集成電路外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　大學(xué)</b></p><p>　　本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）</p><p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　學(xué) 院： </b></p><p>　　專 業(yè)： </p><p>　

2、　學(xué) 生： </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師： </p><p>　　完成日期： 2012年5月 30日 </p><p>　　Integrated circuit (IC) </p><p>　　Introducion</p><p>　　Integrated circuit

3、 also called microelectronic circuit or chip an assembly of electronic components, fabricated as a single unit, in which miniaturized active devices (e.g., transistors and diodes) and passive devices (e.g., capacitor

4、s and resistors) and their interconnections are built up on a thin substrate of semiconductor material (typically silicon). The resulting circuit is thus a small monolithic “chip,” which may be as small as a few square c

5、entimetres or only a few square millimetre</p><p>　　Integrated circuits have their origin in the invention of the transistor in 1947 by William B. Shockley and his team at the American Telephone and Telegrap

6、h Company's Bell Laboratories. Shockley's team (including John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain) found that, under the right circumstances, electrons would form a barrier at the surface of certain crystals, and the

7、y learned to control the flow of electricity through the crystal by manipulating this barrier. Controlling electron flow through a cr</p><p>　　Using the same principles and materials, engineers soon learned

8、to create other electrical components, such as resistors and capacitors. Now that electrical devices could be made so small, the largest part of a circuit was the awkward wiring between the devices. </p><p>

9、　　In 1958 Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments, Inc., and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation independently thought of a way to reduce circuit size further. They laid very thin paths of metal (usually aluminum

10、 or copper) directly on the same piece of material as their devices. These small paths acted as wires. With this technique an entire circuit could be “integrated” on a single piece of solid material and an integrated cir

11、cuit (IC) thus created. ICs can contain hundreds of thousands </p><p>　　Basic IC types </p><p>　　Analog versus digital circuits</p><p>　　Analog, or linear, circuits typically use on

12、ly a few components and are thus some of the simplest types of ICs. Generally, analog circuits are connected to devices that collect signals from the environment or send signals back to the environment. For example, a mi

13、crophone converts fluctuating vocal sounds into an electrical signal of varying voltage. An analog circuit then modifies the signal in some useful way—such as amplifying it or filtering it of undesirable noise. Such a si

14、gnal might then </p><p>　　Another typical use for an analog circuit is to control some device in response to continual changes in the environment. For example, a temperature sensor sends a varying signal to

15、a thermostat, which can be programmed to turn an air conditioner, heater, or oven on and off once the signal has reached a certain value.</p><p>　　A digital circuit, on the other hand, is designed to accept

16、only voltages of specific given values. A circuit that uses only two states is known as a binary circuit. Circuit design with binary quantities, “on” and “off” representing 1 and 0 (i.e., true and false), uses the logic

17、of Boolean algebra. The three basic logic functions—NOT, AND, and OR—together with their truth tables are given in the figure. (Arithmetic is also performed in the binary number system employing Boolean algebra.) These b

18、</p><p>　　Microprocessor circuits</p><p>　　Microprocessors are the most complicated ICs. They are composed of millions of transistors that have been configured as thousands of individual digital

19、 circuits, each of which performs some specific logic function. A microprocessor is built entirely of these logic circuits synchronized to each other. </p><p>　　Just like a marching band, the circuits perfor

20、m their logic function only on direction by the bandmaster. The bandmaster in a microprocessor, so to speak, is called the clock. The clock is a signal that quickly alternates between two logic states. Every time the clo

21、ck changes state, every logic circuit in the microprocessor does something. Calculations can be made very quickly, depending on the speed (“clock frequency”) of the microprocessor. </p><p>　　Microprocessors

22、contain some circuits, known as registers, that store information. Registers are predetermined memory locations. Each processor has many different types of registers. Permanent registers are used to store the preprogramm

23、ed instructions required for various operations (such as addition and multiplication). Temporary registers store numbers that are to be operated on and also the result. Other examples of registers include the “program co

24、unter,” the “stack pointer,” and the “addres</p><p>　　Microprocessors can perform millions of operations per second on data. In addition to computers, microprocessors are common in video game systems, televi

25、sions, cameras, and automobiles.</p><p>　　Memory circuits </p><p>　　Microprocessors typically have to store more data than can be held in a few registers. This additional information is relocate

26、d to special memory circuits. Memory is composed of dense arrays of parallel circuits that use their voltage states to store information. Memory also stores the temporary sequence of instructions, or program, for the mic

27、roprocessor. Manufacturers continually strive to reduce the size of memory circuits—to increase capability without increasing space. In addition, smaller </p><p>　　Digital signal processors </p><p

28、>　　A signal is an analog waveform—anything in the environment that can be captured electronically. A digital signal is an analog waveform that has been converted into a series of binary numbers for quick manipulation.

