2015年--物流管理外文翻譯--全球化進(jìn)程中物流管理的未來(lái)

1、<p>　　中文7300字，4100單詞，2.3萬(wàn)英文字符</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)出處：Ceniga P, Sukalova V. Future of Logistics Management in the Process of Globalization [J]. Procedia Economics & Finance, 2015, 26:160-166.</p><p

2、>　　Future of Logistics Management in the Process of Globalization</p><p>　　Pavel Ceniga, Viera Sukalova</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　The paper deals with ecologi

3、cal future development trends and highlights the interest of the business professionals and partners on sustainability in logistics management, assuming that economic needs, customer requirements and regulatory measures

4、will also drive towards sustainability. Sustainable development of logistics in the coming years will most likely formed by seven key developments. Required forecasts contained in this article are based on the assumption

5、 that the current trend towards </p><p>　　Keywords: Logistics Management; Sustainable Approach; Globalization; Green Logistics;</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　In today’s complex

6、societies, sustainability relates to the actions of individuals or stakeholder groups in dynamic political, social or ecological systems. Such systems are characterized by a large number of influencing factors, which oft

7、en do not show linear behaviour. As a result, there are extreme states in these systems, accompanied by strong system destabilization and high risk. A simple example that demonstrates this phenomenon is road traffic: at

8、a certain traffic density, rather than a </p><p>　　2. The role of Logistics in the Economy, Organization in the process of Globalisation</p><p>　　In the highly interconnected world in which we l

9、ive, where the next shopping bargain or international business opportunity may be just a few clicks away, the transport and logistics sector plays an increasingly important role. Logistics and transportation companies no

10、t only facilitate the sourcing of raw materials and supplies, they are also crucial when it comes to assembling and warehousing products, and in getting the finished goods to market. Logistics connects people and markets

11、 through a p</p><p>　　Kille and Schwemmer (2014) describe, that the logistics sector has been shaped in recent years by the spread of globalisation. As a result of this development, the average length of tra

12、nsport distances has been growing longer and longer. In addition, logistics companies have been forced to follow customers who have employed offshoring strategies - that is, the relocation of production to far-off low-

13、wage countries. In this process, the necessary route potential must be created. In addition, st</p><p>　　2.1The Importance of a Sustainable Approach</p><p>　　Having contributed significantly to

14、 economic growth, increased employment and the creation of a global marketplace, according to Erhart et al. (2010), the logistics sector must now equally understand its responsibility for the environmental impact of worl

15、dwide trade and transport, especially for the sector’s contribution to climate change. Just as logistics contributes to economic prosperity around the globe, it now needs to help bring about an ecologically sustainab

16、le, low-carbon economy. A</p><p>　　2.2Low-Carbon Logistics Solution</p><p>　　While the need for the logistics sector to respond to the challenge of climate change is clear, low-carbon logistics

17、 solutions and flexible transport modes are not yet widely available. The option of switching the transport of goods from a more carbon intensive transport mode to rail, for instance, depends on the railway infrastructur

18、e being in place. Improving the efficiency of transport modes also presents a challenge. There are only a few market- ready technologies and solutions today that ca</p><p>　　2.3New Trends and Developments i

19、n Business</p><p>　　According to Gourdin (2006) there are many trends and developments indicating that, for most companies, long- term success will be strongly linked to more sustainable business concepts. T

20、he following are some of the trends and developments that are likely to shape businesses by 2020:</p><p>　　?Customers will place sustainability factors higher on their strategic agendas, creating demand fo

21、r and incentivizing the production of sustainable products and services. One key driver will be the need to measure and reduce his own carbon footprint.</p><p>　　?Investors will expect companies to adopt mo

22、re sustainable business models, such as producing goods and services with fewer natural resources, or by demonstrating how they intend to manage the risk of future environmental and social regulations. Expectations of ho

23、w a company reports on its sustainability-related performance, as well as the frequency of reporting, will also increase.</p><p>　　?Employees will be encouraged to transfer their sustainable behaviours fro

24、m the home to the workplace. A company’s sustainability-related performance will become even more important in recruiting and retaining employees.</p><p>　　?Political leaders will support increasingly stri

25、cter sustain- ability legislation (e.g., carbon accounting, biofuels, cross border/ entry regulations that help avoid empty trucks, air traffic control restructuring), and foster alternative Technologies (e. g., solar pa

