簡介：制造執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)MANUFACTURINGEXECUTIONSYSTEM，MES是位于上層計(jì)劃管理系統(tǒng)與底層工業(yè)控制之間的面向車間生產(chǎn)的管理信息系統(tǒng)。它能夠?yàn)檐囬g管理人員提供生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃的執(zhí)行、跟蹤以及相關(guān)資源的當(dāng)前狀態(tài)信息，對生產(chǎn)過程進(jìn)行監(jiān)控，保證生產(chǎn)的有序進(jìn)行。制造執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)在企業(yè)計(jì)劃管理層與車間底層控制之間架起了一座橋梁，填補(bǔ)了企業(yè)計(jì)劃管理層和底層控制之間的“鴻溝”，是面向車間生產(chǎn)管理和控制的一種有效方法。航空制造數(shù)控車間目前急需解決管理透明化和生產(chǎn)敏捷化問題。而MES系統(tǒng)是針對這些問題提出的一種先進(jìn)管理理念，通過對生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場的實(shí)時(shí)化管理，提高車間的應(yīng)變能力和管理水平，解決目前航空制造車間生產(chǎn)管理中的諸多問題。本文首先介紹了MES的概念、框架模型、國內(nèi)外發(fā)展?fàn)顩r，結(jié)合航空制造業(yè)數(shù)控車間的特點(diǎn)，對MES在航空制造業(yè)數(shù)控車間管理中的作用、功能組成、體系結(jié)構(gòu)等問題進(jìn)行研究。通過上述對數(shù)控車間MES的研究，以M公司數(shù)控車間為背景，對MES系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)分析與建模，構(gòu)建了具體的十個(gè)子系統(tǒng)，運(yùn)用ASP、C＃、ACLE等開發(fā)語言和開發(fā)工具，建立了一套BS與CS相結(jié)合的數(shù)控車間MES系統(tǒng)，開發(fā)了生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃調(diào)度管理、人力資源管理、設(shè)備維護(hù)管理等七個(gè)子系統(tǒng)。系統(tǒng)測試表明該系統(tǒng)在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用情況良好，實(shí)現(xiàn)了網(wǎng)上交互操作，達(dá)到了預(yù)期效果，為航空制造業(yè)數(shù)控車間MES做出了有效的探索。

簡介：中國海洋大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文山東航空公司貨運(yùn)業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究姓名李霄峰申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)企業(yè)管理指導(dǎo)教師仲偉林20070603坐查塾窒壘望望壅些墨壟星些墮翌塞STUDYONDEVELOPINGSTRATEGIESOFSHANDONGAIRLINES’CARGOBUSINESSABSTRACTTHECURRENTAIRCARGODEVELOPMENT’STENDENCYISVIGOROUSNOWADAYS，ALLAIRLINESAREADJUSTINGTHEIRMANAGINGSTRATEGIESINABUNDANCE，ENTRUSTINGWITHTHECARGOBUSINESSDEVELOPMENTTHEIMPORTANTSTRATEGICSTATUSSEVERALDOMESTICSPECIALIZEDAIRCARGOCOMPANIESHAVEBEENESTABLISHEDONEAFTERANOTHERATTHESANLETIME，INTERNATIONALAIRCARGOGIANTSHASTENTOGROUNDCHINASEIZINGTHEMARKETSHAREUNDERSOCOMPLEXANDCOMPETITIVEENVKONMANLHOWDOESTHESHANDONGAIRLINESDAADAPTHERMARKETTOTHEDEMANDOFTHEAIRCARGO，PROMPTLYADJUSTHERCARGOBUSINESSSTRATEGIES，ANDFINDOUTAWAYTHATCONFORMSTOTHEENTERPRISE’SOWNCHARACTERISTICSTHISISANIMPORTANTTASKWEHAVETOFACETHISARTICLECOMBINESTHEORETICALRESEARCHANDSDAAIRCARGO，WHILEENRICHINGANDIMPROVINGTHETHEORYINPRACTICETHESTUDYRESULTSOFTHISARTICLEHAVEPRACTICALSIGNIFICANCETOTHEBUSINESSDEVELOPMENTOFTHESDAAIRCARGO，ANDALSOACERTAINREFERENCEFORTLLEOPERATIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFDOMESTICENTERPRISES，ESPECIALLYSINAILANDMEDIUMSIZEDAIRCOMPANIESTHEARTICLEANALYZESTHECURRENTSITUATIONOFCHINATSAIRCARGOENVIRONMENT，POINTINGOUTTHATCHINA’SAIRCARGOISFACEDWITHATREMENDOUSCHALLENGEANDAGOODOPPORTUNITYFORDEVELOPMENTANDTHEN嘶THTHEANALYSISOFTHEAIRCARGOSERVICECHAINDISCUSSESTHENEWDEMANDTHATTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMODEMLOGISTICSHASFORTHEAIRLINESSERVICEABILITYITPOINTESOUTTHATTRADITIONALAIRCARGOPATTEMHASGREAT1IMITATION，SOTHEAIRLINESMUSTENHANCETHECOMPETITIVEABILITYOFTHEIRCARGOBUSINESSBYSEEKINGTHELATESTDEVELOPMENTINTHEMANAGINGPATTERNSANDMARKETCOMPETITIVENESSTHEARTICLESUMMARIZESTHECONLLNONCHARACTERISTICSWHICHLIEINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHELEADINGAIRCARGOENTERPRISES，ANDEXPLORESTHEDIRECTIONOFAIRCARGOACCORDINGTOTHEARTICLE，THECURRENTDOMESTICANDFOREIGNAIRLINESGENERALLYHAVETHREEKINDSOFMANAGINGPATTERNSFORCARGOBUSINESSBYANALYZINGANDEVALUATINGTHETHREEPATTERNSANDTHEHELPOFADVANCEDOVERSEASEXPERIENCE，THEARTICLEINDICATESTHEDEVELOPINGOFCURRENTAIRCARGOHASTHETENDENCYTOTHECOMPREHENSIVELOGISTIESTHROUGHTHESWOTANALYSISOFTHECARGOBUSINESSOFSDA，THEARTICLESTUDIESTHEADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESOFTHESDAAIRCARGOBUSINESSESANDPOINTSOUTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECARGOBUSINESSCANNOTBECONFINEDTOTHETRADITIONALMANAGINGPATTERNBUTMUSTMEETTHETENDENCYOFTHELOGISTICDEVELOPMENTHOWEVERITCANNOTBLINDLYTENDTOCOMPREHENSIVELOGISTICSBASEDONTHEPRESENTSITUATIONOFSDA，THEARTICLEPOINTSOUTTHATSDACARGOBUSINESSMUSTMETHODICALLYFLOWTHEDEVELOPMENT

簡介：中國民航大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文飛機(jī)引進(jìn)方式對航空公司財(cái)務(wù)狀況的影響研究姓名宋衛(wèi)星申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)企業(yè)管理指導(dǎo)教師章連標(biāo)20080312ABSTRACTATPRESENT，THECIVILAVIATIONTRANSPORTOFOURCOUNTRYISDEVELOPINGVERYFAST．INTHEFIRSTHALFOF2007，THETOTALTURNOVERVOLUMEOFCIVILAVIATIONTRANSPORTIS16．7BILLIONTONKILOMETERS．ITHASINCREASEDBY19。7％ASCOMPAREDWITHTHATOFLASTYEAR．SOMEEXPERTSPREDICTTHATBETWEEN2006AND2010THEANNUALGROWTHRATEOFTHETOTALTURNOVERVOLUMEISABOUT14％．ASTHEPROSPERITYOFOURCIVILAVIATIONMARKET，MOSTOFTHEAIRLINESALEPLANNINGTOBRINGINGINLOTSOFAIRCRAFTS．BUTBEHINDTHEPROSPERITY,WECALLSEETHATTHEUNREASONABLEAIRCRAFTACQUISITIONMODEHASBROUGHTMANYPROBLEMS，WHICHEFFECTEDTHEAIRLINESFINANCIALCONDITIONANDOPERATINGEFFICIENCY．AIRCRAFTISTHEMAINFIXEDASSETSOFAIRLINES，ITTAKESALOTOFFUND．THEREARETHREEMODEOFAIRCRAFTACQUISITION，WHICHISPURCHASE，F(xiàn)INANCIALLEASEANDOPERATINGLEASE．DIFFERENTMODEHASDIFFERENTEFFECTONFINANCIALCONDITIONOFAIRLINES．INTHISPAPER，THEAUTHORDEEPLYSTUDIESTHEEFFECTOFAIRCRAFTACQUISITIONMODEONAIRLINESFINANCIALCONDITION，INORDERTHATPROVIDESSOMETHEORETICALBASEONUSINGREASONABLEAIRCRAFTACQUISITIONMODETOIMPROVEAIRLINES’FINANCIALCONDITION．THISPAPERINTENDSTOFORMULATEAQUALITATIVEANDQUANTITATIVEMETHOD．FIRSTOFALL，CALCULATESTHESTANDARDFINANCIALRATIOOFAIRTRANSPORTATIONINDUSTRY,ANDTHENUSESTHISASABASISFORCOMPARISONANALYZINGAIRLINESFINANCIALCONDITIONOFOURCOUNTRY．SECONDLY，ANALYZESTHEEFFECTOFAIRCRAFTACQUISITIONMODEONFINANCIALSTATEMENTITEMS．THEN，USESAHPTOEVALUATETHEINFLUENCEOFAIRCRAFTACQUISITIONMODEONFINANCIALCONDITION．FINALLY,USESCASEANALYSIS，GIVENSOMEADVICEONFINANCIALCONDITIONIMPROVEMENT．KEYWORDSAIRCRAFTACQUISITION，F(xiàn)INANCIALCONDITION，F(xiàn)INANCIALRATIO，OPTIMIZATIONSOLUTIONII

簡介：南京航空航天大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文航空貨運(yùn)收益管理姓名趙坤申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)交通運(yùn)輸規(guī)劃與管理指導(dǎo)教師徐月芳20070301航空貨運(yùn)收益管理IIABSTRACTWITHTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFGLOBALAIRCARGOINDUSTRYGREATCHALLENGEWOULDBEEMERGEDINFRONTOFOURCOUNTRYITISONLYTHROUGHUSINGTHEMETHODOLOGYOFREVENUEMANAGEMENTTOSAVINGCOSTCOULDDOMESTICAIRLINECOMPANYSTRENGTHENMARKETCOMPETITIONKEEPPACEWITHTHENEWDEVELOPMENTSOFTHEWLDREVENUEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMISAMETHODOLOGYWHICHISMANAGINGINCOMESINPURPOSETOCAPTURINGTHEGREATESTRETURNSUSINGMULTIPLETECHNOLOGIESTHATINCLUDECLASSICALMICROCOSMICECONOMICSPROBABILITYSTATISTICSOPERATIONSRESEARCHPREDICTDECISIONMAKINGREVENUEMANAGEMENTISDEDICATEDINREALIZINGPROFITABLEPRICETHROUGHSELLINGGREATPRODUCTIONTOPROPERCUSTOMERINRIGHTTIMERECENTLYMEMEENTERPRISESHAVEBEENCONSCIOUSOFTHEIMPTANCEIMPERATIVENESSOFREVENUEMANAGEMENTINTHEFIELDOFAIRCARGOWITHTHEDRAMATICALLYDEVELOPMENTOFTHEGLOBALAIRCARGOINDUSTRYTHEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYISTOIMPROVETHELEVELOFAIRCARGOREVENUEMANAGEMENTTHATISINPROPOSINGARELATEDMODELTOANALYZEAIRCARGOREVENUEMANAGEMENTITISSHOWTHATWITHTHEUSEOFPROPEROPERATIONALSTRUCTURALMEASURESITISPOSSIBLETOACCOMMODATETHEMAXIMUMPROFITASPECTSOFTHETHESISTOUCHEDONFIRSTINTRODUCETHEACTERISTICOFDOMESTICAIRCARGOINDUSTRYREVENUEMANAGEMENTOFAIRCARGOSYSTEMFOLLOWINGTHISWEPRESENTANOPTIMIZATIONMETHODOLOGYTHATCANBEUSEDFDISTRIBUTINGTHECAPACITIESOFAIRCARGOTRANSPTATIONFINALLYWEPRESENTANOPTIMIZATIONSCHEMEFAPPROVINGDECISIONMAKINGOTHERWISEWEANALYZESHOWTOSECURINGPROFITABLERETURNUNDERTHECIRCUMSTANCEOFREDUCINGLOADINGCAPACITIESKEYWDSAIRCARGOREVENUEMANAGEMENTBACKTRACKINGALGITHM

簡介：工商管理碩士MBA學(xué)位論文E航空公司顧客關(guān)系營銷研究作者陵壹絲年級星QQ曼級學(xué)號星Q晝星Q墊Q墨墾指導(dǎo)教師王建愿數(shù)援定稿時(shí)間呈QQZ生墾旦西南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)ABSTRACTWITHHIGHSPEEDGROWTHOFECONOMYTHEDEEPENINGOFSCIENTIFICTECHNOLOGYJOININGTHEENTERPRISEPRODUCTIONBUSINESS，TRADITIONALMARKETINGBUSINESSHASBEENALREADYDIFFICULTTOSUITENTERPRISESENVIRONMENTS，WHICHAREFASBCHANGINGANDFULLWITHFIERCECOMPETITIONENTERPRISESNEEDTOESTABLISHALONGTIMERELATIONSHIPWHICHCANGIVESCONSIDERATIONTOALL，THUSEMERGINGANEWMARKETINGMODELRELATIONSHIPMARKETINGRELATIONSHIPMARKETINGREGARDSTHEMARKETINGOPERATIONSASANINTERACTIONPROCESSBETWEENENTERPRISESANDCONSUMERSUPPLIERDISTRIBUTORCOMPETITORGOVERNMENTALORGANIZATIONS，ANDOTHERPUBLICSECTORSCORRECTLYDEALINGWITHTHERELATIONSHIPWITHTHOSEORGANIZATIONSANDPERSONNELISTHECOREOFENTERPRISESMARKETINGANDTHEKEYTOTHE釉“C獬OFENTERPRISESOPERATIONONTHEBASISOFTHEINTERNALANDEXTERNALENVIRONMENTTHECOMPETITIVESTATUS，ANDTHEMARKETCHARACTERISTIC，THEAAIELEPRESENTSTHESYSTEMATICANALYSESANDSTUDIESOFTHECUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPMARKETINGSTRATEGYIMPLEMENTEDBYEAIRLINESTHEPURPOSEOFTHISARTICLEISTOFINDOUTAFEASIBLEIMPLEMENTARYMODEANDMETHODANDPROVIDEREFERENCEFOREAIRLINESTOSETREASONABLECUSTOMERMARKETINGSTRATEGYINTHEPROCESSOFSTUDYINGRELATIONSHIPMARKETINGSTRATEGYWHICHAIMSATBUILDINGANDFOSTERINGCUSTOMER’SLOYALTYTHISARTICLEFINALLYCOMESTOTHISCONCLUSIONSBYUSINGCO盯ELATIVERELATIONSHIPMARKETINGTHEORYINVESTIGATINGEAIRLINESDATACOMPARINGFOREIGNANDDOMESTICAIRLINESANDDISCUSSING研MMYTEAMKEYWORDAIRTRANSPORTRELATIONSHIPMARKETINGCUSTOMERLOYALTYCUSTOMERVALUECUSTOMERDIVERTINGCOST

簡介：西北大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文航天43所民品項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理應(yīng)用研究姓名黃旭申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)工商管理指導(dǎo)教師宋德安20071218TITLETHEAPPLICATIONRESEARCHOFMANAGERISKSOFTHE43RDRESEARCHINSTITUTE’SPROJECTSSPECIALTYBUSINESSADMINISTRATIONNAMEHUANGXUTUTORSONGDEAN一●SIGNATURESIGNATUREABSTRACTPROJECTRISKMANAGEMENT，ASPARTOFPROJECTMANAGEMENT，ISTHECRITICALFACTORFORTHESUCCESSOFAPROJECTINRECENTYEARS，RISKMANAGEMENTMODELBECOMESMOREANDMOREIMPORTANTINBOTHRESEARCHANDINDUSTRYFIRST，THISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEBASICCONCEPTOFPROJECTRISKMANAGEMENTITGIVESTHERISKDEFINITIONANDDEFINESTHERISKMANAGEMENTASSESSMENTMATRIXTHISPAPERALSODISCUSSESTHEMAINSOURCESOFTHEPROJECTRISKSANDSUMMARIZESTHECHARACTERISTICSOFVARIOUSRISKSTHENTHISPAPERGIVESTHEDETAILEDANALYSISOFTHERISKSINTHE43RDRESEARCHINSTITUTE’SPROJECTMANAGEMENT，IDENTIFIESTHERISKCATEGORIESANDPROPOSESASYSTEMATICRISKMANAGEMENTMECHANISMAPPLICABLETOTHE43RDRESEARCHINSTITUTE’SPROJECTS，WHICHSOLVESALLTHEISSUESINTHEPROJECTSWEINTRODUCEDANDINTEGRATEDBOTHAHPAND瞰I(xiàn)NTOTHERISKMANAGEMENTMODELOFTHE43RDRESEARCHINSTITUTE’SPROJECTSINTHERISKEVALUATIONPROCESS，AHPMODELISUSEDFIRSTTOASSESSTHEOVERALLRISKSOFTHEPROJECT，THENFTAMODELISADOPTEDTOEVALUATETHERISKSOFEACHSMALLSYSTEMSOFTHEPROJECTSINCETHISNEWRISKMANAGEMENTMODELINTEGRATESTHEADVANTAGESOFBOTHAHPANDFTA，ITGIVESMOREACCURATEANALYSISOFTHERISKSOFTHE43RDRESEARCHINSTITUTE’SPROJECTSLAST，ASAPRACTICE，WEAPPLIEDTHISMODELTOTHERISKMANAGEMENTOFTHE252KVCAVITYCOMPOSITEINSULATORPROJECTDEVELOPEDBYXI’ANGALAXYCOMPOSITEINSULATORCOLTD

簡介：中國民航大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文航空公司航線決策中的旅客需求研究姓名俞桂杰申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)企業(yè)管理指導(dǎo)教師彭語冰20070311中國民航大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文ABSTRACTAIRLINEDECISIONMAKINGISTHEPROCESSOFROUTESELECTINGMGHTPLANNINGANDCAPACITYASSIGNINGANDITCANAFFECTTHEPROFITSOFANYAILLINESDIRECTLYFURTHCRMORE，耽S既岫ONTHEAKLLNETRAVELDEMANDISTHEFOUNDATIONOFITTHEREISAFAIRAMOUNTOFLITERATUREONVARIOUSAIRTRAVELDEMANDBUTMOSTOFTHEMFOCUSONTHETRA五CFORECASTINGANDTHEMACROSCOPICALASPECTS，SUCHASTHETRS笳COFTHEWHOLECOUNTRYWHICHCANNOTSUPPORTFORAIRLINESDECISIONMAKINGEFFECTIVELYRESEARCHONAIRLINETRAVELDEMANDISNOTALWAYSAVAILABLEBUTISIMPORTANTFORAIRLINESDECISIONASFOROPERATIONALASPECTMANYDOMESTICAIRLINESCANNOTFORECASTTHEIRAIRTRANSPORTATIONDEMANDBASEDONANYSCIENTIFICMETHODOLOGYESPECIANYINTHEFORECASTINGAIRTRAVELDEMANDOFNEWPLANNINGAIRLINETHETHESISSYSTEMATICALLYREVIEWSTHEFEAMRESOFAIRLINETRAVELDEMANDALSODEMONSTRATESOMC自CCO哐STHATPLAYIMPORTANTROLESONITBASEDONAIRTRANSPORTATIONFATONOMICS，MARKETFORECASTANDMULTIVARIABLESTATISTICALANALYSISANDTHELIKETHEORIESTHETHESISESTABLISHESTHEINDEXSYSTEMABOUTAIRLINETRAVELDEMANDANDTHENPUTSFORWARDTHEGREYFORECASTINGMODELANDCROSSSECTIONALREGRESSIONMODELTOFORECASTTHEDEMANDFORTHEOPERATIONALAIRLINEANDN州PLANNINGAIRLINESEPARATELYHTHEENDITTAKESDOMESTICAIRLINESFORCONCRETEEVIDENCERESEARCHTHECONCLUSIONSHOWSTHATTHETHEORETICALMODELSAREHASGREATTHEORETICALSIGNIFICANCEANDPRACTICALVALUEFORANYAIRLINESTOMAKEITSOPERATIONALDECISIONSSCIENTIFICALLYKEYWORDSAIRLINES，AIRLINEDECISIONMAKING，DEMANDFORECAST，MULTIVARIABLESTATISTICALANALYSISII

簡介：中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院碩士學(xué)位論文航空運(yùn)輸企業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理及防范措施研究姓名蘇淑玲申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)農(nóng)業(yè)推廣農(nóng)村與區(qū)域發(fā)展指導(dǎo)教師王東陽20071001ABSTRACTRISKISAPOSSIBILITYOFLOSSESHAPPENINGUNDERCERTAINCIRCUMSTANCEINCERTAINPERIODOFTIME。RISKISCOMPOSEDOFRISKFACTORS，RISKACCIDENTSANDRISKLOSSES。INOTHERWORDS，ITREFERSTOTHEDISTANCEBETWEENOUREXPECTEDGOALSANDTHEOUTPUTINTHEENDWITHINACERTAINTIME。