29、 As the name implies, a digital signal processor (DSP) processes signals digitally, as patterns of 1s and 0s. For instance, using an analog-to-digital converter, commonly called an A-to-D or A/D converter, a recording of

30、 someone's voice can be converted into digital 1s and 0s. The digi</p><p>　　Application-specific ICs</p><p>　　An application-specific IC (ASIC) can be either a digital or an analog circuit.

31、As their name implies, ASICs are not reconfigurable; they perform only one specific function. For example, a speed controller IC for a remote control car is hard-wired to do one job and could never become a microprocesso

32、r. An ASIC does not contain any ability to follow alternate instructions.</p><p>　　Radio-frequency ICs </p><p>　　Radio-frequency ICs (RFICs) are rapidly gaining importance in cellular telephones

33、 and pagers. RFICs are analog circuits that usually run in the frequency range of 900 MHz to 2.4 GHz (900 million hertz to 2.4 billion hertz). They are usually thought of as ASICs even though some may be configurable for

34、 several similar applications. Most semiconductor circuits that operate above 500 MHz cause the electronic components and their connecting paths to interfere with each other in unusual ways. Engineer</p><p>

35、　　Microwave monolithic ICs </p><p>　　A special type of RFIC is known as a microwave monolithic IC (MMIC). These circuits run in the 2.4- to 20-GHz range, or microwave frequencies, and are used in radar syste

36、ms, in satellite communications, and as power amplifiers for cellular telephones. </p><p>　　Just as sound travels faster through water than through air, electron velocity is different through each type of se

37、miconductor material. Silicon offers too much resistance for microwave-frequency circuits, and so the compound gallium arsenide (GaAs) is often used for MMICs. Unfortunately, GaAs is mechanically much less sound than sil

38、icon. It breaks easily, so GaAs wafers are usually much more expensive to build than silicon wafers.</p><p>　　Basic semiconductor design </p><p>　　Any material can be classified as one of three

39、types: conductor, insulator, or semiconductor. A conductor (such as copper or salt water) can easily conduct electricity because it has an abundance of free electrons. An insulator (such as ceramic or dry air) conducts e

40、lectricity very poorly because it has few or no free electrons. A semiconductor (such as silicon or gallium arsenide) is somewhere between a conductor and an insulator. It is capable of conducting some electricity, but n

41、ot much.</p><p>　　Basic semiconductor design</p><p>　　Doping silicon</p><p>　　Most ICs are made of silicon, which is abundant in ordinary beach sand. Pure crystalline silicon, as wi

42、th other semiconducting materials, has a very high resistance to electrical current at normal room temperature. However, with the addition of certain impurities, known as dopants, the silicon can be made to conduct usabl

43、e currents. In particular, the doped silicon can be used as a switch, turning current off and on as desired.</p><p>　　The process of introducing impurities is known as doping or implantation. Depending on a

44、dopant's atomic structure, the result of implantation will be either an n-type (negative) or a p-type (positive) semiconductor. An n-type semiconductor results from implanting dopant atoms that have more electrons in

45、 their outer (bonding) shell than silicon, as shown in the figure. The resulting semiconductor crystal contains excess, or free, electrons that are available for conducting current. A p-type semi</p><p>　　Ba

46、sic semiconductor design </p><p>　　The p-n junction </p><p>　　A p-type or an n-type semiconductor is not very useful on its own. However, joining these opposite materials creates what is called

47、 a p-n junction. A p-n junction forms a barrier to conduction between the materials. Although the electrons in the n-type material are attracted to the holes in the p-type material, the electrons are not normally energet

48、ic enough to overcome the intervening barrier. However, if additional energy is provided to the electrons in the n-type material, they will be capabl</p><p>　　A p-n junction that conducts electricity when en

49、ergy is added to the n material is called forward-biased because the electrons move forward into the holes. If voltage is applied in the opposite direction—a positive voltage connected to the n side of the junction—no cu