26、nels, electric vehicles).</p><p>　　?Industry alliances will be organized to set standards (e.g., the Clean Cargo Working Group), and promote new ways of thinking (e.g., subcontractor management, and the iss

27、ue of companies being both customers and subcontractors to each other). Although some of these elements may sound visionary, the transport and logistics sector has already started to change its trends towards a more sust

28、ainable approach. The transformation to a greener business is right on our doorstep.</p><p>　　3. Results - Key developments of global Logistics Environment towards sustainability</p><p>　　3.1. L

29、ogistics services - strategic importance in the move towards a low-carbon economy.</p><p>　　Today, logistics services are mainly viewed as a commodity where price rules. Grant (2013) suppose, that this will

30、change as customers, policymakers, and companies begin to realize that logistics services and expertise are the key elements to providing sustainable solutions. Within the push and pull of customer demands and regulatory

31、 measures on the one side, and innovative improvements on the other, logistics will become an industry where comprehensive expertise and service quality dominate ove</p><p>　　3.2Technological Changes – New

32、Concerted Drive from Companies, Governments and Financial Institutions</p><p>　　While all actors, both political and commercial, understand that technology can provide important sustainable solutions, financ

33、ial constraints and longer payback periods still hamper investments. This is true not only for new and innovative technologies, but also existing ones as well. As few companies will be willing to carry these costs alone,

34、 business, policymakers and financial institutions will have to work together to promote investments. This change will be ushered in by rethinking on man</p><p>　　Lemoine and Dagnaes (2003) present, that sus

35、tainability will become an important factor calculated into any investment decision. Incorporating carbon efficiency targets in the annual assessment of managers is yet another method companies will use to promote sustai

36、nability. With incentives and proper funding, research and development in new technologies or solutions will also increase. Financial institutions will play a twofold role in supporting companies. In particular, innovati

37、ve funding instr</p><p>　　3.3Collaboration along the Supply Chain - Enabler to Attain Sustainability</p><p>　　The move towards sustainable logistics will bring about an increased level of coope

38、ration among all actors in society, business and government, as they set up standards, agree on price tags and support binding regulations. But business models will change as well, as companies discover that sustainabili

39、ty calls for more collaborative approaches. Malindzak et al, (2010) review the vertical cooperation long the supply chain between customers, suppliers and service providers is already common throug</p><p>　　

40、3.4New Business Models of Logistics Companies - Sustainable Innovations</p><p>　　Electric vehicles will probably have the largest impact on the logistics industry, with low-noise night deliveries becoming c

41、ommon practice. Vast fleets of these vehicles could also become a part of “smart grids,” with their batteries being charged during periods of low demand (or high supply). Hooked to the grid, their batteries might become

42、a source of energy for others during times of high demand – thus making logistics companies not only consumers, but also managers of energy. The ongoing de</p><p>　　3.5Standardization CO2 Labeling – Way to

43、Transparency Business Operations in Supply Chain</p><p>　　Grant et al., (2006) suppose that consumers have the power to enforce change through their buying decisions. But they will also demand more transpare

44、ncy, especially when paying a premium for sustainable solutions. Manufacturers will therefore put great effort into establishing comprehensive carbon accounting, controlling and management systems. Logistics companies wi

45、ll use their expertise and knowledge of processes to collect this data, thus supporting efforts to develop standardized CO2 labelin</p><p>　　3.6Carbon Emissions - part of a business’ accounting and decision

46、-making process</p><p>　　Transparency provided by labeling and standards is only the first step. An important incentive to make businesses and logistics more sustainable will come with carbon emissions becom

47、ing just as much a factor in a company’s accounting and decision-making process as costs for procurement or personnel. To reduce risk and support their planning, companies will demand that costs incurred by carbon emissi

48、ons be calculable – thus calling forth the need for emission price tags. One of the ways governmen</p><p>　　3.7Carbon Pricing - Regulatory Measures of Companies</p><p>　　A major challenge for t

49、he success of these measures is providing for a level playing field. Common standards and rules, in according to Grant (2013), that apply to all actors in the business, will therefore need to be introduced. At the start,

50、 the industry will see a drive to implement accurate but feasible standards for CO2 accounting and reporting across the sector. Besides enabling the customer to compare products and services, this will ensure that, when

