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1、<p> 電火花成形加工技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢(shì)</p><p> 作者:Sherry L. Baranek 來(lái)源:MM《現(xiàn)代制造》</p><p><b> 一、引言 </b></p><p> 作為先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的一個(gè)重要分支,特種加工技術(shù),尤其是電火花加工技術(shù),自20世紀(jì)40年代開(kāi)創(chuàng)以來(lái),歷經(jīng)半個(gè)多世紀(jì)的發(fā)展,已成為先進(jìn)制造
2、技術(shù)領(lǐng)域不可或缺的重要組成部分。尤其是進(jìn)人20世紀(jì)90年代后,隨著信息技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)、航空和航天技術(shù)、材料科學(xué)技術(shù)等高新技術(shù)的發(fā)展,電火花成形加工技術(shù)也朝著更深層次、更高水平的方向發(fā)展。雖然一些傳統(tǒng)加工技術(shù)通過(guò)自身的不斷更新發(fā)展以及與其它相關(guān)技術(shù)的融合,在一些難加工材料加工領(lǐng)域(尤其在模具加工領(lǐng)域)表現(xiàn)出了加工效率高等優(yōu)勢(shì),但這些技術(shù)的應(yīng)用沒(méi)有也不可能完全取代電火花成形加工技術(shù)在難加工材料、復(fù)雜型面、模具等加工領(lǐng)域中的地位。相反,電火花
3、成形加工技術(shù)通過(guò)借鑒其它加工技術(shù)的發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn),正不斷向微細(xì)化、高效化、精密化、自動(dòng)化、智能化等方向發(fā)展。 </p><p> 二、電火花成形加工技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 </p><p> 目前,在電火花加工基礎(chǔ)理論研究領(lǐng)域,由于放電過(guò)程本身的復(fù)雜性、隨機(jī)性以及研究手段缺乏創(chuàng)新性,迄今尚未取得突破性進(jìn)展。但在加工工藝和控制理論研究領(lǐng)域,由于研究成果可直接應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐,因此已成為目前電火花成形加工
4、技術(shù)研究中較為活躍的領(lǐng)域,其研究熱點(diǎn)主要集中在高效加工技術(shù)、高精密加工技術(shù)(如鏡面加工技術(shù))、低損耗加工技術(shù)、微細(xì)加工技術(shù)、非導(dǎo)電材料加工技術(shù)、電火花表面處理技術(shù)、智能控制技術(shù)(如人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)、模糊控制技術(shù)、專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)等)以及操作安全、環(huán)境保護(hù)等方面。在工藝設(shè)備開(kāi)發(fā)方面,目前的新型電火花成形加工機(jī)床在加工功能、加工精度、自動(dòng)化程度、可靠性等方面已全面改善,許多機(jī)床已具備了在線(xiàn)檢測(cè)、智能控制、模塊化等功能,已不再是傳統(tǒng)意義上的特種加工機(jī)
5、床,而更像切削加工中的數(shù)控機(jī)床甚至加工中心。 </p><p> 三、電火花成形加工技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) </p><p> 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展和制造業(yè)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的加劇對(duì)電火花成形加工技術(shù)提出了更高要求,同時(shí)也為電火花成形加工技術(shù)加工理論的研究和工藝開(kāi)發(fā)、設(shè)備更新提供了新的動(dòng)力。今后電火花成形加工的加工對(duì)象應(yīng)主要面向傳統(tǒng)切削加工不易實(shí)現(xiàn)的難加工材料、復(fù)雜型面等加工,其中精細(xì)加工、精密加工、
6、窄槽加工、深腔加工等將成為發(fā)展重點(diǎn)。同時(shí),還應(yīng)注意與其它特種加工技術(shù)或傳統(tǒng)切削加工技術(shù)的復(fù)合應(yīng)用,充分發(fā)揮各種加工方法在難加工材料加工中的優(yōu)勢(shì),取得聯(lián)合增值效應(yīng)。相對(duì)于切削加工技術(shù)而言,電火花成形加工技術(shù)仍是一門(mén)較年輕的技術(shù),因此在今后的發(fā)展中,應(yīng)借鑒切削加工技術(shù)發(fā)展過(guò)程中取得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與成果,根據(jù)電火花成形加工自身的技術(shù)特點(diǎn),選用適當(dāng)?shù)募庸だ碚?、控制原理和工藝方法,并在己有成果的基礎(chǔ)上不斷完善、創(chuàng)新。電火花成形加工機(jī)床向數(shù)控化方向發(fā)展的趨
7、勢(shì)已不可逆轉(zhuǎn),但應(yīng)注意不可盲目追求“大而全”,應(yīng)以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向,建立具有開(kāi)放性的數(shù)控體系??傮w而言,電火花成形加工技術(shù)今后的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)應(yīng)是高效率、高精度、低損耗、微細(xì)化、自動(dòng)化、安全、環(huán)保等。 </p><p> 1.電火花成形加工理論的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) </p><p> 近年來(lái),電火花成形加工的基礎(chǔ)理論研究尚未取得實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)展,雖然一些學(xué)者對(duì)加工過(guò)程的放電痕跡、材料蝕除原理等提出了一些新看法,但
