外文翻譯設(shè)計(jì)心理學(xué)---日常生活中的煩惱

1、<p><b>　　中文1800字</b></p><p>　　The Frustations of Everday Life</p><p>　　If I were placed in the cockpit of a modern jet airliner,my inability to perfrom gracefully and smoothly

2、 would neither surprise mor bother me.But I shouldn’t have troulb with doors and switches,water faucets and stoves.”Doors?”I can hear the reader saying ,”you have troublr opening doors?” yes. I push doors that are meant

3、to be pulled, pull doors that should be pushed, and walk into doors that should be slid. Moreover, I see others having the same troubles--unnecessary trouble. Thereare psychol</p><p>　　Consider the door.Ther

4、e is not much you can do to a door:you can open it or shut it.. Suppose you are in an office building, walking down a corridor. You come to a door . In which direction does it open? Shouldyou pull or push,on the left or

5、theright? Maybe the door slides. If so,in which direction? I have seen doors that slide up into the criling. A door poses only two essential questions: In which direction does it move? On which side should one work it? T

6、he answers should be given by the desi</p><p>　　A friend tolld me of the time he got teapped in the doorway of a post office in a European city .The entrance was an imposing row of perhaps six glass swinging

7、 doors, followed immediately by a second, identical row. that’s a standard design: it helps reduce the airflow and thus maintain the indoor temperature of the building</p><p>　　My friend pushed on the side o

8、f one of the leftmost pair of outer doors. It swung inward, and he entered the building. Then,before he could get to the next row of doors, he was distracted and turned around for an instant. He didn’t realize it at the

9、time,but he had moved slightly to the right. So when he came to the next door and pushed it, nothing happened. “Hmm,”he thought, “must be locked.”So he pushed the side of the adjacejt door. Nothing. Puzzled,my feiend dec

10、ided to go outside again. He t</p><p>　　How could such a thing happen? A swinging door has two sides. One contains the supporting pillar and the hige, the other is unsupported. To open the door, you mustpush

11、 on the unsupported edge. If you push on the hinge side, nothing happens. In this case, the designer aimed for beauty, not utility. No distracting lines, no visible pillars, no visible higes. So how can the ordinary use

12、r know which side to push on? While distracted, my friend had moved toard the (invisible)supporting pillar, so he</p><p>　　The doors story illustrates one of the most important principles of design: visiblit

13、y. The correct parts must be visible, and they must convey the correct message. With doors that push, the designer must provide signals that naturally indicate where to push. These need not destroy the aesthetics.Put a v

14、ertical plate on the side tobe pushed,nothing on the other. Or make the supporting pillars visible. The vertical plate and supporting pillars are natural signals, naturally interpreted, without an</p><p>　　V

15、isibillty problems come in many forms. My friend, trapped between the glass doors, suffered from alack of clues that would indicate what part of a door should be operated. Other problems concern the mappings between wha

16、t you want to do and what appears to be possible, another topic thar will be espanded upon throughout the book. Consider one type of slide projector.This projector has a single button to control whether the slide tray mo

17、ves forward or backward. One button to de two things? What </p><p>　　The Leitz slide projector illustrated in figure 1.3 has shown up several times ,it led to a rather dramatic incident. A conscientious stud

18、ent was in charge of showing my slides. Istarted my talk and showed the first slide. When I finished with the first slide and asked for the next, the student carefully pushed the control button an watched in dismany as t

19、he tray backed up,slid out of the projectorand plopped off the table onto the floor, spilling its entire contents .We had to delay the lecture</p><p>　　Allduring the lecture the slides would sometimes go for

20、ward, sametimes backward. Afterward, we found the local technician, who explained it to us. A briefpush of the button and the slide would go forward, a long push and it would reverse. (Pity the conscientious student who

21、kept pushing it hard-and long -to make sure that the switch was making contact.) what an elegant design. Why, it managed to do two functions with only one button! But how was a first-time user of the projector to know th

22、is?</p><p><b>　　日常生活中的煩惱</b></p><p>　　如果我不能熟練靈活地使用現(xiàn)代噴氣式飛機(jī)駕駛艙內(nèi)的儀表，我不會(huì)感到驚訝或不按。但我不應(yīng)該在使用門、開(kāi)關(guān)、水龍頭和爐子時(shí)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題。我似乎聽(tīng)見(jiàn)讀者在說(shuō)：“門？你不會(huì)開(kāi)門嗎？”是的本來(lái)應(yīng)該拉的門，我卻用手去推;應(yīng)該推的門，我卻用手去拉；有時(shí)還會(huì)撞在滑動(dòng)推拉門上。我看見(jiàn)其他人遇到過(guò)也遇到過(guò)同樣的麻

23、煩——不必要的麻煩，這里有些心理學(xué)原理可以幫助我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)出用戶看得懂而且又方便使用的產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　以門為例。我們?cè)谑褂瞄T時(shí)，無(wú)外乎兩種動(dòng)作；開(kāi)或關(guān)。假設(shè)你走在辦公樓內(nèi)的走廊上，然后一扇門前停下來(lái)，應(yīng)該從哪個(gè)方向開(kāi)這扇門？是推是拉？從左邊是是從右邊？也許這是一個(gè)滑動(dòng)拉門，如果真是這樣，應(yīng)該往哪個(gè)方向華東？我曾見(jiàn)過(guò)往上方開(kāi)的門，令我頗感驚訝。使用門時(shí)，我們只會(huì)遇到兩個(gè)基本問(wèn)題，門應(yīng)該朝哪個(gè)方向開(kāi)，用戶應(yīng)該

