence of a particular ayah or discontinuation of any particular ayah, ayah centres pr

31、ovide immediate replacement which is very much essential for the aged who requires continuous care service. Where 24 hours care and monitoring is needed the ayahs are hired for day and night shifts and an ayah is suppo

32、sed to leave the place of work only after handing over the charge of the aged to another ayah. Additionally, some felt that the ayahs from ayah centre are more efficient in providing care to the aged as they get experi

33、enced in taking care of the aged in the job.Finally, to a question ‘Are they satisfied with the ayah service?’99 per cent of the beneficiary households reported that they are satisfied with the services provided by the

34、 ayah.In summing up, the findings presented in this section, it may be said that in the small nuclear families of urban India, often besides old persons, other adult family members are away in their place of work durin

35、g the day or other members reside somewhere else. Thus, those families are not in a position to attend the aged member of the family who requires constant care and supervision. The ayah centres have emerged as a boon u

36、nder such situation providing reliable service to the lonely old members of those families. Thus, ayah centres are performing a very valuable social welfare function in our society enabling them to remain in the family

37、 and saving them from the isolation of old age homes. This is a valuable reprieve for the families availing the service of ayah centres.This section depicted the loneliness of the life of the aged in small urban nuclear

38、 families. It may be pointed out here that the ayah’s service primarily takes care of meeting the physical dependency need of the aged – which in itself is a great thing. But the mental deficiency of the lonely living

39、of the aged need to be addressed, which cannot be fulfilled by just providing home based care giver service of the ayahs. Secondly, there is an important issue of affordability to arrange for home based care service f

40、or the aged, which needs to be addressed. ProfitThis section describes the ayah centre business focusing on the socio-economic background of the ayah centre owners and the type of profit they make from this business.It