8、在電火花加工機(jī)理研究方面并未取得重大突破。較為活躍的研究領(lǐng)域主要集中在加工工藝?yán)碚摵涂刂评碚摲矫妗?</p><p> 在加工工藝?yán)碚撗芯糠矫?,研究熱點(diǎn)主要是如何提高電火花成形加工的表面質(zhì)量和加工速度,降低損耗,拓展電火花加工的范圍,以及探索復(fù)雜、微細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)的加工方法等。通過(guò)將研究成果應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐,全面提高了電火花成形加工的加工性能。在控制理論研究方面,智能控制一直是研究重點(diǎn)。國(guó)內(nèi)外生產(chǎn)的新型電火花成形加工機(jī)床
9、大多采用了智能控制技術(shù),此項(xiàng)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用使機(jī)床操作更容易,對(duì)操作人員要求更低。同時(shí),智能控制系統(tǒng)具有自學(xué)習(xí)能力,可在線(xiàn)自動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)、調(diào)整加工過(guò)程,以實(shí)現(xiàn)加工過(guò)程的最優(yōu)化控制。 </p><p> 雖然電火花成形加工的理論研究在基礎(chǔ)理論、加工工藝?yán)碚?、控制理論等方面都有一定發(fā)展和提高,但加工工藝?yán)碚摗⒖刂评碚撘玫礁M(jìn)一步全面發(fā)展,就必須在整個(gè)放電過(guò)程機(jī)理的研究上有所突破。因此,電火花成形加工理論研究的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)將是在進(jìn)
10、一步探討加工工藝?yán)碚摵涂刂评碚?,提高電火花成形加工的加工性能及加工范圍,取得更好控制效果的同時(shí),重點(diǎn)研究放電過(guò)程的機(jī)理。 </p><p> 電火花成形加工機(jī)理研究未取得突破性進(jìn)展的主要原因除放電過(guò)程本身的復(fù)雜性、隨機(jī)性外,還由于研究方法及手段缺乏創(chuàng)新性。因此,有必要借鑒其它研究領(lǐng)域的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn),引人先進(jìn)的研究方法和試驗(yàn)技術(shù),克服傳統(tǒng)研究方法的局限性、深人剖析和揭示整個(gè)放電過(guò)程的內(nèi)在本質(zhì),建立可客觀(guān)反映放電過(guò)程規(guī)
11、律的理論模型,以指導(dǎo)電火花成形加工工藝?yán)碚摵涂刂评碚摰难芯?,而?jì)算機(jī)仿真技術(shù)可能是實(shí)現(xiàn)這一過(guò)程的有效工具。 </p><p> 2.電火花成形加工設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)的改進(jìn) </p><p> 借鑒現(xiàn)代切削加工機(jī)床的發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn),電火花成形加工設(shè)備向數(shù)控化方向發(fā)展是一個(gè)不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的趨勢(shì)。一方面應(yīng)以高精度、高速度、自動(dòng)化為追求目標(biāo),以技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)占領(lǐng)市場(chǎng);另一方面應(yīng)充分考慮設(shè)備的性能價(jià)格比,通過(guò)對(duì)機(jī)床功能的合
12、理定位,進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)改進(jìn)和模塊化設(shè)計(jì),采用開(kāi)放性的數(shù)控系統(tǒng),提高機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)的合理性,以最低的價(jià)格和足夠的功能向用戶(hù)提供可滿(mǎn)足不同加工需要的各類(lèi)電火花成形加工機(jī)床。 </p><p> 受現(xiàn)代切削加工技術(shù)發(fā)展的沖擊,以前適合采用電火花加工的一部分加工領(lǐng)域已逐步為切削加工方式所替代。但是,現(xiàn)代科技的發(fā)展對(duì)零件的制造精度提出了更高要求,各種高性能材料的應(yīng)用日益廣泛,同時(shí),一些零件結(jié)構(gòu)趨于復(fù)雜化、微型化、薄型化,這都使切削加
13、工技術(shù)在某些加工領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用受到限制,而這些恰好是電火花成形加工的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì),也是其具有生存空間和發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ默F(xiàn)實(shí)依據(jù)。 </p><p> 為全面推動(dòng)電火花成形加工設(shè)備的技術(shù)進(jìn)步,在采用先進(jìn)控制系統(tǒng)的同時(shí),機(jī)床結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)也需要進(jìn)一步完善,其主要發(fā)展方向表現(xiàn)在以下兩方面: </p><p> (1)直線(xiàn)伺服系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用 </p><p> 電火花成形加工設(shè)備采用直線(xiàn)電
14、機(jī)伺服系統(tǒng)可使加工性能獲得明顯改善,具體表現(xiàn)為: </p><p> ?、倏蓪?shí)現(xiàn)軸的直接直線(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng),省去絲杠一螺母?jìng)鲃?dòng)環(huán)節(jié),從而保證軸的高速運(yùn)動(dòng); </p><p> ?、诓捎弥本€(xiàn)電機(jī)與滑板一體化結(jié)構(gòu),可消除滑板與電機(jī)之間因存在中間環(huán)節(jié)而引起的機(jī)械響應(yīng)滯后現(xiàn)象,提高系統(tǒng)的靈敏度,縮短動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)時(shí)間,保證加工過(guò)程的穩(wěn)定性; </p><p> ③直線(xiàn)電機(jī)伺服系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)方
