托福tpo閱讀48文本

1、托福 托福 TPO 閱讀 閱讀 48 文本 文本+題目 題目+答案下載 答案下載Chinese Population GrowthIncreases in population have usually been accompanied (indeed facilitated) by an increase in trade. In the Western experience, commerce provided the condit

2、ions that allowed industrialization to get started, which in turn led to growth in science, technology, industry, transport, communications, social change, and the like that we group under the broad term of “development.

3、” However, the massive increase in population that in Europe was at first attributed to industrialization starting in the eighteenth century occurred also and at the same period in China, even though there was no compara

4、ble industrialization.It is estimated that the Chinese population by 1600 was close to 150 million. The transition between the Ming and Qing dynasties (the seventeenth century) may have seen a decline, but from 1741 to 1

5、851 the annual figures rose steadily and spectacularly, perhaps beginning with 143 million and ending with 432 million. If we accept these totals, we are confronted with a situation in which the Chinese population double

6、d in the 50 years from 1790 to 1840. If, with greater caution, we assume lower totals in the early eighteenth century and only 400 million in 1850, we still face a startling fact: something like a doubling of the vast Ch

7、inese population in the century before Western contact, foreign trade, and industrialization could have had much effect.To explain this sudden increase we cannot point to factors constant in Chinese society but must find

8、 conditions or a combination of factors that were newly effective in this period. Among these is the almost complete internal peace maintained under Manchu rule during the eighteenth century. There was also an increase i

9、n foreign trade through Guangzhou (southern China) and some improvement of transportation within the empire. Control of disease, like the checking of smallpox by variolation may have been important. But of most critical

10、importance was the food supply.Confronted with a multitude of unreliable figures, economists have compared the population records with the aggregate data for cultivated land area and grain production in the six centuries

11、 since 1368. Assuming that China’s population in increase in population that in Europe was at first attributed to industrialization starting in the eighteenth century occurred also and at the same period in China, even t

12、hough there was no comparable industrialization.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways

13、or leave out essential information.A. Commerce, industrialization, and development are common features of the Westernexperience.B. Trade, industrialization, and development accelerated social change in Western societies.

14、C. Trade and industrialization brought about development in Western societies.D. In Western societies, social change provided the conditions for development in a number of areas.2. The word “attributed” in the passage is

15、 closest in meaning toA. accustomedB. creditedC. exposedD. transformedParagraph 1 and Paragraph 2Increases in population have usually been accompanied (indeed facilitated) by an increase in trade. In the Western experien

16、ce, commerce provided the conditions that allowed industrialization to get started, which in turn led to growth in science, technology, industry, transport, communications, social change, and the like that we group under

17、 the broad term of “development.” However, the massive increase in population that in Europe was at first attributed to industrialization starting in the eighteenth century occurred also and at the same period in China,

18、even though there was no comparable industrialization.It is estimated that the Chinese population by 1600 was close to 150 million. The transition between the Ming and Qing dynasties (the seventeenth century) may have se