51、future regulatory measures are passed</p><p>　　4. Discussion</p><p>　　The paper attempts to apply that Logistics is the integrated management of all the activities required to move products thro

52、ugh the supply chain. For a typical product this supply chain extends from a raw material source through the production and distribution system to the point of consumption and the associated reverse logistics. The logist

53、ical activities comprise freight transport, storage, inventory management, materials handling and all the related information processing. The main objective</p><p>　　5. Conclusion</p><p>　　Signi

54、ficant carbon reduction results can already be achieved today. This is not only true for sourcing and manufacturing strategies, but even more so for goods distribution. Optimizing the design of a distribution network, us

55、ing the right modes of transportation and efficiently managing load capacity and routes can all be very effective instruments to cut carbon emissions as well as costs. Furthermore, implementing a comprehensive set of cit

56、y logistics solutions can also lead to carbon savings w</p><p>　　In addition, an overwhelming majority of transport/ logistics customers agree with the proposition that there should be clear standards for th

57、e offsetting of transport-related carbon emissions, as well as an evaluation by independent organizations. This certainly is an area where political support could make a difference and contribute to the development of gr

58、eener transport. On a similar note, a clear majority of end consumers said they would, in future, pay attention to carbon footprint measur</p><p>　　Acknowledgements</p><p>　　This paper is prepar

59、ed with the support of the project "Education quality and human resources development as the pillars of a knowledge society at the Faculty PEDAS, University of Zilina in Zilina“, ITMS project code 26110230083, Unive

60、rsity of Zilina. Modern knowledge society education / Project is co-financed by the EC funds.</p><p>　　References</p><p>　　Ballou, R.,H., (2006). Revenue Estimation for Logistics Customer Servic

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70、idge University Press, pp. 712.</p><p>　　Stevenson, W., J., (2002). Operations Management, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill/Irwin, NY. pp. 235.</p><p>　　全球化進(jìn)程中物流管理的未來(lái)</p><p>　　Pavel Ceniga, Vie

71、ra Sukalova</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　本文論述了生態(tài)未來(lái)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)，強(qiáng)調(diào)物流管理可持續(xù)發(fā)展方面的專業(yè)人士和合作伙伴的利益，假設(shè)經(jīng)濟(jì)需求，客戶需求和監(jiān)管措施也將走向可持續(xù)發(fā)展。未來(lái)幾年物流業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展最有可能由七個(gè)關(guān)鍵發(fā)展構(gòu)成。本文中的預(yù)測(cè)是基于下面的假設(shè)，當(dāng)前可持續(xù)趨勢(shì)將繼續(xù)，物流服務(wù)商將尋求方法將可持續(xù)發(fā)展融入其業(yè)務(wù)

72、模式和交易中。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：物流管理；可持續(xù)發(fā)展；全球化；綠色物流</p><p><b>　　1.介紹</b></p><p>　　在當(dāng)今這個(gè)復(fù)雜的社會(huì)，可持續(xù)發(fā)展涉及到個(gè)人或利益相關(guān)群體在動(dòng)態(tài)的政治，社會(huì)或生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的行為。這種系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)是有大量的非線性行為影響因素。因此，這些系統(tǒng)中存在極端的狀態(tài)，往往伴隨著系統(tǒng)的高度不穩(wěn)定

73、性和高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。公路交通就是說(shuō)明這種現(xiàn)象的一個(gè)很簡(jiǎn)單的例子：當(dāng)達(dá)到一定的交通密度時(shí)，而不是交通狀況緩解時(shí)，交通擁塞和停滯的極端狀況就會(huì)發(fā)生。一個(gè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的社會(huì)不僅僅是追求繁榮、進(jìn)步、全民參與、不會(huì)濫用自然資源的社會(huì)。根據(jù)Gourdin（2006），可持續(xù)發(fā)展社會(huì)一個(gè)既不產(chǎn)生也不故意接受威脅這代或者未來(lái)幾代人的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的社會(huì)。早在幾年前，物流業(yè)已經(jīng)開(kāi)始重視可持續(xù)發(fā)展。這種轉(zhuǎn)變被影響主要利益相關(guān)群體的其他趨勢(shì)進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)了。這些趨勢(shì)包括社會(huì)上人們環(huán)