15、式?jīng)Q定了其位置檢測(cè)環(huán)節(jié)必須采用直線(xiàn)位置反饋元件,實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)中間環(huán)節(jié)的直接位置檢測(cè),從而構(gòu)成一個(gè)全閉環(huán)系統(tǒng),保證加工過(guò)程的高精度及精度保持性。目前,直線(xiàn)伺服系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用在深窄、微小型腔加工及模壓零件一模多腔加工方面具有明顯的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)。但是,這些技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)要真正實(shí)現(xiàn),除需結(jié)合電火花成形加工放電過(guò)程特性,解決直線(xiàn)伺服系統(tǒng)本身的技術(shù)難題外,還必須解決一系列與直線(xiàn)伺服系統(tǒng)配套的相關(guān)技術(shù),如直線(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)力平衡、工作臺(tái)的結(jié)構(gòu)改進(jìn)等。 </p>
16、<p> ?。?)機(jī)床運(yùn)動(dòng)方式的改進(jìn) </p><p> 突破現(xiàn)有電火花成形加工機(jī)床運(yùn)動(dòng)方式的局限性,是發(fā)揮其技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)、推動(dòng)其產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的另一重要途徑。借鑒現(xiàn)代切削加工技術(shù)的發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn),可在機(jī)床主要的加工成形運(yùn)動(dòng)基礎(chǔ)上引人圓周運(yùn)動(dòng),特別是采用多軸回轉(zhuǎn)系統(tǒng)與多種直線(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)組合成多種復(fù)合運(yùn)動(dòng)方式,以適應(yīng)不同種類(lèi)工件的加工要求,擴(kuò)大電火花成形加工的加工范圍,提高其在精密加工方面的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)和技術(shù)效益。目前,
17、許多電火花成形加工機(jī)床在運(yùn)動(dòng)方式上作了一些改進(jìn),如瑞士阿奇公司生產(chǎn)的AGIF MONDO STAR20(50)機(jī)床擁有EQUIMODE功能,能實(shí)現(xiàn)空間任何方向的半球平動(dòng),這種平動(dòng)功能在實(shí)際加工中具有很高實(shí)用價(jià)值。但目前電火花成形加工機(jī)床增設(shè)的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式還較為單一,應(yīng)用范圍有限。電火花成形加工要在加工精度、加工效率、加工范圍等方面取得重大突破,一個(gè)重要的發(fā)展方向就是對(duì)機(jī)床成形運(yùn)動(dòng)方式的創(chuàng)新和多樣化。最近,日本東京大學(xué)余組元博士、增澤隆久教授
18、等提出了電極等損耗概念,即通過(guò)對(duì)加工路徑的合理規(guī)劃,可使電極損耗處于等損耗狀態(tài),從而使電極損耗的補(bǔ)償變得極為簡(jiǎn)單。這一概念的提出為電火花成形加工運(yùn)動(dòng)方式的改進(jìn)提供了必要的理論依據(jù)。當(dāng)然,由此產(chǎn)生的機(jī)床結(jié)構(gòu)改變及其相關(guān)技</p><p> 此外,機(jī)床的整體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)必須充分考慮環(huán)境保護(hù)以及人一機(jī)協(xié)調(diào)性,借助先進(jìn)的設(shè)計(jì)方法和手段(如CAD、有限元分析等)對(duì)機(jī)床結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行全面優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),充分提高機(jī)床結(jié)構(gòu)的先進(jìn)性和合理性。
19、</p><p> 3.電火花成形加工工藝的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) </p><p> 通過(guò)對(duì)電火花成形加工機(jī)理的研究,進(jìn)一步揭示放電過(guò)程的內(nèi)在規(guī)律,并以此為指導(dǎo),推動(dòng)電火花成形加工工藝向高效率、高精度、低損耗方向發(fā)展,同時(shí)還應(yīng)注意微細(xì)化加工方面的發(fā)展。</p><p> ?。?)加工過(guò)程的高效化 </p><p> 加工過(guò)程的高效化不僅體現(xiàn)在通過(guò)改
20、進(jìn)電火花加工伺服系統(tǒng)、控制系統(tǒng)、工作液系統(tǒng)、機(jī)床結(jié)構(gòu)等,減少上述因素對(duì)電火花成形加工效率的影響,在保證加工精度的前提下提高粗、精加工效率,同時(shí)還應(yīng)盡量減少輔助時(shí)間(如編程時(shí)間、電極與工件定位時(shí)間、維修時(shí)間等),這就需要增強(qiáng)機(jī)床的自動(dòng)編程功能,擴(kuò)展機(jī)床的在線(xiàn)后臺(tái)編程能力,改進(jìn)和開(kāi)發(fā)適用的電極與工件定位裝置。在機(jī)床維護(hù)方面,應(yīng)增強(qiáng)機(jī)床的多媒體功能和在線(xiàn)幫助功能,對(duì)于常見(jiàn)故障,操作人員可直接根據(jù)計(jì)算機(jī)提示實(shí)現(xiàn)故障排除,同時(shí)這也有利于增強(qiáng)機(jī)床的
21、可操作性和操作人員的操作技能。 </p><p> ?。?)加工過(guò)程的精密化 </p><p> 通過(guò)采用一系列先進(jìn)加工技術(shù)和工藝方法,目前電火花成形加工精度已有全面提高,有的已可達(dá)到鏡面加工水平。但從總體來(lái)看,先進(jìn)技術(shù)在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用還不夠成熟和廣泛,因此有必要全面推動(dòng)已有先進(jìn)技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步完善及向產(chǎn)業(yè)化方向發(fā)展。在保證加工速度、加工成本的前提下,使電火花成形加工的精度水平進(jìn)一步提高,
22、使電火花成形加工成為一些主要零件、關(guān)鍵零件的最終加工方式。同時(shí),對(duì)加工精度的衡量不能僅僅局限于工件的尺寸精度和表面粗糙度,還應(yīng)包括型面的幾何精度、變質(zhì)層厚度以及微觀(guān)裂紋、氧化、銹蝕等。 </p><p> ?。?)加工過(guò)程的微細(xì)化 </p><p> 電火花成形加工的一個(gè)重要應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域是窄槽、深腔、微細(xì)零件的加工,因此加工過(guò)程的微細(xì)化是今后一個(gè)重要的發(fā)展方向。電火花微細(xì)加工機(jī)理與常規(guī)電火花
23、成形加工相同,但有自身的工藝特點(diǎn):每個(gè)脈沖的放電能量很小,工作液循環(huán)困難,穩(wěn)定的放電間隙范圍小等?;谶@些工藝特點(diǎn),微細(xì)電火花成形加工的加工裝置、工作液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)、電極制備等必然與常規(guī)電火花成形加工有很大區(qū)別。因此,需要重點(diǎn)研究非機(jī)械作用力及其干擾對(duì)加工過(guò)程的影響等,進(jìn)一步提高加工效率、加工精度及加工過(guò)程的穩(wěn)定性。 </p><p> ?。?)應(yīng)用范圍的擴(kuò)大 </p><p> 目前,電火
24、花成形加工不僅可加工各種導(dǎo)電金屬材料和復(fù)雜型腔,還能實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)半導(dǎo)體材料、非導(dǎo)電材料的加工,并取得了較好的加工效果。同時(shí),電極材料的種類(lèi)也不斷增多。這方面的主要發(fā)展趨勢(shì)為:進(jìn)一步研究半導(dǎo)體材料、非導(dǎo)電材料的放電加工機(jī)理,促進(jìn)其加工效率、加工精度、加工過(guò)程穩(wěn)定性的提高,擴(kuò)大可加工材料的范圍;除加工復(fù)雜型腔外,進(jìn)一步實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)三維型腔、復(fù)雜型面的加工;研制性能優(yōu)越的新型電極材料。 </p><p> 四、操作安全與環(huán)境保護(hù)
25、 </p><p> 隨著科技進(jìn)步和人類(lèi)文明的發(fā)展,人們對(duì)工作條件的改善和環(huán)境保護(hù)的要求越來(lái)越高。電火花成形加工由于其自身特點(diǎn),在加工過(guò)程中不可避免地會(huì)產(chǎn)生工作液飛濺、煙霧、噪聲、電磁輻射、有害氣體等不安全因素和污染,對(duì)操作者人身安全及環(huán)境的危害不可忽視。因此,為保證電加工產(chǎn)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展,必須根據(jù)“綠色制造”原則,實(shí)現(xiàn)資源的最有效利用和廢棄物的最低限度產(chǎn)生與排放。 </p><p>
26、 具體應(yīng)采取以下措施:</p><p> ?、俜忾]的機(jī)床工作區(qū)。這有利于改善工作液、煙霧、電磁輻射等對(duì)人體、機(jī)床、工作環(huán)境的污染,有利于操作過(guò)程中防止觸電危險(xiǎn)以及對(duì)有害氣體的集中處理排放;</p><p> ②替代性技術(shù)的運(yùn)用。例如,為減少使用工作液所造成的環(huán)境污染,可在保證加工效率、加工精度、加工成本以及加工過(guò)程穩(wěn)定性的前提下,盡量選用污染較小的工作液,同時(shí)應(yīng)大力研究、開(kāi)發(fā)不使用工作液
27、的成形加工技術(shù);</p><p> ?、蹚U棄物的后處理。對(duì)于加工中產(chǎn)生的廢液、廢氣必須經(jīng)過(guò)處理后才能排放。需要特別指出,對(duì)加工過(guò)程產(chǎn)生的污染物的合理處理,不僅有利于提高工作的安全性、減少環(huán)境污染,還有利于改善操作者的工作環(huán)境,使操作者工作時(shí)心情愉快,這對(duì)于提高電加工產(chǎn)業(yè)的社會(huì)形象和市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力也是十分有益的。 </p><p><b> 五、結(jié)語(yǔ) </b></
28、p><p> 電火花成形加工技術(shù)在制造業(yè)領(lǐng)域占有重要地位,是實(shí)現(xiàn)難加工材料、復(fù)雜零件精密加工的有效手段。研究人員應(yīng)借鑒其它加工技術(shù)發(fā)展的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn),揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短,充分利用現(xiàn)代科技發(fā)展的相關(guān)成果,在深人研究電火花放電機(jī)理的基礎(chǔ)上,指導(dǎo)電火花成形加工工藝?yán)碚摵涂刂评碚摰难芯?,改善機(jī)床結(jié)構(gòu)和設(shè)計(jì)方法,建立基于PC機(jī)的開(kāi)放性數(shù)控體系,實(shí)現(xiàn)智能控制技術(shù)與電火花成形加工技術(shù)的有機(jī)結(jié)合,同時(shí)高度重視操作安全和環(huán)境保護(hù),全面推動(dòng)電火花成
29、形加工技術(shù)更快發(fā)展。</p><p><b> 參考資料</b></p><p> [1] R. Neugebauer, C. Harzbecker, S. Ihlenfeldt, Intelligente Produktionssysteme—Prozesse, Komponenten, Anlagen, in: Offensivkonzeptewirtscha
30、ftlicher Produktionstechnik, vol. 3rd,Chemnitzer Produktionstechnisches Kolloquium, CPK, 2001,pp. 27–60.</p><p> [2] R. Neugebauer, C. Harzbecker, A. Stoll, Parallelkinematiken imWerkzeugmaschinenbau, in: A
31、rbeitsgenauigkeit von Parallelkinematiken,vol. 2nd, Chemnitzer Parallelkinematik-Seminar, 2001,pp. 29–54.</p><p> Electric spark forming processing technology present situation and trend of development</