50、rrent will flow. The electrons in the n material will still be attracted to the positive voltage, but the voltage will now be on the same side of the barrier as the electrons. In this state a junction is said to be rever

51、se-biased. S</p><p>　　Basic semiconductor design </p><p>　　Field-effect transistors </p><p>　　Bringing a negative voltage close to the centre of a long strip of n-type material will

52、 repel nearby electrons in the material and thus form holes—that is, transform some of the strip in the middle to p-type material. This change in polarity utilizing an electric field gives the field-effect transistor its

53、 name. (See animation.) While the voltage is being applied, there will exist two p-n junctions along the strip, from n to p and then from p back to n. One of the two junctions will always be re</p><p>　　The

54、location where the voltage is applied is known as a gate. The gate is separated from the transistor strip by a thin layer of insulation to prevent it from short-circuiting the flow of electrons through the semiconductor

55、from an input (source) electrode to an output (drain) electrode. Similarly, a switch can be made by placing a positive gate voltage near a strip of p-type material. A positive voltage attracts electrons and thus forms a

56、region of n within a strip of p. This again creates two </p><p>　　Basic semiconductor design </p><p>　　Enhancement mode FETs </p><p>　　There are two basic types of field-effect tra

57、nsistors. The type described previously is a depletion mode FET, since a region is depleted of its natural charge. The field effect can also be used to create what is called an enhancement mode FET by enhancing a region

58、to appear similar to its surrounding regions.</p><p>　　An n-type enhancement mode FET is made from two regions of n-type material separated by a small region of p. As this FET naturally contains two p-n junc

59、tions—two diodes—it is normally switched off. However, when a positive voltage is placed on the gate, the voltage attracts electrons and creates n-type material in the middle region, filling the gap that was previously p

60、-type material, as shown in the animation. The gate voltage thus creates a continuous region of n across the entire strip, allow</p><p>　　Basic semiconductor design</p><p>　　Complementary metal-

61、oxide semiconductors</p><p>　　Recall that placing a positive voltage at the gate of an n-type enhanced mode FET will turn the switch on. Placing the same voltage at the gate of a p-type enhanced mode FET wil

62、l turn the switch off. Likewise, placing a negative voltage at the gate will turn the n-type off and the p-type on. These FETs always respond in opposite, or complementary, fashion to a given gate voltage. Thus, if the g

63、ates of an n-type and a p-type FET are connected, any voltage applied to the common gate will operate t</p><p>　　Basic semiconductor design </p><p>　　Bipolar transistors </p><p>　　

64、Bipolar transistors simultaneously use holes and electrons to conduct, hence their name (from “two polarities”). Like FETs, bipolar transistors contain p- and n-type materials configured in input, middle, and output regi

65、ons. In bipolar transistors, however, these regions are referred to as the emitter, the base, and the collector. Instead of relying, as FETs do, on a secondary voltage source to change the polarity beneath the gate (the

66、field effect), bipolar transistors use a secondary voltage s</p><p>　　Designing ICs </p><p>　　All ICs use the same basic principles of voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R). In particular

67、, equations based on Ohm's law, V = IR, determine many circuit design choices. Design engineers must also be familiar with the properties of various electronic components needed for different applications.</p>

68、<p>　　Designing ICs </p><p>　　Analog design </p><p>　　As mentioned earlier, an analog circuit takes an infinitely variable real-world voltage or current and modifies it in some useful way

69、. The signal might be amplified, compared with another signal, mixed with other signals, separated from other signals, examined for value, or otherwise manipulated. For the design of this type of circuit, the choice of e

70、very individual component, size, placement, and connection is crucial. Unique decisions abound—for instance, whether one connection should be sligh</p><p>　　Designing ICs </p><p>　　Digital desi

71、gn </p><p>　　Since digital circuits involve millions of times as many components as analog circuits, much of the design work is done by copying and reusing the same circuit functions, especially by using dig

72、ital design software that contains libraries of prestructured circuit components. The components available in such a library are of similar height, contain contact points in predefined locations, and have other rigid con

73、formities so that they fit together regardless of how the computer configures a layout</p><p>　　Whether analog or digital circuitry is used depends on the function of a circuit. The design and layout of anal

74、og circuits are more demanding of teamwork, time, innovation, and experience, particularly as circuit frequencies get higher, though skilled digital designers and layout engineers can be of great benefit in overseeing an