74、保意思的提高，這增加了綠色環(huán)保的需求；可持續(xù)發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)驅(qū)動(dòng)力的重要性日益上升；以及這方面日益增長(zhǎng)的政治行動(dòng)和監(jiān)管。在世界各國(guó)努力達(dá)成共識(shí)，并采取全面的方法來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)全球氣候變化時(shí)，世界各地也已經(jīng)或正在開(kāi)始實(shí)施許多監(jiān)管措施，旨在限制交通中的碳排放。監(jiān)管已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)重要的因素，將會(huì)是推動(dòng)綠色物流行業(yè)中的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵驅(qū)動(dòng)力（Pernica，2004）。</p><p>　　2.全球化進(jìn)程中物流在經(jīng)濟(jì)、組織中的作用</p&

75、gt;<p>　　在我們生活的這個(gè)高度互聯(lián)的世界里，下一次購(gòu)物交易或國(guó)際商業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)可能只需點(diǎn)擊幾次鼠標(biāo)，運(yùn)輸和物流部門扮演的角色越來(lái)越重要。物流和運(yùn)輸公司不僅有助于原材料的采購(gòu)和供給，而且在裝配、儲(chǔ)存產(chǎn)品和將成品推向市場(chǎng)方面也至關(guān)重要。物流通過(guò)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接人和市場(chǎng)，他的重要性與虛擬網(wǎng)絡(luò)的因特網(wǎng)一樣重要。它使最新的“必需品”工具在最短時(shí)間內(nèi)遍布全球成為可能，而且可以幫助把救命疫苗和藥品運(yùn)送到偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的戰(zhàn)地醫(yī)院去。物流是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)、

76、財(cái)富創(chuàng)造和就業(yè)的關(guān)鍵驅(qū)動(dòng)力。就其對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的直接貢獻(xiàn)而言，物流和快遞服務(wù)產(chǎn)值占全球GDP的9%左右。2009年，僅在歐盟，物流部門創(chuàng)造了1萬(wàn)億的歐元的收徒，占了歐洲GDP的10%左右。與此同時(shí)，運(yùn)輸和物流業(yè)在全球創(chuàng)造了越來(lái)越多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。比如，在德國(guó)，大約有260萬(wàn)的人從事物流行業(yè)（占整個(gè)德國(guó)勞動(dòng)力的7%）（Ballou，2006）</p><p>　　Kille和Schwemmer（2014）描述，隨著物流在全球化

77、的發(fā)展，物流行業(yè)已成型。這種發(fā)展的結(jié)果是，運(yùn)輸距離的平均長(zhǎng)度越來(lái)越長(zhǎng)。此外，物流公司也被迫跟他們客戶一樣采用外包策略-就是生產(chǎn)搬遷到遙遠(yuǎn)的低工資水平的國(guó)家。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，必須創(chuàng)建必要的路線潛力。此外，戰(zhàn)略、業(yè)務(wù)和法律層面的問(wèn)題變得越來(lái)越復(fù)雜。像歐盟東擴(kuò)這樣的行動(dòng)為發(fā)展中的問(wèn)題火上澆油。特別是在運(yùn)輸部門，運(yùn)輸距離和時(shí)間越來(lái)越長(zhǎng)。在東歐，一些貧窮的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和服務(wù)文化給運(yùn)輸公司帶來(lái)了特殊的挑戰(zhàn)，例如，清關(guān)的困難。與運(yùn)輸相關(guān)的整體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)正在增長(zhǎng)。

78、變化的地理市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)也迫使物流服務(wù)商重新思考他們的網(wǎng)絡(luò)戰(zhàn)略?，F(xiàn)在，比盧荷三國(guó)國(guó)家主要物流公司和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)中心東遷正在進(jìn)行。隨著全球化的蔓延和隨之而來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力的擴(kuò)大，公司也將面對(duì)苛刻的工作要求。據(jù)Kliestik（2013）所述，靈活性、響應(yīng)及時(shí)性、靈活變化能力成為了巨大的具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的資產(chǎn)。只有那些能夠滿足客戶和市場(chǎng)要求的公司才有生存的機(jī)會(huì)。他們必須避免空艙運(yùn)行，設(shè)計(jì)盡可能有效的日程表，減少中轉(zhuǎn)頻率和時(shí)間，降低人員費(fèi)用和貨物受損程度。所有的運(yùn)營(yíng)計(jì)