32、p><p> Author: Sherry L.Baranek origin: MM《Modern Manufacture》</p><p> I、Introduction</p><p> As an advanced technique of manufacture important branch, the special processing techn
33、ology, the electric spark machining technology, since the 20th century 40's foundations, has had been through repeatedly in particular for more than half centuries the development, has become the advanced technique o
34、f manufacture domain indispensable important constituent. Enters after in particular the human for 1990s, along with high technology and new technology and so on information technology, networking, </p><p>
35、 II、Electric spark forming processing technology development present situation</p><p> At present, in electric spark machining basic theory research area, because the electric discharge process itself compl
36、exity, randomness as well as the research method lack the innovation, until now not yet made the unprecedented progress. But in processing craft and control fundamental research domain, because the research results may a
37、pply directly in the production practice, therefore has become in the present electric spark forming processing engineering research a more active domain, its re</p><p> III、Electric spark forming processin
38、g technology trend of development</p><p> The advanced technique of manufacture fast development and the manufacturing industry market competition aggravating proposed to the electric spark forming processi
39、ng technology a higher request, simultaneously also for the electric spark forming processing technology processing theory research and the craft development, the equipment renewed has provided the new power. The next el
40、ectric spark forming processing processing object will be supposed mainly to face the tradition machining not not ea</p><p> 1. electric spark forming processing theory trend of development</p><p
41、> In recent years, the electric spark forming processing basic theory research not yet made the substantive progress, although some scholars to the processing process electric discharge trace, the material eclipse el
42、iminated the principle and so on to propose some new views, but obtained the significant breakthrough by no means in the electric spark machining mechanism research aspect. The more active research area mainly concentrat
43、es in the processing craft theory and the control theory aspect.</p><p> In the processing craft fundamental research aspect, how does the research hot spot mainly is enhance the electric spark forming proc
44、essing the surface quality and the processing speed, reduces the loss, the development electric spark machining scope, as well as exploration complex, tiny structure processing method and so on. Will apply through the re
45、search results in the production practice, will comprehensively enhance the electric spark forming processing workability. In the control fundament</p><p> Although the electric spark forming processing fun