AVIATIONTRANSPORTATIONCOMPANYRISKMAINLYCONSISTSOFSYSTEMATICALRISKBUSINESSRISKSAFETYRISKFINANCERISKANDBANKINGRISK，SYSTEMATICALRISKOFAVIATIONTRANSPORTATIONCOMPANYISCAUSEDBYCHANGESOFPOLITICSECONOMYANDLAWBUSINESSRISKOFAVIATIONTRANSPORTATIONCOMPANYISAKINDOFUNCERTAINTYINRUNNINGCOMPANYTHESTABILITYOFDEMAND，TICKETPRICECOSTOFUNITCHANGE，ANDTHEPERCENTAGEOFFIXEDCOSTAREITSMAINCAUSESSAFETYRISKOFAVIATIONTRANSPORTATIONCOMPANYISTHATHUMANEXISTINGSTATEWITHOUTBEINGAFFECTEDBYOUTSIDEHARMFULELEMENTSANDGUARANTEECONDITIONSFINANCERISKOFAVIATIONTRANSPORTATIONCOMPANYISTHEFUNDMOVEMENTINBUSINESSOPERATION，WHICHINCLUDESTHERISKSFACINGINRAISINGFUNDS，F(xiàn)INANCINGANDINVESTMENTANDBANKINGRISKOFAVIATIONTRANSPORTATIONCOMPANYISFUTUREPROFITSDEPENDINGONTHECHANGEOFFINANCIALCONDITIONSTHERISKMANAGEMENTOFAVIATIONTRANSPORTATIONCOMPANYCALLBECARRIEDOUTBYRECOGNIZINGITASSESSINGITPROTECTINGANDCONTROLLINGITSETTINGUPAPERFECTRISKPREVENTINGSYSTEMANDINFORMATIONNETWORKOFRISKDOINGINTIMEFORECASTANDPREVENTIONMAKINGPLANSTOAVOIDRISKSINPRACTICALSITUATIONS，ANDDIVERTINGRISKTHROUGHCONTROLLINGRISKUNITTEDUCECOMPREHENSIVERISKSOASTOENLARGEPROFITSANDAVOIDRISKCRISISTOTHEMINIMUMRISKMANAGEMENTMECHANISMISAKEYPARTOFCOMPANYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMONLYBYCOMBININGITWITHTHEBASICSTRUCTUREOFCOMPANYANDMELTINGINPRODUCINGACTIVITIES，ANDBECOMINGTHECOREPARTOFTHECOMPANYCANRISKMANAGEMENTWORKWELLRISKMANAGEMENTISATREASUREWHICHCANNOTONLYPERISHTHERISKBUTALSOCONTROLANDDIMINISHRISKWHICHWILLBRINGWAVESTOCOMPANYRUNNINGTHEESSENCEOFOVERALLRISKMANAGEMENTISNOTABOLISHINGRISKBUTLEARNINGTOBEARRISKREASONABLELYBRAVELYSTRATEGICALLYBYLEARNINGTOSUMMARIZEANDPRACTISECOMPARATIVELYPRACTICALANDSCIENTIFICRISKASSESSMENTSTANDARD，WHICHISTOSEIZECHANCES，REDUCELOSSES，SOLVECRISIS，ANDCONTROLTHEUNCERTAINFACTORSWITHINACCEPTABLERANGEASWORLDECONOMYGIOBALIZATIONANDTHEGRADUALOPENINGTOTHEWORLDAVIATIONTRANSPORTATIONMARKETOURDOMESTICAVIATIONTRANSPORTATIONDOESNOTONLYHAVETOTAKEPARTINTHEINTENSECOMPETITION，BUTALSONEEDTOFACEVARIOUSRISKSANDTRIALS。HOWTOIMPROVERISKMANAGEMENTABILITYISBECOMINGMOREANDMORECRITICALTHROUGHANALYZINGTHELATESTTRENDSOFRISKARRANGEMENTCONSIDERINGOURDOMESTICAVIATIONTRANSPORTATIONCONDITIONSANDPROBLEMS，APPLYINGRELATIVETHEORIESLIKESYSTEMDYNAMICS，ESTTHEAUTHORMADEOUTQUALITATIVEANDQUANTITATIVEANALYSISOFTHESEELEMENTSWHICHAFFECTAVIATIONTRANSPORTATIONRISKONTHEBASEOFDRAWINGONTHEADVANCEDEXPERIENCEOFFOREIGNAVIATIONTRANSPORTATIONCOMPANYTOMEETTHEPURPOSEOFPREVENTINGANDCONTROLLINGRISK，THEAUTHORBUILTUPAPRACTICALANDHI醢EFFECTIVEPROCUREMENTRISKMANAGEMENTWHICHISABLETOIDENTIFYEVALUATE，AVOIDANDDEALWITHTHEPROBABLERISKSOASTOMAKESURECHINESEAVIATIONTRANSPORTATIONTODEVELOPHARMONIOUSLYSMOOTHLYANDHEALTHILYKEYWORDSAVIATION，TRANSPORTATIONASSOCIATION，RISKRISKMANAGEMENT，PROCESSESRISKMANAGEMENTIL

簡介：中國民航大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文基于中樞輻射航線網(wǎng)絡(luò)的航空公司機(jī)型分配研究姓名翟艷娟申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)管理科學(xué)與工程指導(dǎo)教師吳桐水20070322ABSTRACTGIVENAFLIGHTSCHEDULEANDSETOFAIRCRAFT,THETOTALCOSTFOREACHAIRCRAFTFLYINGEACHFLIGHT,THEFLEETASSIGNMENTPROBLEMISTODETERMINEWHICHTYPEOFAIRCRAFTSHOULDFLYEACHFLIGHTSEGMENT，MAKINGATOTALOFMAXIMUMPROFITSORMINIMUMTOTALCOST．SINCEITHASADIRECTIMPACTONOPERATINGCOSTSANDPASSENGERREVENUE，ANDDUETOTHEEXTORTIONATEOFAIRCRAFTRESOURCE，THEPERISHABLEOFTHEAIRLINESEATWHICHISNFVERBESOLDAFTERTHEAIRCRAFTTAKEOFF,SOLVINGTHEFLEETASSIGNMENTPROBLEMHASALWAYSBEENACHALLENGINGTASKFORAIRLINES．NOWADAYS，WITHTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTEFCHINA’SCIVILAVIATIONINDUSTRY,THEINTENSIFIEDCOMPETITIONINTHEMARKET，DOMESTICAIRLINESHAVETAKENTOOPTIMIZETHEIRNETWORKANDOPTIMIZETHEALLOCATIONOFESONRCCSTOREDUCECOSTSANDENHANCEREVENUF．