79、劃必須盡可能優(yōu)化，減少庫(kù)存和減低管理成本。在所有這一切中</p><p>　　2.1 可持續(xù)發(fā)展模式的重要性</p><p>　　根據(jù)Erhart 等人（2010）的觀點(diǎn)，物流業(yè)在顯著地促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，增加就業(yè)和全球市場(chǎng)的創(chuàng)造的同時(shí)，必須同樣明白在全球貿(mào)易及運(yùn)輸引起的環(huán)境影響中的責(zé)任，特別是對(duì)氣候變化的相關(guān)責(zé)任。正如物流促進(jìn)了全球經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮，它現(xiàn)在需要幫助實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)可持續(xù)發(fā)展和低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)。一切業(yè)務(wù)

80、照舊不是他們的選擇，Stern (2007)已經(jīng)介紹了氣候變化的經(jīng)濟(jì)后果——經(jīng)濟(jì)下滑占全球GDP的5% -20%，而島嶼國(guó)家即將被洪水淹沒(méi)的社會(huì)后果已不需要闡述。這種氣候變化的情況不包括下面這一情況，目前大多數(shù)運(yùn)輸所需的關(guān)鍵自然資源即石油的生產(chǎn)將急劇下降。人們開(kāi)始意識(shí)到物流業(yè)是二氧化碳排放的主要來(lái)源。根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)政府間氣候變化專門委員會(huì)（IPCC，2007），運(yùn)輸，包括貨運(yùn)和私人運(yùn)輸排放的溫室氣體占了全球溫室氣體（GHG）排放量的13.1

81、%。世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇（2009）計(jì)算，物流業(yè)每年溫室氣體排放量有2.8公噸，約占全球溫室氣體排放量的5.5%左右。公路貨運(yùn)排放了超過(guò)1500兆噸的二氧化碳排以及其他溫室氣體，大約占了物流運(yùn)輸業(yè)溫室氣體排放的60%。在每噸公里的排放量評(píng)估中，現(xiàn)在的航空貨運(yùn)仍然是最密集的碳運(yùn)輸方式，即使新一代飛機(jī)的燃料使</p><p>　　2.2 低碳物流解決方案</p><p>　　雖然物流部門應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化挑

82、戰(zhàn)的需求是明確的，低碳物流解決方案和靈活的運(yùn)輸模式尚未廣泛普及。例如，將貨物運(yùn)輸從碳排放密集的運(yùn)輸模式轉(zhuǎn)移到鐵路運(yùn)輸模式取決于鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是否到位。提高運(yùn)輸方式的效率也面臨著挑戰(zhàn)。目前只有少數(shù)市場(chǎng)好已有的技術(shù)和解決方案可以滿足運(yùn)輸和物流部門的具體需求。空運(yùn)和長(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸更甚，目前他們?nèi)狈商娲夹g(shù)和燃料。最后，可持續(xù)發(fā)展似乎也是一個(gè)文化問(wèn)題：現(xiàn)在，許多人仍然只是看到了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和環(huán)境保護(hù)之間的矛盾，而沒(méi)有意識(shí)到如何聯(lián)手解決這個(gè)矛盾。擁有環(huán)保意

83、識(shí)、走可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路的公司或個(gè)人仍然被一些人認(rèn)為是“報(bào)樹(shù)人”。同時(shí)，雖然應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化已經(jīng)成為公共話語(yǔ)和媒體報(bào)道的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵話題，政府仍然很難在減少溫室氣體排放量上達(dá)到全球政治協(xié)議的要求。如今，許多公司和組織都已經(jīng)證明，可持續(xù)發(fā)展可成為商業(yè)發(fā)展的潮流趨勢(shì)，可持續(xù)發(fā)展開(kāi)拓了新的市場(chǎng)機(jī)會(huì)，并為未來(lái)的情況做準(zhǔn)備。它還可以通更有效方法，幫助削減成本以及減少投入的自然資源。沒(méi)有一家公司能自己想出所有的答案。這就是，世界組織如世界企業(yè)永續(xù)發(fā)展委員會(huì)（W