46、damental research in aspects and so on basic theory, processing craft theory, control theory all has certain development and the enhancement, but the processing craft theory, the control theory need to obtain the further
47、 full scale development, must have the breakthrough in the entire electric discharge process mechanism research. Therefore, the electric spark forming processing fundamental research trend of development will be further
48、is discuss</p><p> The electric spark forming processing mechanism research has not made the unprecedented progress the primary cause except outside the electric discharge process itself complexity, randomn
49、ess, but also because the research technique and the method lack the innovation. Therefore, it is necessary to profit from other research area the success experience, directs the human advanced research technique and the
50、 experimental technology, the victory tradition research technique limitation, the deep perso</p><p> 2. electric spark forming processing equipment structure improvement</p><p> The model mod
51、ern machining engine bed development experience, the electric spark forming processing equipment develops to the numerical control direction is a irreversible tendency. On the one hand should by the high accuracy, the hi
52、gh velocity, change into the pursue goal automatically, seizes the market by the technical superiority; On the other hand should consider fully the equipment the performance price compared to, through to the engine bed f
53、unction reasonable localization, makes the stru</p><p> Modern machining technological development impact, before suits uses the electric spark machining a part of processing domain to substitute gradually
54、for the machining way. But, the modern science and technology development proposed to the components manufacture precision a higher request, each kind of high performance material application is day by day widespread, si
55、multaneously, some components structure tends to the complication, the microminiaturization, thinly, this all causes the machining</p><p> For the comprehensive impetus electric spark forming processing equ
56、ipment technology advancement, while uses the advanced control system, the engine bed structure design also needs further to consummate, its main development direction displays in following two aspects:</p><p&
57、gt; (1) straight line servosystem application</p><p> The electric spark forming processing equipment uses the straight line electrical machinery servosystem to be possible to cause the workability to obta
58、in the distinct improvement, the concrete manifestation is:</p><p> May realize the axis direct translation, omits a guide screw nut transmission link, thus guarantee axis high speed movement;</p>&l
59、t;p> Uses the straight line electrical machinery and the slide integration structure, may eliminate between the slide and the electrical machinery because of has the machinery lag in response phenomenon which the mid
60、dle link causes, enhances the system the sensitivity, reduces the dynamic response time, the guarantee processing process stability;</p><p> The straight line electrical machinery servosystem mode of motion
