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1、<p>  中文2150漢字,1100單詞,7000英文字符</p><p>  文獻(xiàn)出處:Awwad M S, Agti D A M. The impact of internal marketing on commercial banks' market orientation[J]. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 2011, 29(4):

2、308-332.</p><p><b>  原文</b></p><p>  The impact of internal marketing on commercial banks' market orientation</p><p>  Awwad M S, Agti D A M</p><p>  In

3、troduction</p><p>  Ample research has underlined the importance of market orientation as an antecedent to improved organizational performance and profitability (e.g. Farrell et al., 2008; Gonzalez-Benito et

4、 al., 2009; Subramanian et al., 2009; Silva et al., 2009; Qu, 2009; Van Raaij and Stoelhorst, 2008), particularly in the financial services industry (e.g. Dwairi et al., 2007). However, there is no agreement among resear

5、chers about the antecedents of market orientation. Previous studies have pointed out several </p><p>  This paper argues that market orientation, both as a culture and a behavior, cannot be manifested withou

6、t firm commitment not only by top management, but also by all employees within the organization. Caruana and Calleya (1998) have underlined that lack of commitment from employees can be harmful to an organization, result

7、ing in poorer performance arising from inferior service offerings and higher costs. Hence, lack of employees commitment, and citizenship behavior, might negatively affect an or</p><p>  Only a modest amount

8、of research has been conducted on market orientation in the Jordanian banking industry (e.g. Dwairi et al., 2007). Furthermore, most of such research has fallen short of examining the effect exerted by internal marketing

9、 over market orientation. On the other hand, a current report by the Jordanian banks association (2008) has underlined the importance of the principles that reinforce citizenship concepts, continuum training, learning an

10、d motivating, job satisfaction, teamwor</p><p>  Building on the above, the purpose of this paper is to provide a model exploring the effect exerted by internal marketing, organizational commitment and organ

11、izational citizenship behavior over Jordanian banks' market orientation. While examining the direct effect of internal marketing over market orientation, the proposed model builds on previous research (e.g. Caruana a

12、nd Calleya, 1998; Farzad et al., 2008; Hung and Lin, 2008) to explore the interactions between internal marketing and both org</p><p>  Market orientation (MO)</p><p>  No agreement has been rea

13、ched on the exact nature of market orientation (Gainer</p><p>  and Padanyi, 2005). It is viewed as a cultural context, behavioral (philosophy) or a hybrid combination between the two views (Olavarrieta and

14、Friedmann, 2008). Some researchers have followed the view of Narver and Slater (1990, p. 21) who defined market orientation as “shared values and beliefs that provide (individuals) with norms for behavior in organization

15、” (known as MKTOR scale). According to this concept, there are three dimensions to measuring market orientation:</p><p>  1. customer orientation;</p><p>  2. competitor orientation; and</p&g

16、t;<p>  3. functional coordination.</p><p>  Customer orientation is the sufficient understanding of target buyers to be able to continuously create superior value for them. Competitor orientation ref

17、ers to understanding the short-term strengths and weaknesses and the long-term capabilities of both current and potential competitors. Inter-functional coordination is the coordinated utilization of company resources to

18、creating superior value for target customers through integration of all functions in the firm.</p><p>  Internal marketing (IM)</p><p>  Gronroos (1980) introduced a new approach to internal mar

19、keting. In his approach, each employee should be trained as a marketer to do add-on, cross-selling and the like along with customer retention skills that would enable the building of ongoing customer relationships, the c

20、ompany should adopt a framework similar to that of its external marketing and by applying marketing-like activities internally, stimulate service awareness and customer oriented behavior among personnel. Berry (1981, p.

21、25)</p><p>  employees.</p><p>  Methodology</p><p>  Research locale: the banking sector in Jordan</p><p>  The banking sector in Jordan appeared 80 years ago, when a

22、foreign bank started to work in Jordan “Othmani Bank” in 1925 (Association of Banks in Jordan, 2008). This sector was affected by the developments in the Jordanian economy in the last few years. Currently it is very acti

23、ve, and the banks of Jordan have taken all the tasks and responsibilities as other banks in developed countries. The number of banks in Jordan increased to 23 banks in 2006, two are Islamic banks, eight are foreign banks

24、,</p><p>  Sampling design and data collection</p><p>  Owing to time and cost constraints, a convenience sample of employees was selected from 11,773 employees of 13 commercial (non-state owned

25、) banks (Association of Banks in Jordan, 2008). A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 600 sampled employees by hand. Of the distributed questionnaires, 402 were successfully delivered. After the data clean

26、ing process, 37 cases were deleted because the banks' employees had not completed the questionnaire properly. Finally, 365 effective questionn</p><p>  questionnaires collected from Karak and 5.5 percent

27、 questionnaires from Tafila, 64.4 percent questionnaires from Amman, and 17.4 percent questionnaires from Irbid.</p><p><b>  譯文</b></p><p>  內(nèi)部營(yíng)銷對(duì)商業(yè)銀行的市場(chǎng)定位的影響</p><p><