75、 automated process as well. Digital design emphasizes different skills from analog design. </p><p><b>　　集成電路（IC）</b></p><p><b>　　引言 </b></p><p>　　集成電路也稱為微

76、電子電路或芯片的電子元件，作為一個單元，其中微型有源器件（如晶體管和二極管）和無源器件（例如，電容器和電阻器）和他們的互連是建立在制造薄基板的半導(dǎo)體材料（通常是硅）。從而產(chǎn)生電路是一個小鐵板和一塊“芯片”，這可能只有幾平方厘米的小或只有幾平方毫米，這就是一般大小的微觀個人的電路元件。 </p><p>　　集成電路是他們在1947年由William B. Shockley和他的團(tuán)隊在美國電話電報公司的貝爾實

77、驗室發(fā)明的晶體管。肖克利的團(tuán)隊（包括John Bardeen和Walter H.的布拉坦的）發(fā)現(xiàn)，在正常情況下，電子會在某些晶體表面形成的障礙，他們學(xué)會了控制流動的電力通過晶體?？刂凭w的電子流通過允許團(tuán)隊創(chuàng)建一個設(shè)備，可以進(jìn)行一定的電氣操作，如信號放大，真空管，以前他們命名這種設(shè)備為晶體管，由一個組合的傳輸和電阻組成設(shè)備（見照片）。創(chuàng)造電子設(shè)備，使用固體材料的方法的研究成品被稱為固態(tài)電子。固態(tài)裝置被證明比其他裝置更堅固，更容易使用，更

78、可靠，更小，但是它比真空管昂貴。 </p><p>　　使用相同的原則和材料，工程師很快就學(xué)會了創(chuàng)建其他的電器元件，如電阻和電容，但電路的最大挑戰(zhàn)是設(shè)備之間的接線。 1958年，由于杰克·基爾比，德州儀器公司和半導(dǎo)體公司的羅伯特·諾伊斯創(chuàng)立了獨(dú)立思想的方法，從而進(jìn)一步減少電路的尺寸。這個方法奠定了金屬的路徑（通常為鋁或銅），那就是直接用一塊材料作為其設(shè)備，

79、以這些小的路徑作為電線。使整個電路可以以堅實的物質(zhì)單件“一體化”的技術(shù)和集成電路（IC）為創(chuàng)造基礎(chǔ)。芯片可以包含成千上萬如豌豆大小的單個晶體管的材料單件。本來，許多真空管是昂貴的，可是集成電路的發(fā)明使信息時代的技術(shù)變得可行。集成電路現(xiàn)在廣泛應(yīng)用在各行各業(yè)，從汽車到游樂園的游樂設(shè)施再到家庭用的烤面包機(jī)等等。</p><p>　　基本IC類型 </p><p>　　模擬與數(shù)字電路

80、</p><p>　　模擬，或線性電路通常只使用幾個組件，這就是一些IC的簡單類型。一般來說，模擬電路連接到設(shè)備時，都會從環(huán)境中收集信號或發(fā)出信號。例如，一個麥克風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)換成電信號的不同電壓波動的聲音。模擬電路就會修改一些有用的方式，如放大或過濾不良噪音的信號。這樣一個信號，可能會被反饋到揚(yáng)聲器，然后將重現(xiàn)最初拿起麥克風(fēng)的音。 </p><p>　　模擬電路的另一個典型的用途是在回應(yīng)不斷

81、變化的環(huán)境，然后控制某些設(shè)備。例如，一個溫度傳感器發(fā)送到一個恒溫變化的信號，它可以編程來打開和關(guān)閉空調(diào)，熱水器，或烤箱一旦收到信號就會體現(xiàn)其功能。 </p><p>　　數(shù)字電路，旨在接受只有特定的定值電壓被稱為二進(jìn)制電路的電路。使用時只有兩種狀態(tài)，電路設(shè)計與二進(jìn)制數(shù)量，“開”和“關(guān)”代表1和0（即true和false），用的事代數(shù)的邏輯。圖中給出的三個基本邏輯功能，不、與、或，連同其真值表。（算術(shù)也采用二