84、BCSD）或聯(lián)合國(guó)全球契約號(hào)召各個(gè)地區(qū)和行業(yè)的公司共同致力于以更加可持續(xù)的方式做生意，這件事情</p><p>　　2.3 商業(yè)發(fā)展的新趨勢(shì)</p><p>　　Gourdin（2006）指出，許多的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)表明，對(duì)大多數(shù)公司來(lái)說(shuō)，長(zhǎng)期的成功與可持續(xù)發(fā)展的商業(yè)概念密切相關(guān)。以下是有可能在2020年前創(chuàng)造商業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)的一些趨勢(shì)和發(fā)展：</p><p>　　?客戶將把持續(xù)發(fā)

85、展因素放在其戰(zhàn)略議程的重要位置，創(chuàng)造可持續(xù)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的需求和鼓勵(lì)可持續(xù)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)。一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素是需要測(cè)量和減少客戶自己的碳足跡。</p><p>　　?投資者期望公司采取更可持續(xù)的商業(yè)模式，如利用更少的自然資源生產(chǎn)商品或服務(wù)，或通過(guò)展示他們打算如何管理未來(lái)環(huán)境和社會(huì)法規(guī)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。對(duì)公司如何報(bào)告其可持續(xù)發(fā)展相關(guān)的表現(xiàn)，以及報(bào)告的頻率的預(yù)期將增加。</p><p>　　?員工將被鼓勵(lì)

86、將其可持續(xù)行為從家庭轉(zhuǎn)移到工作場(chǎng)所。一個(gè)公司的可持續(xù)發(fā)展相關(guān)的表現(xiàn)在招聘和留住員工方面變得更為重要。</p><p>　　?政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人將支持日益嚴(yán)格的可持續(xù)性發(fā)展立法（例如，碳核算，生物燃料，避免空車運(yùn)輸?shù)目缇?入境條例，空中交通管制重組），并加快替代技術(shù)的研發(fā)（如太陽(yáng)能電池板，電動(dòng)汽車）。</p><p>　　?企業(yè)聯(lián)盟將組織制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（例如，清潔貨物工作組），并促進(jìn)新的思維方式發(fā)展（例如

87、，分包商管理，以及彼此互為客戶和分包商的企業(yè)的問(wèn)題）。雖然其中有些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)聽(tīng)起來(lái)是空洞的，但是運(yùn)輸和物流部門已經(jīng)開(kāi)始改變并且走向一種更可持續(xù)的道路。向綠色商業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)變機(jī)會(huì)就在我們身邊。</p><p>　　3 結(jié)果-全球物流環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)</p><p>　　3.1 物流服務(wù)：邁向低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的戰(zhàn)略重要性</p><p>　　如今，物流服務(wù)被視為價(jià)格主導(dǎo)的商品。Gran

88、t （2013）認(rèn)為，這種情況將會(huì)改變，因?yàn)榭蛻?，政策制定者和公司開(kāi)始認(rèn)識(shí)到，物流服務(wù)和專業(yè)知識(shí)是提供可持續(xù)解決方案的關(guān)鍵要素。在客戶需求的推動(dòng)和拉動(dòng)下以及一邊采監(jiān)管措施，一邊進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新的情況下，物流業(yè)將成為一個(gè)全面由專業(yè)知識(shí)和服務(wù)質(zhì)量主導(dǎo)市場(chǎng)簡(jiǎn)單定價(jià)問(wèn)題的行業(yè)。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境問(wèn)題的交集日益密切交織，這也將使得物流企業(yè)脫離商品供應(yīng)商的稱號(hào)，成為稱職的咨詢合作伙伴，幫助供應(yīng)鏈和分銷過(guò)程“脫碳”。領(lǐng)先的物流公司將會(huì)是那些具有獨(dú)特賣點(diǎn)和可以提供

89、可持續(xù)的差異化的服務(wù)的物流公司；是那些在物流領(lǐng)域有核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)知識(shí)和能力的公司，而不是提供最便宜的解決方案的公司。有效的供應(yīng)鏈一直被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)公司商業(yè)成功的關(guān)鍵。但隨著綠色產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)和監(jiān)管需求的興起，越來(lái)越多的企業(yè)開(kāi)始尋求高效、環(huán)保的供應(yīng)鏈。作為連接各個(gè)地區(qū)的各個(gè)企業(yè)的物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，物流的獨(dú)特作用使得它注定要解決供應(yīng)鏈中二氧化碳排放量的問(wèn)題。作為可持續(xù)發(fā)展的強(qiáng)化劑，物流的發(fā)展不僅來(lái)自供應(yīng)商重新考慮他們提供的服務(wù)。公司將從根本上調(diào)整自己對(duì)物流流