28、;b>  阿沃德;艾麗</b></p><p><b>  引言</b></p><p>  很多研究文獻(xiàn)都強(qiáng)調(diào)了市場(chǎng)定位的重要性,它在改善組織前期的業(yè)績(jī)和盈利能力方面很重要,特別是在金融服務(wù)行業(yè)(法雷爾等人,2008;岡薩雷斯和貝尼托等人,2009;薩勃拉曼尼亞等人,2009;席爾瓦等人,2009; 曲,2009;拉吉和斯托霍斯,2008,威瑞等人

29、,2007)。然而,早期的關(guān)于市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷導(dǎo)向的文獻(xiàn),并沒有達(dá)成一致的觀點(diǎn)。以前的研究已經(jīng)指出了市場(chǎng)定位的一些因素,比如:公司的學(xué)習(xí)型治理結(jié)構(gòu)、市場(chǎng)機(jī)會(huì)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)強(qiáng)度、人力資源實(shí)踐、基于個(gè)人的水平前情以及國(guó)際投資組織系統(tǒng)(桑托斯等人,2005;哈爾佩恩,2007;施洛塞爾和麥克諾頓,2007;博爾赫斯等人,2008)。此外,大多數(shù)現(xiàn)存的研究一般都停留在識(shí)別市場(chǎng)取向的因素方面,而這些因素之間的相互作用和關(guān)系也并沒有得到一個(gè)深入地研究(希瓦馬克瑞希

30、南等人,2008)。而市場(chǎng)定位在組織的盈利能力中起著關(guān)鍵性作用,從業(yè)人員需要清楚地了解這些因素(沃拉,2003)</p><p>  本文認(rèn)為,市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷定位作為一種文化和行為,如果缺乏來(lái)自于銀行高層或者是銀行組織內(nèi)的所有員工的堅(jiān)定承諾,那么它是不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的??敯⒓{和卡勒亞(1998)強(qiáng)調(diào),缺少員工的承諾,對(duì)銀行組織來(lái)說(shuō)是有害的,將會(huì)導(dǎo)致銀行的業(yè)務(wù)績(jī)效的降低,會(huì)導(dǎo)致劣質(zhì)的服務(wù)和造成更高的成本。因此,如果缺乏員工的承

31、諾和公民行為,就可能會(huì)影響到一個(gè)銀行的市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷導(dǎo)向。因此,約旦銀行在市場(chǎng)定位上所作的努力使很有必要地,它必須要保證獲得全體員工的承諾。實(shí)現(xiàn)這樣的承諾,一個(gè)很好的方式就是內(nèi)部營(yíng)銷的應(yīng)用 (卡魯阿納,1998;法扎德等,2008)。</p><p>  只有少量的文獻(xiàn)是關(guān)于研究約旦銀行業(yè)的市場(chǎng)定位營(yíng)銷的(如:大衛(wèi)等人,2007)。此外,大多數(shù)的這類研究,其焦點(diǎn)都在于研究?jī)?nèi)部營(yíng)銷對(duì)市場(chǎng)定位產(chǎn)生的影響。另一方面,當(dāng)前約旦

32、銀行協(xié)會(huì)(2008) 發(fā)布的報(bào)告,強(qiáng)調(diào)了關(guān)于加強(qiáng)公民概念、持續(xù)地培訓(xùn)、學(xué)習(xí)和激勵(lì)、工作滿意度、團(tuán)隊(duì)合作和協(xié)調(diào)活動(dòng)的重要性原則(約旦銀行協(xié)會(huì),2008年);所有這些行為,都涉及到內(nèi)部營(yíng)銷哲學(xué)、組織承諾和組織內(nèi)雇員的公民行為。對(duì)內(nèi)部營(yíng)銷進(jìn)行分析的研究文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量有限,作為一個(gè)理論概念和實(shí)踐,在約旦,研究營(yíng)銷的文獻(xiàn)一般都源于這樣一個(gè)事實(shí),它引入了一個(gè)模型,檢查內(nèi)部營(yíng)銷與其他營(yíng)銷和組織行為之間的相互作用。當(dāng)前的研究文獻(xiàn)主要就分析的這幾個(gè)方面。(法扎

33、德等,2008;希瓦馬克瑞希南等人,2008)。</p><p>  在上述分析的基礎(chǔ)上,本文的目的就是開發(fā)一個(gè)模型來(lái)探索內(nèi)部營(yíng)銷、組織承諾和組織公民行為對(duì)約旦銀行市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷定位產(chǎn)生的影響。在檢查內(nèi)部營(yíng)銷在市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向的直接影響,該模型建立在先前的研究(卡魯阿納和卡勒亞,1998;法扎德等人,2008;)。他們都探索了內(nèi)部營(yíng)銷和組織承諾和組織公民行為相互之間的交互作用,以及他們對(duì)約旦銀行的市場(chǎng)定位的影響。</p&