82、進(jìn)制數(shù)布爾代數(shù)系統(tǒng)中執(zhí)行。）這些基本元素相結(jié)合，在集成電路設(shè)計中為數(shù)碼電腦和相關(guān)設(shè)備，以執(zhí)行所需的功能。</p><p>　　微處理器電路 </p><p>　　微處理器是最復(fù)雜的集成電路。它們是由數(shù)百萬個晶體管，成千上萬的個人數(shù)字電路組成，其中每個執(zhí)行一些特定的邏輯功能配置。微處理器完全是建立在這些邏輯電路相互同步的基礎(chǔ)上的。就像一個軍樂隊，電路執(zhí)行方向由樂隊指揮他們的邏輯功能。，

83、可以這么說，在微處理器的樂隊指揮被稱為時鐘。時鐘是一個信號，兩個邏輯狀態(tài)之間迅速交替。每次時鐘狀態(tài)發(fā)生變化，每一個邏輯電路，微處理器做一些事情。根據(jù)微處理器的速度（“時鐘頻率”），可以計算得非常快。微處理器中包含一些電路，被稱為寄存器，用來存儲信息，即寄存器預(yù)定的內(nèi)存位置。每個處理器都有許多不同類型的寄存器。常駐寄存器用來存儲預(yù)先設(shè)定的指令所需的各種操作（如加法和乘法）。臨時寄存器存儲的數(shù)字將被作為操作結(jié)果。寄存器的其他例子包括“程序計

84、數(shù)器”，“堆棧指針”和“地址”注冊。 </p><p>　　微處理器可以執(zhí)行每秒的數(shù)據(jù)高達(dá)百萬。除了電腦，微處理器是常見的視頻游戲系統(tǒng)。</p><p><b>　　存儲器電路 </b></p><p>　　微處理器通?？梢源鎯芏嗟臄?shù)據(jù)。這些額外的信息遷移到特殊的記憶體電路中。內(nèi)存組成的并聯(lián)電路使用的電壓狀態(tài)來存儲信息的密集陣列。

85、記憶存儲指令或程序的臨時序列，稱作微處理器。制造商不斷努力，以減少的內(nèi)存大小的電路，從而增加空間的能力。此外，較小的組件通常使用更少的功率，更有效地運(yùn)作，并可以減少生產(chǎn)成本。數(shù)字信號處理器 </p><p>　　一個信號就是模擬波形在任何一個電子環(huán)境可以被捕捉的信號。數(shù)字信號是模擬波形，已轉(zhuǎn)換成一系列二進(jìn)制數(shù)字。顧名思義，數(shù)字信號處理器（DSP）處理信號的數(shù)字，1s和0s模式。例如，使用一個模擬 - 數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)

86、換器，俗稱A至D或A / D轉(zhuǎn)換器，一個人的聲音的錄音可以轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)字1和0。通過使用復(fù)雜的數(shù)學(xué)公式DSP的數(shù)字代表的聲音，然后可以修改。例如，電路中的DSP算法，可配置承認(rèn)所說的話作為背景噪聲和數(shù)字消除環(huán)境噪聲的波形之間的差距。最后，處理后的信號可以轉(zhuǎn)換回（由D / A轉(zhuǎn)換）到模擬信號的聽覺。數(shù)字信號處理可以過濾背景噪音很快，舉例來說，這樣的處理使“現(xiàn)場”電視節(jié)目的廣播把重點(diǎn)放在1個四分衛(wèi)的信號。DSP還用于生產(chǎn)數(shù)字電視直播的影響。例如

87、，在足球比賽中顯示黃色標(biāo)記線是不是真領(lǐng)域的DSP增加了線后相機(jī)拍攝的圖片。同樣，就如體育場圍欄和電視體育賽事期間的廣告牌上看到一些廣告是不是真的。</p><p>　　應(yīng)用專用集成電路 </p><p>　　一個特定應(yīng)用集成電路（ASIC），可以是一個數(shù)字或模擬電路。顧名思義， ASIC是不是重構(gòu);他們只執(zhí)行一個特定的功能。例如，一個遠(yuǎn)程控制汽車的速度控制器IC是硬接線做的一個工作，

88、不可能成為一個微處理器。ASIC中不包含任何能夠遵循替代的指示。</p><p>　　射頻集成電路 </p><p>　　射頻集成電路（RFIC的）正在迅速移動電話和傳呼機(jī)的重要性。RFIC的是，通常在900兆赫的頻率范圍內(nèi)運(yùn)行至2.4千兆赫（900百萬赫茲到2.4億赫茲）的模擬電路。他們通常認(rèn)為，即使作為ASIC的一些可配置幾個類似的應(yīng)用。大多數(shù)半導(dǎo)體電路500兆赫以上操作造成的電

