[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]農(nóng)民工就業(yè)外文翻譯--關(guān)于以色列建筑業(yè)外籍工人就業(yè)的法規(guī)（英文）

1、Regulation on Migrant Workers’ Employmentin the Israeli Construction SectorYoram Ida* and Gal Talit*ABSTRACTThis article deals with a reform in the regulation on employment of migrant workers which was implemented in the

2、 Israeli construction industry from 2005. This corporations-based arrangement replaced a restrictive employment arrangement which tied the employee to a spe- cific employer. The new regulation of work conditions and wage

3、s, coupled with a significant reduction in the number of work permits issued to construction, has improved work conditions and wages paid to migrant workers, and made their employment less attractive to employers. The re

4、form also included elements designed to reduce the illegal employment phenomenon and to encourage migrant workers to leave the country at the end of their contracts. However, the new arrangement still restricted the mobi

5、lity of migrant workers to some extent and had negative consequences such as a significant rise in the broker fees demanded of workers.INTRODUCTIONRegulation is at the heart of governmental activity in designing, impleme

6、nting and evaluating pub- lic policy. Its components include several definitions and types, some of which expand and some of which reduce. Its most common denominator is that the state has a system of restrictions and al

7、lowances on one hand, and authority to enforce them on the other, to safeguard public interest. Regulation is implemented using a variety of tools at the government’s disposal, such as laws, modulation, standardization a

8、nd supervision, which permit one behaviour or forbid another (Arbel- Ganz, 2003; Black 2002; Goodship et al., 2004; Hood et al., 1999; Levi-Faur 2011; May, 2007).Regulation is justified from a normative standpoint. Many

9、of the rationales for regulation can bedescribed either as instances of market failures (economic regulation) or as ways to ensure the dis- semination of justice (social regulation). In these cases government regulation

10、can be justified, because otherwise the uncontrolled market will fail to produce behaviour or results in accordance with public interest (Arbel-Ganz, 2003; Baldwin and Cave, 1999).One area where government regulation is

11、considered necessary is that of migrant workers’employment, for two main reasons. First, it often has significant effects on the labour market in the host country (Borjas, 2006). Second, it affects the socio-economic com

12、position of the host country and threatens its ethno-national homogeneity (Canetti-Nisim and Pedahzur, 2003). Thus, changes in macroeconomic and/or political conditions may lead to changes in government regulation on the

13、 employment of migrant workers (OECD, 2013).This article examines the impact of regulatory changes on the employment of migrant workers inthe construction sector in Israel. Its main purpose is to augment the knowledge ac

14、cumulated in the*Tel Aviv Universitydoi: 10.1111/imig.12194© 2015 The AuthorsInternational Migration © 2015 IOMInternational Migration Vol. 53 (6) 2015ISSN 0020-7985 Published by John Wiley Haug, 2008), and th

15、e value of immobility (Fischer, Martin and Straubhaar, 1997) as impor- tant factors in explaining a migrant’s decision-making process. Regarding length of stay in the destination country, extending the period of stay in

16、the host country is usually financially worthwhile to migrant workers (Dustmann and Kirchkamp, 2002). Receiving permanent status or citizenship also generally improves wages and employment condi- tions (Euwals, Dagevos,

17、Gijsberts, and Roodenburg, 2010). Immigrants working on temporary visas usually experience substantial wage gains upon receiving permanent resident status. The annual wage gain associated with an employment-based green c

18、ard was almost $12,000 in the New Immi- grant Survey (Mukhopadhyay and Oxborrow, 2012). Another study suggests that getting a Green card raised workers’ wages by 18–25 per cent (Gass Kandilov, 2007). Both studies attribu

19、te the wage gains to enhanced job mobility.The Israeli experienceAt the end of 2013 in Israel approximately 100,000 migrant workers entered with work permits (CBS, 2014). The bulk of legally recruited migrant workers wer

20、e concentrated in three main sec- tors: construction, mainly from China, but also from Romania and Bulgaria; agriculture, mainly from Thailand; and nursing care, mainly from the Philippines, but also from Sri Lanka, Indi

21、a and Bulgaria (Kemp and Raijman, 2014). The trend toward employing foreign workers gained considerable momentum in Israel starting in the early 1990s. The Palestinian uprising in Judea, Samaria and Gaza – areas that had

22、 supplied the majority of workers in Israel’s construction industry – created a manpower shortage in the sector. This shortage worsened during the great wave of immigration from the former Soviet Union, when quick housin

23、g solutions were needed for the new immigrants. One major reason why the State of Israel had opposed the hiring of foreign workers until the early 1990s was the fear that some of them would not leave the country after th

24、eir permit periods expired, and would settle in Israel permanently, demanding official status and recognition, and thereby threatening the Jewish character of the state. This concern was based on international expe- rien

25、ce, particularly the experience of Western Europe. Another important reason was the concern that these workers, who were willing to accept relatively low wages, would supplant local unskilledEmployment Regulation of Migr