24、往那邊用力。這些問(wèn)題的答案應(yīng)該在門的設(shè)計(jì)上找到，而無(wú)需用文字或字符加以說(shuō)明，更不應(yīng)該讓用戶在英國(guó)反復(fù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)和出錯(cuò)后再找到答案。</p><p>　　一位朋友向我講述了他被困在歐洲某城市一家郵局的門道里出不來(lái)的情景。郵寄的入口很氣派，六扇雙開(kāi)式的彈簧門排成一排，緊接著還有一排同種樣式的門。這是一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)，目的是為了減少空氣的流通，從而保持樓內(nèi)的溫度恒定。</p><p>　　我的這位朋友推

25、開(kāi)了外邊靠左的那扇門，走進(jìn)了大樓。在來(lái)到第二排玻璃門之前，他因?yàn)槟呈路中摹＾D(zhuǎn)了個(gè)身，當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)有意識(shí)到自己往右邊移動(dòng)了一點(diǎn)。他來(lái)到第二排門前，用力一推，沒(méi)反應(yīng)。“一定是鎖上了?！彼南?，于是又去推旁邊那扇門，還是打不開(kāi)。我的朋友一臉迷惑，決定沿原路返回，便轉(zhuǎn)身去推外面的那扇門，沒(méi)動(dòng)靜。退旁邊的那一扇，仍舊沒(méi)反應(yīng)。他剛剛從這扇門走進(jìn)來(lái)，還是打不開(kāi)。他開(kāi)始擔(dān)心起來(lái)，甚至有些驚慌——自己被困在門道里了！正在這時(shí)一群人從入口的另一邊（我朋友在右邊）

26、很輕松的通過(guò)了這兩道門，于是他趕緊跑過(guò)去，跟他們走進(jìn)了郵局。</p><p>　　怎么會(huì)發(fā)生這樣的事？</p><p>　　雙開(kāi)式彈簧門有兩邊，一邊又固定緩緩走和鉸鏈，另一邊可以自由開(kāi)關(guān)。開(kāi)門時(shí)，你必須推可以自由開(kāi)關(guān)的那一邊，如果推有鉸鏈的那一邊，門就不可被打開(kāi)。在上述情景中，設(shè)計(jì)人員只注意到了門的美觀，而未注意到門的易用性。結(jié)果是，用戶在使用這些門時(shí)看不到旋軸，一個(gè)普通的用戶正忙可能知道

27、從一邊開(kāi)門？我的朋友在精力分散時(shí)，走到了有固定旋軸一邊，他用力推有鉸鏈的那一側(cè)，難怪門紋絲不動(dòng)。不過(guò)這些門卻相當(dāng)漂亮雅致，可能還榮獲過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)獎(jiǎng)呢。</p><p>　　以上例子說(shuō)明了設(shè)計(jì)中的一項(xiàng)重要原則：客觀性。正確的草垛部位必須顯而易見(jiàn)；而且還要向用戶傳達(dá)出正確的信息。在設(shè)計(jì)那些用力推才能打開(kāi)的門時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須讓用戶一看見(jiàn)門，就知道往哪個(gè)部位推。應(yīng)該推的那一側(cè)貼上垂直金屬板，或?qū)⒐潭ㄐS顯露出來(lái)——這并不影響門

28、的美觀。垂直金屬板和固定旋軸屬于自然信號(hào)，可以被用戶直接感知到。我爸這種對(duì)自然信號(hào)的使用稱作自然設(shè)計(jì)，并還將在本書中詳細(xì)探討這一方法。</p><p>　　可視性問(wèn)題有多種表現(xiàn)形式。我的朋友唄困在兩排玻璃門之間，是應(yīng)為他看不到任何有關(guān)操作部位的線索。可視性問(wèn)題的其他表現(xiàn)形式是關(guān)于用戶操作示意圖和可能的操作方法之間的匹配，這是本書將要討論的另一個(gè)話題。以某種類型的投影儀為例，這種投影儀僅靠一個(gè)按鈕來(lái)控制幻燈片槽的前

29、后運(yùn)動(dòng)。一個(gè)按鈕被賦予兩種功能？如何進(jìn)行匹配？你怎樣才能知道控制幻燈片的方法？你不可能知道，應(yīng)為你在投影儀上看不到任何操作方法的提示。一下是我在某個(gè)不熟悉的地方講學(xué)時(shí)遇到一件事。</p><p>　　我在各處講學(xué)的過(guò)程中，有好幾次看到萊茨牌的投影儀。首次使用時(shí)，發(fā)生了一起戲劇性的事故。那次是一名辦事認(rèn)真的學(xué)生負(fù)責(zé)幫我放映幻燈片。當(dāng)我講完第一張幻燈片，需要用第二張幻燈片時(shí)，那名學(xué)生很細(xì)心地按下了控制鈕。只見(jiàn)幻燈片槽

30、開(kāi)始往后移動(dòng)，竟然滑出了投影儀，從桌上“嗶啦”一聲掉下來(lái)。槽內(nèi)的幻燈片灑落一地。學(xué)生大為驚愕，我也趕緊重新整理幻燈片，講座因此推出即了15分鐘。但這不是學(xué)生的過(guò)錯(cuò)，而是這臺(tái)式樣雅致的投影儀的問(wèn)題。只用一個(gè)按鈕來(lái)控制幻燈片的前后運(yùn)動(dòng)我們誰(shuí)也搞不明白該如何操作。</p><p>　　在講座的整個(gè)過(guò)程中，有需要幻燈片往前放，有時(shí)需要往后倒。后來(lái)，我們向當(dāng)?shù)氐募夹g(shù)人員求救。他解釋說(shuō)，輕輕按一下控制鈕，幻燈片就會(huì)往前放；按