61、 had decided its position examination link must use the straight line position feedback part, the realization not middle link direct position examination, thus constitutes an entire closed-loop system, the guarantee proc
62、essing process high accuracy and the precision retentivity. At present, the straight line servosystem application in deep narrow, the small die space processing and a mould pressing components mold multi-cavity proc</
63、p><p> (2) engine bed mode of motion improvement</p><p> Breaks through the existing electric spark forming processing engine bed mode of motion the limitation, is displays its technical superior
64、ity, impels its industrial development another important way. The model modern machining technology development experience, may direct the human circular motion in the engine bed main processing forming movement foundati
65、on, specially uses the multiple spindle rotary system and many kinds of translation coordinating group synthesizes many kinds of compound moti</p><p> In addition, the engine bed overall construction design
66、 must consider fully the environmental protection as well as a human machine coordination, with the aid of the advanced design method and the method (for example CAD, the finite element analysis and so on) carry on the c
67、omprehensive optimized design to the engine bed structure, enhances the engine bed structure fully the sophistication and the rationality.</p><p> 3. electric spark forming processing craft trend of develop
68、ment</p><p> Through processes the mechanism to the electric spark forming the research, further promulgates the electric discharge process the inherent laws, and take this as the instruction, impels the el
69、ectric spark forming processing craft to the high efficiency, the high accuracy, the low loss direction to develop, meanwhile should pay attention to the micro refinement processing aspect the development.</p><
70、;p> (1) processing process highly effective</p><p> Not only the processing process highly effective manifests in through the improvement electric spark machining servosystem, the control system, the dr
71、iving fluid system, the engine bed structure and so on, reduces the above factor to the electric spark forming processing efficiency influence, enhances, the precision work efficiency thickly in under the guarantee proce
72、ssing precision premise, meanwhile should reduce the non-cutting time as far as possible (for example programming time, electrode </p><p> In the engine bed maintenance aspect, should strengthen the engine
73、bed the multimedia functions and the online help function, regarding the common breakdown, the operator may act according to the computer prompt realization trouble shooting directly, simultaneously this is also advantag
74、eous in strengthens the engine bed the feasibility and operator's operation skill.</p><p> (2) processing process precision</p><p> Through uses a series of advanced processing technology
75、and the technique, at present the electric spark forming processing precision had the comprehensive enhancement, some has been possible to achieve the mirror surface processing level. But looked from the overall that, th