89、子元件和連接路徑，在不尋常的方式互相干擾。工程師必須使用特殊的設(shè)計技術(shù)與高頻微電子相互作用的物理處理。微波單片集成電路 </p><p>　　一個特殊類型的射頻微波單片集成電路（MMIC），被稱為。這些電路運(yùn)行在2.4到20 GHz范圍內(nèi)，或微波頻率，并在雷達(dá)系統(tǒng)，衛(wèi)星通信，使用，以及用于蜂窩電話功率放大器。 </p><p>　　一樣的聲音通過水傳播的速度比通過空氣通過每種類

90、型的半導(dǎo)體材料，電子的傳播速度是不同的。硅微波高頻電路提供了太多的阻力，所以常常使用MMIC的化合物砷化鎵（GaAs）。不幸的是，砷化鎵比硅機(jī)械少得多。它容易打破，所以砷化鎵晶圓通常比硅片建立更加昂貴。</p><p><b>　　基本的半導(dǎo)體設(shè)計</b></p><p>　　任何材料可分為三種類型之一：導(dǎo)體，絕緣體或半導(dǎo)體。導(dǎo)體（如銅或咸水），可以很容易地進(jìn)行發(fā)電，

91、因為它有大量的自由電子。絕緣體（如陶瓷或干燥的空氣）的導(dǎo)電性很差，因為它有很少或根本沒有自由電子。半導(dǎo)體（如硅或砷化鎵），是介于導(dǎo)體和絕緣體。它是能夠發(fā)出一些電力，但數(shù)量不多?；镜陌雽?dǎo)體設(shè)計摻雜硅 </p><p>　　大多數(shù)集成電路芯片,如純凈的晶體硅，與其他半導(dǎo)體材料都可以摻雜。然而，與某些雜質(zhì)，摻雜已知此外，硅可以進(jìn)行電流測試。，尤其是摻雜硅可以用來作為一個開關(guān)，轉(zhuǎn)向當(dāng)前打開和關(guān)閉的需要，引入雜質(zhì)的

92、過程被稱為摻雜或注入。</p><p>　　根據(jù)摻雜劑的原子結(jié)構(gòu)，植入的結(jié)果將是一個n型（負(fù)）或p型（正）半導(dǎo)體。從植入有更多的電子在其外層（粘接）外殼比硅的摻雜原子的n型半導(dǎo)體的結(jié)果，圖中所示。半導(dǎo)體晶體含有多余的，或自由電子傳導(dǎo)電流。從植入，在其外殼比硅少的電子摻雜原子的p型半導(dǎo)體。由此產(chǎn)生的晶體包含在其粘接結(jié)構(gòu)通常位于電子的“洞”。在本質(zhì)上，這些孔可以進(jìn)行正電荷的晶體移動。</p><p

93、>　　基本的半導(dǎo)體設(shè)計p-n結(jié) </p><p>　　p型或n型半導(dǎo)體參加這些相反的材料創(chuàng)建被稱為pn結(jié)。一個PN結(jié)形成的材料之間的傳導(dǎo)障礙。雖然在n型材料中的電子被吸引在p型材料的孔，電子不正常能量足以克服干預(yù)屏障。然而，如果在n型材料的電子提供額外的能量，他們將能夠穿越屏障進(jìn)入p型材料和電流會流入。這種額外的能量，可提供的p型材料施加一個正電壓，如下圖所示。電子帶負(fù)電荷，然后將高度吸引到整個路口的

94、正電壓。 </p><p>　　導(dǎo)電時能量被添加到N材料的PN結(jié)正向偏置，被稱為電子移動。如果電壓施加相反方向的正電壓連接到N側(cè)的交界處將沒有流入。N材料的電子仍然會被吸引到正電壓，但現(xiàn)在同方作為電子屏障的電壓。在這種狀態(tài)下一個路口說是反向偏置。由于pn結(jié)只在一個方向進(jìn)行發(fā)電，他們是一個類型的二極管。二極管是半導(dǎo)體開關(guān)的重要基石?；镜陌雽?dǎo)體設(shè)計場效應(yīng)晶體管 </p><p>

