典權(quán)問(wèn)題芻議.pdf

1、中文摘要中文摘要典權(quán)是我國(guó)古代物權(quán)法的傳統(tǒng)制度。但在物權(quán)法制定過(guò)程中，典權(quán)的存廢一直是學(xué)者關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)問(wèn)題之一。關(guān)于典權(quán)的定義，筆者同意《中華人民共和國(guó)物權(quán)法草案》第二修改稿第二百八十八條規(guī)定:典權(quán)，是支付典價(jià)，占有他人不動(dòng)產(chǎn)而為使用、收益的權(quán)利。典權(quán)制度區(qū)別于不動(dòng)產(chǎn)質(zhì)押制度、抵押權(quán)制度、附買(mǎi)回合同的買(mǎi)賣(mài)、典當(dāng)制度，是我國(guó)習(xí)慣法制度，是以不動(dòng)產(chǎn)為客體的物權(quán)，是占有他人不動(dòng)產(chǎn)而為使用收益的物權(quán)。關(guān)于典權(quán)的法律性質(zhì)爭(zhēng)議較大，筆者認(rèn)為典權(quán)在性質(zhì)

2、上應(yīng)當(dāng)屬于用益物權(quán)。典權(quán)制度是我國(guó)民間自發(fā)形成的一種財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度，流行全國(guó)各地，歷史久遠(yuǎn)，大體可以分為《大清律例》前的典權(quán)制度、《大清律例》頒布后到新中國(guó)建立前的典權(quán)制度、新中國(guó)成立后的典權(quán)制度三個(gè)階段。新中國(guó)的民法應(yīng)如何對(duì)待典權(quán)，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直有“保留論”和“廢止論”兩種不同的意見(jiàn)。筆者主張保留典權(quán)制度。至于保留典權(quán)制度的理由，筆者在前人保留論的理由基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行了深入思考和綜合分析，提出以下四大理由:一是有利于構(gòu)筑中國(guó)特色的物權(quán)法體系。二是

3、保留典權(quán)制度，有利于增進(jìn)物權(quán)法的功能。三是保留典權(quán)制度，有利于新形勢(shì)下現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題的解決。四是保留典權(quán)制度，有利于穩(wěn)定民事財(cái)產(chǎn)關(guān)系。盡管筆者主張保留典權(quán)制度，但不可否認(rèn)由于實(shí)踐情況的發(fā)展變化，典權(quán)制度要發(fā)揮其應(yīng)有的功能和更大的作用，還有待于在實(shí)踐的基礎(chǔ)上不斷創(chuàng)新、不斷完善。一是關(guān)于立法的價(jià)值取向問(wèn)題，筆者認(rèn)為應(yīng)補(bǔ)充以下內(nèi)容:(1)規(guī)定最底典價(jià)(2)典權(quán)人有放贖的義務(wù)3)出典人對(duì)典物仍享有抵押權(quán)(4)出典人有找貼的權(quán)利。二是關(guān)于典物代位物問(wèn)題

4、，筆者認(rèn)為《物權(quán)法(草案)》可以增加規(guī)定:“因典物滅失、毀損，得受賠償金者，典權(quán)人可以依原典價(jià)之比例，就賠償金取償?！比顷P(guān)于典權(quán)標(biāo)的問(wèn)題，筆者認(rèn)為《物權(quán)法(草案)》規(guī)定典物為“住房及其附屬設(shè)施等”。四是關(guān)于轉(zhuǎn)典制度中的回贖問(wèn)題，筆者認(rèn)為為了確保出典人對(duì)回贖權(quán)的行使，可參照臺(tái)灣地區(qū)的回贖權(quán)制度。五是關(guān)于找貼問(wèn)題，筆者建議為了杜絕糾紛的產(chǎn)生，應(yīng)參照臺(tái)灣地區(qū)民法規(guī)定找貼以一次為限，經(jīng)過(guò)一次找貼后，典權(quán)即消滅，由典權(quán)人取得典物所有權(quán)。六是關(guān)于

5、因不可抗力造成的損失分擔(dān)問(wèn)AbstractImpawnisatraditionalruleofancientrealright.htheenactingprocessofrealrighthoweverthereservingorabandoningofImpawnisoneofthekeyquestions山atscholarshadbeenfocusedon.ConcerningtheconceptofImpawntheauthor

6、agreestotheconceptstipulatedinClause288ofthesecondreviseddraft:Impawnistherighttopaymortgagedobjecttooccupytherealestateofothersandtohavetherighttouseitandbenefitfromit.Impawndifersfromrealestatemortgagesystemmortgagesys

7、temsellingandbuyingofbuybackcontractetc.ImpawnsystemisthecommonlawsystemofChina.Itistherealrightregardingrealestateasobjectandoccupyingtherealestateofotherstobenefitfromit.TherearemanydisputesonthelegalnatureofImpawn.The

8、authorthinksImpawnbelongstorentingrealright.Impawnsystemisakindofpropertyrightsystemautomaticallyformedinthefolk.Itprevailsalloverthecountryandhasalonghistory.GenerallyitcanbedividedintothreephasesImpawnsystembeforethepr

9、omulgationofLawsandRegulationsofQingDynastyImpawnsystembetweenthepromulgationofLawsandRegulationsofQingDynastyandthefoundationofP.RChinaImpawnsystemafterthefoundationofPRChinaHowtotreatcodeinthecivillawofnewChinaForalong

10、timetherearetwodiferentopinionsonit“reservingtheory“and“abandoningtheory“.theauthorinsistsonreservingImpawnsystem.Consideringonthereasonsofreservinghnpawnsystemtheauthorhasthoughtdeeplyandanalyzedcomprehensivelyonthebasi

11、sof“ReservingTheory“.Theauthorproposedfourreasons.ThefirstisthatreservingImpawnisgoodforthebuildingofmaterialrightsystemwithChinesecharacteristic.ThesecondisthatreservingImpawnisgoodforenhancingthefunctionofrealrightlaw.

12、ThethirdisthatreservingImpawnsystemishelpfulforthesolutionoftheobjectivequestionsundernewcircumstances.ThefourthisthatreservingImpawnsystemisconductivetothestabilityofcivilpropertyrelations.ThoughtheauthorpreferstokeepIm