76、e vanguard technology insufficiently is also mature in the actual production application and widespread, therefore has the necessity comprehensive impetus to have the vanguard technology further consummation and to devel
77、op t</p><p> (3) processing process micro refinement</p><p> An electric spark forming processing important application domain is the narrow trough, the deep cavity, the tiny components proces
78、sing, therefore the processing process micro refinement will be the next important development direction. The electric spark processes the mechanism and the conventional electric spark forming processing tiny is same, bu
79、t has own craft characteristic: Each pulse electric discharge energy is very small, driving fluid circulation difficulty, stable electric discharge g</p><p> (4) application scope expansion</p><p
80、> At present, not only the electric spark forming processing may process each kind of electric conduction metal material and the complex die space, but also can realize to the semiconducting material, the non-conduct
81、ing material processing, and has obtained the good processing effect. At the same time, the electrode material type also unceasingly increases. This aspect main trend of development is: Further studies the semiconducting
82、 material, the non-conducting material electric spark machining me</p><p> IV、Operational safety and environmental protection</p><p> Along with advance in technology and human culture develop
83、ment, the people are more and more high to the working condition improvement and the environmental protection request. The electric spark forming processing as a result of its own characteristic, can have the driving flu
84、id splash, the smog, the noise, the electromagnetic radiation, the noxious gas inevitably in the processing process and so on the safety factor and the pollution, is noticeable to the operator personal safety and the env
85、ir</p><p> V、Conclusion</p><p> The electric spark forming processing technology holds the important status in the manufacturing industry domain, is realizes difficultly to process the materia
86、l, the complex components precise processing effective method. The researcher should profit from other processing technological development the success experience, enhances strong points and avoid weaknesses, uses the mo
87、dern science and technology development fully the related achievement, studies the electric spark in the deep person to </p><p> Further reading</p><p> [1] R. Neugebauer, C. Harzbecker, S. Ih
88、lenfeldt, Intelligente Produktionssysteme—Prozesse, Komponenten, Anlagen, in: Offensivkonzeptewirtschaftlicher Produktionstechnik, vol. 3rd,Chemnitzer Produktionstechnisches Kolloquium, CPK, 2001,</p><p> p
89、p. 27–60.</p><p> [2] R. Neugebauer, C. Harzbecker, A. Stoll, Parallelkinematiken imWerkzeugmaschinenbau, in: Arbeitsgenauigkeit von Parallelkinematiken,vol. 2nd, Chemnitzer Parallelkinematik-Seminar, 2001,
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