95、　　帶來的負(fù)電壓接近中心的n型材料的長條形，將被排斥在附近的電子材料，從而形式是，一些轉(zhuǎn)化的中間地帶的p型材料。這利用電場極性變化給場效應(yīng)晶體管，它的名字。（看動畫）當(dāng)電壓被應(yīng)用，將沿條存在兩個pn結(jié)，從n到p，然后從p到n。兩路口將永遠(yuǎn)是反向偏置。由于不能進(jìn)行反向偏置結(jié)，電流不能流過條?？梢杂脕韯?chuàng)建一個開關(guān)（晶體管）把當(dāng)前的關(guān)閉，只需申請和消除附近的一個小的電壓，以創(chuàng)建或銷毀材料中的反向偏置二極管，場效應(yīng)。使用場效應(yīng)晶體管被稱為場效應(yīng)

96、晶體管（FET）。被稱為門的位置，施加電壓。門被分離由薄絕緣層，以防止短路輸入（源）電極的電子流通過半導(dǎo)體輸出（漏）電極從晶體管條。同樣，一個開關(guān)，可以由p型材料帶附近放置了積極的柵極電壓。一個正電壓吸引電子，從而形成n個區(qū)域內(nèi)的p帶。這再次創(chuàng)造了兩個P-N結(jié)，或二極管。如前所述，一個二極管將永遠(yuǎn)是反向偏置，將停止電流。場效應(yīng)管是構(gòu)建邏輯電路開關(guān)期間，因為他們需要的只是一個很小的電流。目前沒有需要舉行晶體管的開啟或關(guān)閉狀態(tài);電壓將保持這

97、種狀態(tài)。這種類型的交換，有助于延長電池壽命。一個場效應(yīng)晶體管被稱為單極性（從“一極”），因為主要的傳導(dǎo)方法是要么孔或電子，不</p><p><b>　　基本的半導(dǎo)體設(shè)計</b></p><p>　　增強(qiáng)型場效應(yīng)管 </p><p>　　有兩個基本類型的場效應(yīng)晶體管。前面所述的類型是耗盡型場效應(yīng)管，因為一個地區(qū)的自然電荷耗盡。場效應(yīng)也可以

98、用來創(chuàng)建被稱為增強(qiáng)型場效應(yīng)管，提高一個地區(qū)及其周邊地區(qū)出現(xiàn)類似。 </p><p>　　N型增強(qiáng)型場效應(yīng)管是由n型材料由小p的地區(qū)分隔兩個地區(qū)。由于這FET自然包含兩個pn路口 ，它通常被關(guān)掉。然而，在門上放置一個正電壓時，電壓吸引電子，并建立在n型材料，填補(bǔ)中部地區(qū)的差距，以前是p型材料，如動畫中所示。柵極電壓，從而造成整個帶n個連續(xù)的區(qū)域，使電流從一方流向其他。這將晶體管。同樣，一個P-型增強(qiáng)型場效

99、應(yīng)管，可從兩個地區(qū)小區(qū)域的n分隔的p型材料。打開這種晶體管的柵極電壓為負(fù)。增強(qiáng)型場效應(yīng)晶體管切換速度比耗盡型場效應(yīng)管，因為他們需要根據(jù)門的變化只是表面附近的，而不是通過材料的方式。</p><p>　　基本的半導(dǎo)體設(shè)計 </p><p>　　互補(bǔ)金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體 </p><p>　　記得，在n型增強(qiáng)模式FET的柵極正電壓將打開開關(guān)。名次相同的電壓，在p

100、型增強(qiáng)模式FET的柵極，將關(guān)閉開關(guān)。同樣，在門口放置一個負(fù)電壓會變成n型的關(guān)閉和p型。這些場效應(yīng)管總是在對面的回應(yīng)，或一個給定的柵極電壓的互補(bǔ)性，時尚。因此，如果n型和p型FET的閘相連，任何電壓適用于普通門，將經(jīng)營的互補(bǔ)配對，轉(zhuǎn)向一個離開的其他關(guān)閉。一對n型和p型晶體管，這種方式被稱為互補(bǔ)金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體（CMOS）半導(dǎo)體。由于互補(bǔ)晶體管對兩個邏輯狀態(tài)之間可以快速切換，CMOSs??是非常有用的邏輯電路。特別，因為只有一個電路是在任何