AIRCHINA,CHINASOUTHERN，跚NAEASTERN，HAINANAIRLINESADJUSTTHEIRNETWORKANDESTABLISHTHEIROWNOPEMTINGBASESACTIVELY,INORDERTOENHANCETHEIRCOMPETITIVENESS,IMPROVETHEECONOMICSTRUCTURE．WHILECONSTRUCTINGTHEHUBANDSPOKESYSTEM．HOWTOSCN，ETHEFLEETASSIGNMENTPROBLEMRATIONALLY,ACCORDINGLYOPERATETHESYSTEMEFFECTIVELY,HASBECAMEONEOFTHEMAINOONCERNSFORAIRLINES．AFTERANALYZEDTHEDEVELOPMENTTRENDSOFTHECURRENTNETWORKSTRUCTUREINTHEAVIATIONINDUSTRY,CONSIDEREDCHINAMAINAIRLINESAREBUILDINGTHEIRHUBANDSPOKENETWORKSYSTEM，THEPAPERCHOOSE“AIRLINEFLEETASSIGNMENTMODELBASEDONHUBANDSPOKESYSTEM”ASTHEISSUE．INFLEETASSIGNMENTMODELS，THEFLIGHTPASSENGERDEMANDSANDFLIGHTCOSTSALEDECISIVEPARAMETERS．THROUGHFORECASTINGTHECITYPAIRPASSENGERDEMANDS，ACCORDINGTOPASSENGERDEMANDCHOICE，WECALLGETTHEPASSENGERDEMANDSUNDERHUBANDSPOKESYSTEM．THENBASEDONPASSENGERDEMANDSDISTRIBUTIONDURINGPERDAY,FLIGHTSTHATANAIRLINE渤PROVIDEONAROUTEPERDAY,WEGETTHEFLIGHTPASSENGERDEMANDSUNDERHUBANDSPOKESYSTEM．INADDITIONTOTHEFLIGHTOPERATINGCOST，THISPAPERADDINGFLIGHTSPILLCOSTTOTHEFLIGHTCOST．ONTHEBASISOFTHEABOVEWORK,THISPAPERESTABLISHINGAMIXEDINTEGERPROGRAMMINGMODELWITHTHEGOALOFMINIMIZINGTHECOST，THENUSEDITWITHALOCALHUBANDSPOKENETWORKOFAIRCHINALIMITEDFORTHEEMPIRICALANALYSIS．THISPAPERWILLPROVIDESAGOODREFERENCEOREMULATIONFORCHINAAIRLINES，WHICHALEOPERATINGHUBANDSPOKENETWORK,ONOPTIMIZETHETRANSPORTALLOCATIONOFRESOURCESTOREDUCECOSTSANDENHANCEREVENUE．KEYWORDSHUBANDSPOKESYSTEMFLIGHTSCHEDULEFLEETASSIGNMENTMIXEDINTEGERPROGRAMMINGFLIGHTSPILLCOSTⅡ

簡介：YI211551分類號密數(shù)編號工程碩士學(xué)位論文中國南方航空公司B2C電子機(jī)票開發(fā)管理研究碩研究生吳洪秋指導(dǎo)教師徐建中教授企業(yè)導(dǎo)師李曉霖高級經(jīng)濟(jì)師工程領(lǐng)域項(xiàng)目管理學(xué)位論文主審人孟凡，K教授哈爾濱工程大學(xué)2007年6月哈爾濱‘T程大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文4強(qiáng)調(diào)項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)的知識共享。關(guān)鍵詞電子商務(wù)；項(xiàng)目管理；軟件開發(fā)

簡介：貴州大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文我國廉價(jià)航空公司的市場和成本戰(zhàn)略研究姓名李中朝申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)工商管理指導(dǎo)教師陳揚(yáng)20070501責(zé)州大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文摘要廉價(jià)航空公司是通過削減和控制內(nèi)部成本，對社會公眾長期穩(wěn)定地提供比傳統(tǒng)航空公司的票價(jià)低很多的低廉票價(jià)的航空公司。這一運(yùn)營模式由美國西南航空公司在上世紀(jì)70年代首創(chuàng)，經(jīng)過上世紀(jì)90年代以來的發(fā)展，己席卷美洲、歐洲、大洋洲和亞洲等全球航空市場，正成為世界民航運(yùn)輸業(yè)的主要潮流之一。我國民航在運(yùn)輸總量上已躍居全球第二，僅次于美國。但我國的廉價(jià)航空公司目前僅有春秋航空一家，而且剛起步，只有幾架飛機(jī)，這與我國作為一個(gè)航空大國是很不相稱的。中國的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展需要廉價(jià)航空公司，中國的普通老百姓呼喚實(shí)惠便宜的廉價(jià)航空公司，中國民航的市場容量已可以支撐廉價(jià)航空公司。以中國市場之大，增長之迅猛，迫切需要廉價(jià)航空公司有一個(gè)大的發(fā)展?？梢哉f，中國廉價(jià)航空公司的發(fā)展?jié)摿薮?，正面臨巨大的歷史發(fā)展機(jī)遇。廉價(jià)航空公司發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵戰(zhàn)略主要有兩點(diǎn)一是市場戰(zhàn)略，二是成本戰(zhàn)略。廉價(jià)航空公司是是市場細(xì)分的產(chǎn)物，滿足的是特定市場對象的消費(fèi)者的需求。結(jié)合當(dāng)前中國民航的市場特點(diǎn)，廉價(jià)航空公司的目標(biāo)市場是國內(nèi)3小時(shí)以內(nèi)航程的中低端商務(wù)、旅游、探親旅客。新興的廉價(jià)航空公司在市場戰(zhàn)略上一定要緊緊圍繞這一目標(biāo)市場的客戶推出相應(yīng)的運(yùn)營模式，不可偏離。在成本戰(zhàn)略上，必須盡一切可能降低成本，實(shí)施好成本領(lǐng)先戰(zhàn)略。廉價(jià)航空公司把握好成本領(lǐng)先戰(zhàn)略的關(guān)鍵在于第一，飛機(jī)機(jī)型一定要選擇單一機(jī)型，波音737系列或空客320系列均可，但只能選擇一種第二、建立直銷渠道，力爭通過因特網(wǎng)和電話呼叫中心等完成95％以上的機(jī)票銷售。這兩項(xiàng)是事關(guān)能否實(shí)施成本領(lǐng)先戰(zhàn)略的制高點(diǎn)，必須牢牢把握住。。低成本是廉價(jià)航空公司的前提，也是特點(diǎn)。廉價(jià)航空公司只有千方百計(jì)地降低成本，才能以廉價(jià)的機(jī)票贏得廉價(jià)航空公司市場，才能獲得自身的發(fā)展。隨著我國社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的逐步發(fā)展，民航市場市場容量不斷增大，廉價(jià)航空公司將無處不在。關(guān)鍵詞廉價(jià)航空公司，戰(zhàn)略分析，市場戰(zhàn)略，成本戰(zhàn)略