34、gt;<p>  市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷定位(MO)</p><p>  關(guān)于市場(chǎng)定位的確切屬性,目前學(xué)術(shù)界還沒有達(dá)成一致意見 (蓋納和帕登,2005)。它被看作是一種文化背景,行為哲學(xué)或是這兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的組合(奧拉瓦瑞特和弗里德曼,2008)。一些研究人員則認(rèn)可納瓦和斯萊特(1990)的觀點(diǎn),他們兩人將市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向定義為“共同的價(jià)值觀和信仰,個(gè)人與組織的行為規(guī)范”(稱為市場(chǎng)定位量表—),根據(jù)他們的定義,市場(chǎng)定位的概念主

35、要有三個(gè)維度:</p><p><b>  1.顧客導(dǎo)向;</b></p><p><b>  2.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手導(dǎo)向;</b></p><p><b>  3.功能的協(xié)調(diào)。</b></p><p>  顧客導(dǎo)向,即是要充分理解目標(biāo)顧客的需求,并能夠不斷地為他們創(chuàng)造更好的價(jià)值。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)

36、手定位是指要了解自身短期的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn),并且要了解當(dāng)前的和潛在的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的能力。內(nèi)部功能的協(xié)調(diào),就是通過(guò)集成公司的所有功能,利用公司的資源為目標(biāo)客戶創(chuàng)造更好的價(jià)值。</p><p><b>  內(nèi)部營(yíng)銷(IM)</b></p><p>  格魯諾斯(1980)介紹了內(nèi)部營(yíng)銷的新方法。在他的方法中,每個(gè)員工都應(yīng)該被訓(xùn)練成為一個(gè)專業(yè)的營(yíng)銷人員,應(yīng)培養(yǎng)自己的業(yè)務(wù)能力和人際溝通

37、能力,發(fā)展持續(xù)的客戶關(guān)系,公司應(yīng)該采取一個(gè)框架,類似于基于營(yíng)銷活動(dòng)的,整合外部營(yíng)銷和內(nèi)部營(yíng)銷的新型應(yīng)用模式,激發(fā)組織業(yè)務(wù)人員的服務(wù)意識(shí)和客戶導(dǎo)向行為。貝瑞(1981年)將內(nèi)部營(yíng)銷定義為“內(nèi)部營(yíng)銷時(shí)一種管理哲學(xué),即將員工視為組織的內(nèi)部客戶,以及將組織的目標(biāo)視為為內(nèi)部客戶提供滿意的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù),并且不斷地激勵(lì)他們,實(shí)現(xiàn)組織的目標(biāo)”。拉菲克,艾哈邁德(2000)則將內(nèi)部營(yíng)銷計(jì)劃定義為使用基于營(yíng)銷的方法,克服組織變革阻力,激勵(lì)和推動(dòng)員工的工作,整

38、合員工的能力,以提供客戶滿意度為組織目標(biāo)。</p><p><b>  研究方法</b></p><p>  研究區(qū)域:約旦的銀行業(yè)</p><p>  約旦銀行業(yè)出現(xiàn)于80年前,1925年,約旦外資銀行開始工作 (約旦銀行公會(huì),2008年)。在過(guò)去的幾年里,這個(gè)領(lǐng)域深受約旦經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的影響。與其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的銀行一樣,當(dāng)前的約旦銀行表現(xiàn)相當(dāng)活躍,

39、并承擔(dān)起所有的任務(wù)和職責(zé)。2006年,約旦的銀行數(shù)量增加到的23家,其中兩家是伊斯蘭銀行,八家外資銀行,十三家商業(yè)銀行。之前銀行的分支機(jī)構(gòu)數(shù)量已達(dá)515個(gè),分布在約旦的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域(約旦銀行公會(huì),2008年)。因此,本文集中于研究約旦商業(yè)銀行的原因有兩個(gè)。首先,在約旦,商業(yè)銀行是金融服務(wù)行業(yè)的最大部門。其次,商業(yè)銀行能直接接觸大規(guī)模的約旦公民,能使他們更有效地研究市場(chǎng)定位的應(yīng)用及其淵源;尤其是內(nèi)部營(yíng)銷。</p><p&g

40、t;<b>  抽樣設(shè)計(jì)和數(shù)據(jù)收集</b></p><p>  由于時(shí)間和成本的限制,為了方便從13家商業(yè)銀行(非國(guó)有)的11773名員工中年選取員工作為研究對(duì)象(約旦銀行公會(huì),2008年)。調(diào)查問(wèn)卷分發(fā)給了600名抽樣員工。在所有分發(fā)的調(diào)查問(wèn)卷中,402人成功收回。在數(shù)據(jù)清理過(guò)程中,由于部分銀行員工未完成問(wèn)卷,37例被刪除。最后,對(duì)365份有效問(wèn)卷進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,在這個(gè)大的樣本中有60.83

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