簡(jiǎn)介:INTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUMCOULSONANDBROMLEY,1990GISHASLONGBEENACCEPTEDASTHEMOSTAPPROPRIATESOLUTIONTOADDRESSSPATIALLYREFERENCEDDATATHEESSENCEOFGISINTHEPLANMAKINGPROCESS,QUOTINGCALKINS1972,SUGGESTEDTHAT‘BETTERPLANNINGWILLBEACHIEVEDTHROUGHBETTERINFORMATION,ANDBETTERINFORMATIONWILLNECESSARILYFLOWFROMANINFORMATIONSYSTEM’HOWEVER,GISALONECANNOTSERVEALLTHENEEDSOFPLANNINGBECAUSETHECURRENTGENERATIONOF“GENERALPURPOSE”SYSTEMSCANNOTEASILYACCOMMODATETHEPARTICULARINFORMATIONAL,COMPUTATIONAL,ANDDISPLAYNEEDSOFPLANNINGCLEARLY,PLANNINGREQUIRESIINFORMATIONTHATISEFFECTIVELY“ASPATIAL”ATAPARTICULARLEVELOFANALYSISIIINFORMATIONOVERTIMEANDIIIMEASURESOFSPATIALINTERACTIONNONEOFTHISCANBEEASILYINCORPORATEDINTOSTANDARDGISPACKAGESHARRISANDBATTY,199332PLANNINGSUPPORTSYSTEMANDDECISIONSUPPORTSYSTEMGISISAPARTOFTHEPLANNINGSUPPORTSYSTEMSPSS,WHICHALONECANSUPPORTDECISIONMAKINGANDURBANPROBLEMSOLVINGTOACONSIDERABLEEXTENTHOWEVER,PLANNERSWILLHAVETOADAPTEXISTINGGISTOOLSTOMEETTHEIRNEEDSTRADITIONALPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESCANBEUSEDTODEVELOPSPATIALANALYSISANDMODELLINGTOOLSENTIRELYINDEPENDENTOFCOMMERCIALPACKAGESACOMBINATIONOFSOPHISTICATEDGISMACROCOMMANDSANDTRADITIONALPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGECANALSOBEUSEDTODEVELOPANALYTICALMODELSCLOSELYLINKEDTOFULLFEATUREDGISTOOLKITSKLOSTERMAN,2001THEPSSWHICHISACOMBINATIONOFGISDATA,URBANMODELANDPRESENTATIONTECHNIQUEUSINGCOMPUTERFORPLANNINGSUPPORTHASBEENINCREASINGINUSEFORMOREENHANCEDENDPRODUCTSTHEINEVITABLEEVOLVEMENTOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYTOWARDSPSSMEANSTHATTHEEXPLOITATIONOFGISISMORESIGNIFICANTGISWILLSERVEFIRSTASADISPLAYANDCOMMUNICATIVEDEVICE,PRODUCINGMAPSANDCHARTSTHATDESCRIBEPASTANDPRESENTCONDITIONSANDMODELOUTPUTSTHATSUGGESTALTERNATIVEFUTURES,WHICHSUPPORTDECISIONMAKINGONTOPOFTHAT,THEDECISIONSUPPORTSYSTEMDSSISALSOKNOWNASASYSTEMINWHICHDECISIONMAKERSCOULDRELYONINMAKINGDECISIONS3
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簡(jiǎn)介:ABSTRACTTHEWORLDWIDEWEBHASCHANGEDTHEPERSPECTIVEONTHEROLETHATMAPSCANPLAYTHEIRTRADITIONALFUNCTIONREMAINS,EGTOREPRESENTANABSTRACTIONOFASELECTEDPARTOFREALITYTOOFFERINSIGHTINTOGEOSPATIALPATTERNSANDRELATIONSADDITIONALLYTHEMAPCANBEANIMPORTANTPARTOFASEARCHENGINE,ESPECIALLYINTHECONTEXTOFGEOSPATIALDATAINFRASTRUCTUREMAPSCANALSOFUNCTIONASANINTERFACETOOTHERGEOGRAPHICANDNONGEOGRAPHICINFORMATIONONTHEWEBTHEQUESTION‘WHATARETHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHISEXPANDINGROLEOFMAPSFORAWEBGISENVIRONMENT’ISADDRESSEDINTHISPAPER1INTRODUCTIONMAPSARERECOGNISEDINTHEIRCAPACITYTOOFFERANOVERVIEWOFANDINSIGHTINTOSPATIALPATTERNSANDRELATIONSMAPSCANGUIDEUSFROMATOB,SHOWTHESTRUCTUREOFTHELANDSCAPE,DISPLAYTHECHANGESINPOPULATIONDISTRIBUTIONS,ORSHOWFUTUREURBANPLANSMAPSDOTHISBECAUSETHEYREPRESENTABSTRACTIONSANDSELECTIONSOFREALITYIFWELLDESIGNED,THEMEANINGOFTHEIRSYMBOLOGYWILLGIVETHEUSERALINKTOAPARTOFREALITYGEOGRAPHICALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSGISARECHARACTERISEDBYTHEABILITYTOINTEGRATEGEOSPATIALDATAFROMAWIDEVARIETYOFSOURCESTHEFUNCTIONALITYOFSUCHSYSTEMSALLOWSDIFFERENTKINDSOFSPATIALANALYSISOPERATIONSTHENATUREOFTHESEOPERATIONSISOFTENBASEDONAPPLICATIONSMODELS,THECURRENTDISCIPLINARYAPPROACHTOTHEPROBLEMATHANDOBVIOUSLY,MAPSPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINGISNOTONLYDOTHEYPRESENTTHEFINALRESULTSOFTHESPATIALANALYSISBUTTHEYAREALSOCRITICALDURINGTHEWHOLEITERATIVEPROCESSOFGEOSPATIALDATAHANDLINGTHEPOPULARITYOFGISHASHADAGREATIMPACTONMAPSMANYMAPSHAVEBEENCREATEDANDUSED,BUTDURINGTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEGISERAMAPQUALITYWASNOTALWAYSACCEPTABLETHISWASPARTLYDUETOTHEFACTTHATNOTALLPEOPLEINVOLVEDINGISMAPMAKINGWERESKILLEDINTHISPROCESS,ANDPARTLYDUETOTHELIMITEDRESOLUTIONOFSCREENSANDPLOTTERSTHERISEOFTHEINTERNET,ANDINPARTICULARTHEWORLDWIDEWEB,WASANOTHERSTIMULANTTOMAPMAKINGANDMAPUSEHOWEVER,THEWEBHASALSOJGEOGRAPHSYST2004683–93DOI101007/S1010900401272THEROLEOFTHEMAPINAWEBGISENVIRONMENTMENNOJANKRAAKINTERNATIONALINSTITUTEOFGEOINFORMATIONSCIENCEANDEARTHOBSERVATION,DEPARTMENTOFGEOINFORMATIONPROCESSING,POBOX6,7500AAENSCHEDE,THENETHERLANDSEMAILKRAAKITCNLHAVINGHADINFLUENCEONTHEMAPAREIMAGEANALYSIS,EXPLORATORYDATAANALYSISEDA,ANDOFCOURSEMETHODOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTSINGISANDCARTOGRAPHYNOTTOBEFORGOTTENTHEABOVEDEVELOPMENTSINSCIENTIFICVISUALISATIONSTIMULATEDDIBIASE1990TODEFINEAMODELFORMAPBASEDSCIENTIFICVISUALISATIONITCOVERSBOTHTHECOMMUNICATIONANDTHINKINGFUNCTIONSOFTHEMAPCOMMUNICATIONISDESCRIBEDAS‘‘PUBLICVISUALCOMMUNICATION’’SINCEITCONCERNSMAPSAIMEDATAWIDEAUDIENCETHINKINGISDEFINEDAS‘‘PRIVATEVISUALTHINKING’’BECAUSEITISOFTENANINDIVIDUALPLAYINGWITHTHEGEOSPATIALDATATODETERMINEITSSIGNIFICANCEONAMOREDETAILEDLEVEL,DIFFERENTVISUALISATIONSTAGESCANBERECOGNISED,EACHREQUIRINGADIFFERENTSTRATEGYFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFMAPUSETHISRANGESFROMPRESENTATIONTOEXPLORATIONTHEFIRSTFITSINTOTHETRADITIONALREALMOFCARTOGRAPHY,WHERETHECARTOGRAPHERWORKSONKNOWNGEOSPATIALDATAANDCREATESCOMMUNICATIVEMAPSTHESEMAPSAREOFTENCREATEDFORMULTIPLEUSESEXPLORATIONOFTENINVOLVESADISCIPLINEEXPERTCREATINGMAPSWHILEDEALINGWITHUNKNOWNDATATHESEMAPSAREGENERALLYFORASINGLEPURPOSE,EXPEDIENTINTHEEXPERT’SATTEMPTTOSOLVEAPROBLEMWHILEDEALINGWITHTHEDATA,THEEXPERTSHOULDBEABLETORELYONCARTOGRAPHICEXPERTISE,PROVIDEDBYTHESOFTWAREORSOMEOTHERMEANSFROMTHEMAPPERSPECTIVE,ASYNTHESISOFALLTHEABOVETRENDSRESULTSINGEOVISUALIZATIONGEOVISUALIZATIONINTEGRATESAPPROACHESFROMSCIENTIFICVISUALIZATION,TOPROVIDETHEORY,METHODS,ANDTOOLSFORVISUALEXPLORATION,ANALYSIS,SYNTHESIS,ANDPRESENTATIONOFGEOSPATIALDATATHISTRENDHASBEENDESCRIBEDBYMACEACHRENANDKRAAK2001FORTHECOMMISSIONONVISUALISATIONANDVIRTUALENVIRONMENTSOFTHEINTERNATIONALCARTOGRAPHICASSOCIATIONMOREINFORMATIONCANBEFOUNDONTHECOMMISSION’SWEBSITEURL1ORINTHESPECIALISSUEOFCARTOGRAPHICANDGEOGRAPHICINFORMATIONSCIENCES2001VOL28,NO1INTHISCONTEXT,ITISOBVIOUSTHATCARTOGRAPHICDESIGNANDRESEARCHPAYATTENTIONTOHUMANCOMPUTERINTERACTION–THEINTERFACES,ANDREVIVETHEATTENTIONFORTHEUSABILITYOFTHEIRPRODUCTSADDITIONALLY,ONEHASTOWORKONREPRESENTATIONISSUESANDTHEINTEGRATIONOFGEOCOMPUTINGINTHEVISUALIZATIONPROCESSASSUCHMAPSANDGRAPHICSAREUSEDTOEXPLOREGEOSPATIALDATA,THEEXPLORATIONPROCESSCANGENERATEHYPOTHESES,DEVELOPPROBLEMSOLUTIONS,ANDULTIMATELYCONSTRUCTKNOWLEDGEINAGEOVISUALIZATIONENVIRONMENTMAPSAREUSEDTOSTIMULATEVISUALTHINKINGABOUTGEOSPATIALPATTERNS,RELATIONSHIPS,ANDTRENDSONEIMPORTANTAPPROACHHEREISTOVIEWGEOSPATIALDATASETSINANUMBEROFALTERNATIVEWAYS,EG,USINGMULTIPLEREPRESENTATIONSWITHOUTCONSTRAINTSSETBYTRADITIONALTECHNIQUESORRULESTHISSHOULDAVOIDTHETRAPDESCRIBEDBYFINKEETAL1992WHOCLAIMTHAT‘‘MOSTRESEARCHERSTENDTORELYONWELLWORNPROCEDURESANDPARADIGMS’’WHILETHEYSHOULDREALIZETHAT‘‘CREATIVEDISCOVERIES,INBOTHARTANDSCIENCE,OFTENOCCURINUNUSUALSITUATIONS,WHEREONEISFORCEDTOTHINKUNCONVENTIONALLY’’NEW,FRESH,CREATIVEGRAPHICSMIGHTALSOOFFERDIFFERENTINSIGHTSANDWOULDPROBABLYHAVEMOREIMPACTTHANTRADITIONALMAPPINGMETHODSTHESEARGUMENTSAREVALIDINAWEBGISENVIRONMENTASWELL,BUTDOREQUIRESPECIFICINTERACTIVEFUNCTIONALITYTHATISNOTALWAYSOFFEREDTHEROLEOFTHEMAPINAWEBGISENVIRONMENT85
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