簡介：南開大學(xué)學(xué)位論文版權(quán)使用授權(quán)書本人完全了解南開大學(xué)關(guān)于收集、保存、使用學(xué)位論文的規(guī)定，同意如下各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容按照學(xué)校要求提交學(xué)位論文的印刷本和電子版本；學(xué)校有權(quán)保存學(xué)位論文的印刷本和電子版，并采用影印、縮印、掃描、數(shù)字化或其它手段保存論文；學(xué)校有權(quán)提供目錄檢索以及提供本學(xué)位論文全文或者部分的閱覽服務(wù)；學(xué)校有權(quán)按有關(guān)規(guī)定向國家有關(guān)部門或者機(jī)構(gòu)送交論文的復(fù)印件和電子版在不以贏利為目的的前提下，學(xué)?？梢赃m當(dāng)復(fù)制論文的部分或全部內(nèi)容用于學(xué)術(shù)活動。學(xué)位論文作者簽名綽，恪好刃P9年歹月，7日～一經(jīng)指導(dǎo)教師麗惹I一本瓢文屬手葆麗。茬年解密后適用本授權(quán)書。指導(dǎo)教師簽名學(xué)位論文作者簽名解密時(shí)問年月目各密級的最長保密年限及書寫格式規(guī)定如下≥一71『～?！薄軮。J一”謄1。LI1I17L”～1一一。。“一一。II內(nèi)部≮5年黧最壤曩年，二再鴦芬5，年攀|■譬一R_董。奠。|0。蛩J一IIJJ搿“；；秘密★I0譬J最蕊L(fēng)O年T；可孝于10J隼I一≥一，≯__土≮_≯機(jī)密20年；泛最長20年≯，可少于20。年薯譬，1_；_I。一蠢。曩一溺瀏瀏燮～一攀||』；疊≯。O，～≯≯_曩，_；；謦～_薯J◇。一，。?！?。毫一_一囊_～焉夠一謬。一簿童一一_一薯曩JI_。疊∥≯_一豢攀盼。一滲一_V，≯～摘要摘要作為自然壟斷行業(yè)之一的我國民航業(yè)的發(fā)展一直受到政府和社會各界的廣泛關(guān)注，對民航業(yè)的政府管制和監(jiān)督也一直探索和試驗(yàn)中不斷前行，然而作為市場競爭主體的各航空公司自身競爭能力的增強(qiáng)對于我國民航業(yè)整體實(shí)力的提升具有更關(guān)鍵的意義。隨著我國民航業(yè)競爭態(tài)勢的升級和國內(nèi)民航市場的日益開放，中國航空公司將受到日益嚴(yán)重的挑戰(zhàn)。本文正是在此背景下，以個(gè)體的航空公司作為研究對象，以企業(yè)競爭優(yōu)勢和競爭戰(zhàn)略理論作為理論基礎(chǔ)，運(yùn)用演繹推理、模型構(gòu)建、案例分析等方法對航空公司的競爭優(yōu)勢進(jìn)行分析和評價(jià)，并提出了提升航空公司競爭力水平的政策建議。主要內(nèi)容和研究成果如下首先，對企業(yè)競爭優(yōu)勢理論的各主要學(xué)派觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了梳理和歸納，并對當(dāng)前研究我國民航業(yè)競爭優(yōu)勢現(xiàn)狀和競爭模式選擇的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了總結(jié)和評述，明確了當(dāng)前的研究狀況和研究不足。在企業(yè)競爭優(yōu)勢綜合論的基礎(chǔ)上，借鑒一般性企業(yè)競爭優(yōu)勢來源的決定模型，結(jié)合我國航空公司競爭的基本特點(diǎn)，提出了適用于航空公司競爭優(yōu)勢來源分析的決定模型，奠定了本文研究的理論基礎(chǔ)。其次，應(yīng)用航空公司的競爭優(yōu)勢決定模型，以我國三大航空公司之一的南方航空集團(tuán)作為實(shí)證研究的對象，通過對比分析、事件歸納，從產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭環(huán)境、戰(zhàn)略資源及核心能力三個(gè)層面上對南航當(dāng)前的競爭優(yōu)勢現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行全面而深入的剖析和評價(jià)，找出其競爭劣勢的所在，并歸納出競爭優(yōu)勢提升的主要途徑。最后，在前文實(shí)證研究的基礎(chǔ)上，提出了南航競爭優(yōu)勢提升具體政策建議。結(jié)合南方航空集團(tuán)資源實(shí)力和發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，本文認(rèn)為南航的競爭優(yōu)勢提升應(yīng)該主要從優(yōu)化資源配置以鞏固競爭優(yōu)勢、構(gòu)建一體化平臺以降低營銷管理成本和發(fā)展輪輻網(wǎng)絡(luò)以提升競爭層次三個(gè)主要的方面展開。本文是將企業(yè)競爭優(yōu)勢理論應(yīng)用到我國民航業(yè)進(jìn)行分析的一次大膽嘗試，拓展了競爭優(yōu)勢和競爭戰(zhàn)略理論與分析方法在研究我國企業(yè)競爭優(yōu)勢提升上的應(yīng)用范圍。同時(shí)通過對南方航空集團(tuán)的實(shí)證研究為國內(nèi)其它航空公司認(rèn)識自身競爭優(yōu)勢水平和提升競爭能力提供了基本的思路和方法，具有很好的參考推廣價(jià)值，也為其采取更高層次的競爭策略提供了參考和可借鑒思路。關(guān)鍵詞競爭優(yōu)勢民航南航

簡介：南方航空公司客戶忠誠策略研究專業(yè)名稱硅啦嵩程學(xué)位申請人互蘢生導(dǎo)師姓名及職稱燃敬主席拗＼，中。成員／守坯／’拓亨移吹厶百害‘雙Z廠伊厶答辯日期BO艿年／／月彩日D口‘0I32學(xué)位論文原創(chuàng)性聲明本人鄭重聲明所呈交的學(xué)位論文，是本人在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下，獨(dú)立進(jìn)行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已經(jīng)注明引用的內(nèi)容外，本論文不包含任何其他個(gè)人或集體已經(jīng)發(fā)表或撰寫過的作品成果。對本文的研究作出重要貢獻(xiàn)的個(gè)人和集體，均已在文中以明確方式標(biāo)明。本人完全意識到本聲明的法律結(jié)果由本人承擔(dān)。一虢硝生嗍P辟／／月抽學(xué)位論文使用授權(quán)聲明莖差蓑妻名萎塞矍篝墨葛齲詈主主●糾籮袈學(xué)位論文作者簽名；／豐導(dǎo)師簽名2L／＼／鄉(xiāng)小L／，，，LV‘日期D孕年JF月三B日日期≯擗，乙月R日

簡介：東方航空食品板塊重組和整合方案研究THERESEARCHOFRECOMBINATIONINTEGRATIONOFCHINAEASTERNAIRCATERINGGROUP學(xué)校上海交通大學(xué)學(xué)院安泰經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理學(xué)院專業(yè)工商管理（MBA）作者龔震宇導(dǎo)師季建華學(xué)號1051209541班級M0512097答辯日期2008年1月13日THERESEARCHOFRECOMBINATIONINTEGRATIONOFCHINAEASTERNAIRCATERINGGROUPABSTRACTWITHTHEPUSHOFECONOMICGLOBALIZATIONANDINFORMATIONORIENTED,TOGETHERWITHTHEDEEPERRECOMBINATIONOFTHREEAVIATIONGROUPSINCHINA,COMPETITIONOFAVIATIONINDUSTRYBECOMESMOREVIGOROUSTHECURRENTSYSTEMANDPATTERNDOESNOTFITTHECOMPETITIONINTHEMARKETINGECONOMYANYMOREASTHEBYLINEOFAVIATIONINDUSTRYTHEAIRCATERINGCOMPANYHASTHESIMILARTROUBLESWITHTHECLOSEANDFURTHERCOOPERATIONBETWEENCHINAEASTERNGROUPANDSINGAPOREAIRLINESTHERECOMBINATIONOFAIRCATERINGCOMPANIESWITHINCHINAEASTERNGROUPISUTMOSTURGENTTHROUGHTHEINTEGRATIONOFTHEHIGHQUALITYRESOURCESAMONGTHEAIRCATERINGCOMPANIESINCHINAEASTERNGROUP,THECORECOMPETITIVENESSCANBEREINFORCEDSTRONGLYTHEREAFTER,ITCANBEHELPFULFORTHEWHOLEDEVELOPMENTOFCHINAEASTERNGROUPTHISTHESISHASSEVENCHAPTERSBASEDONTHEMODERNENTERPRISEDEVELOPMENTTHEORYTHEONSITERESEARCHANDINVESTIGATIONONTHE14AIRCATERINGCOMPANIESISCONDUCTED,ESPECIALLYANALYZINGTHECURRENTSTATUSANDCONDITIONSOFTHEWHOLECHINAEASTERNAIRCATERINGCOMPANIESAFTERSERIOUSCONSIDERATIONANDANALYSISTHESUGGESTDEVELOPMENTPLANOFRECOMBINATIONOFCHINAEASTERNAIRCATERINGISGIVENTHROUGHSETUPOFEASTERNAIRCATERINGINVESTMENTCO,LTD,COMPETITIONABILITYCANBEWELLENHANCEDFURTHERINTEGRATIONPLANFROMFIVEASPECTSISALSOLAUNCHEDITCOULDBEUSEFULFORTHELONGTERMDEVELOPMENTOFCHINAEASTERNAIRCATERINGGROUPKEYWORDSCHINAEASTERNAIRCATERINGGROUP,RECOMBINATIONINTEGRATION,AIRCATERING,CORECOMPETITIVENESS

簡介：復(fù)旦大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文項(xiàng)目質(zhì)量管理在航天產(chǎn)品研制過程中的應(yīng)用姓名張智芳申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)項(xiàng)目管理指導(dǎo)教師龔益鳴20070510摘要21世紀(jì)是以質(zhì)量為焦點(diǎn)的世紀(jì)，項(xiàng)目質(zhì)量管理的概念得到了極大的延伸。本文闡述了項(xiàng)目管理和質(zhì)量管理的發(fā)展史以及在國內(nèi)外航天領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，探討了航天產(chǎn)品研制進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目質(zhì)量管理的必要性和適應(yīng)性同時(shí)介紹了項(xiàng)目質(zhì)量管理的基本概念、理論、意義、原則、內(nèi)容、方法、程序等方面的內(nèi)容，包括保證項(xiàng)目滿足原先規(guī)定的各項(xiàng)要求所需的實(shí)施組織的活動。從質(zhì)量計(jì)劃、質(zhì)量保證、實(shí)施質(zhì)量控制三個(gè)方面，對如何提高我國航天產(chǎn)品研制質(zhì)量水平進(jìn)行了初步的研究，并通過實(shí)際應(yīng)用的實(shí)例，提高了太陽電池焊接合格率，成功的證明了該項(xiàng)目中所運(yùn)用的方法是正確的，相應(yīng)的措施以強(qiáng)化航天產(chǎn)品項(xiàng)目全過程的質(zhì)量監(jiān)控是值得向其他型號生產(chǎn)所推廣的。項(xiàng)目的質(zhì)量管理是指圍繞項(xiàng)目質(zhì)量所進(jìn)行的指揮、協(xié)調(diào)和控制等活動。迸行項(xiàng)目質(zhì)量管理的目的是確保項(xiàng)目按規(guī)定的要求圓滿的實(shí)現(xiàn)，它包括使項(xiàng)目所有的功能活動能夠按照預(yù)期的質(zhì)量及目標(biāo)要求得以實(shí)旌。項(xiàng)目的質(zhì)量管理是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)工程，在實(shí)施過程中，應(yīng)創(chuàng)造必要的資源條件，使之與項(xiàng)目質(zhì)量要求相適應(yīng)。項(xiàng)目各參與方都必須保證其工作質(zhì)量，做到工作流程程序化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和規(guī)范化，圍繞一個(gè)共同目標(biāo)一實(shí)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目質(zhì)量的最優(yōu)化，開展質(zhì)量管理工作。文章提出了新的概念零缺陷質(zhì)量管理，零缺陷質(zhì)量管理是提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的現(xiàn)代管理理念與方法，零缺陷是產(chǎn)品無缺點(diǎn)，向著更高質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的目標(biāo)要求。零缺陷特別強(qiáng)調(diào)事先預(yù)防控制和過程控制，要求第一次就把事情做正確，使產(chǎn)品符合對顧客承諾的要求。讓航天產(chǎn)品實(shí)現(xiàn)零缺陷質(zhì)量管理的過程，從而解決目前航天產(chǎn)品研制中存在的常見問題；文章就如何做好其中任何一方面的工作并處理好相互之間的關(guān)系，提出了一些建議以及就如何提高航天產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量水平提出了一些可行的方法和建議等?！尽?，2】關(guān)鍵詞項(xiàng)目質(zhì)量管理、航天產(chǎn)品、零缺陷質(zhì)量管理