90、程的看法，并從戰(zhàn)略層面去對(duì)待它，因?yàn)槲锪骺梢悦黠@影響公司的市場(chǎng)地位。這種情況</p><p>　　3.2技術(shù)變革--來(lái)自公司、政府和金融機(jī)構(gòu)的新的共同驅(qū)動(dòng)</p><p>　　雖然來(lái)自政界和商界的人都知道技術(shù)可以提供重要的可持續(xù)解決方案，財(cái)務(wù)約束和回收期長(zhǎng)仍然阻礙了物流行業(yè)的投資。新技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新的技術(shù)如此，現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)也是如此。由于很少有公司愿意單獨(dú)承擔(dān)這些成本，企業(yè)、政策制定者和金融機(jī)構(gòu)必須

91、共同努力促進(jìn)投資.。在許多層面上重新思考物流服務(wù)將帶來(lái)這些變化。企業(yè)需要接受回收期長(zhǎng)的投資；決策者需要制定稅收優(yōu)惠和綠色采購(gòu)義務(wù)等激勵(lì)措施，以獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)那些將減少碳排放在首位的公司。而且，金融機(jī)構(gòu)也可以支持可持續(xù)的商業(yè)慣例，例如通過(guò)開(kāi)發(fā)創(chuàng)新貸款來(lái)支持能源效率措施。在公司內(nèi)部，這包括投資政策的變化。越來(lái)越多的公司會(huì)考慮更長(zhǎng)回報(bào)時(shí)間的節(jié)能措施。</p><p>　　Lemoine和Dagnaes（2003）提出，可持續(xù)發(fā)展

92、將成為任何投資決策中的重要因素。在管理人員年度考核中引入碳效率目標(biāo)是企業(yè)采取的促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的另一種方法。在激勵(lì)措施和適當(dāng)?shù)馁Y金獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)情況下，新技術(shù)和解決方案的研究和開(kāi)發(fā)將會(huì)增加。金融機(jī)構(gòu)在支持企業(yè)上將發(fā)揮雙重作用。特別是，為了大型效率計(jì)劃，創(chuàng)新資金工具將會(huì)被建立。該部門還將創(chuàng)建可持續(xù)發(fā)展評(píng)估和評(píng)級(jí)體系，設(shè)計(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展有關(guān)的金融產(chǎn)品。其中有些現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有了。“負(fù)責(zé)任的投資”基金（在許多方面可持續(xù)發(fā)展的金融產(chǎn)品）對(duì)可持續(xù)性的公司進(jìn)行獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，而且

93、越來(lái)越普及。政府的政策，無(wú)論是提供低息貸款，還是通過(guò)直接補(bǔ)貼，都將促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展科技和概念的發(fā)展和使用，直到市場(chǎng)大眾化。舉個(gè)例子，許多國(guó)家都已經(jīng)開(kāi)始支持混合動(dòng)力、電動(dòng)或其他低排放的車輛。但是這些激勵(lì)措施必須小心管理。否則，有保障的長(zhǎng)期的金融支持會(huì)阻礙技術(shù)進(jìn)步和突破。</p><p>　　3.3 供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)同合作、實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的推動(dòng)者</p><p>　　可持續(xù)物流發(fā)展進(jìn)程將會(huì)提高社會(huì)、企業(yè)

94、和政府的所有行動(dòng)者之間的合作水平，因?yàn)樗麄兘⒘藰?biāo)準(zhǔn)，同意了價(jià)格標(biāo)簽，支持了約束力法規(guī)。但商業(yè)模式也會(huì)發(fā)生變化，因?yàn)槠髽I(yè)發(fā)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展需要更多的合作方法。Malindzak等人（2010）回顧發(fā)現(xiàn)縱向的客戶，供應(yīng)商和服務(wù)商之間的供應(yīng)鏈已經(jīng)遍及許多領(lǐng)域，但橫向企業(yè)之間的合作（其中一些甚至可能是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手）還擁有巨大的碳減排潛力。例如，多用戶倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)和綜合發(fā)貨的方式不僅緩解產(chǎn)能過(guò)剩、降低成本，還可以降低碳排放。確保這種合作方法的發(fā)展的一個(gè)先決條件

95、是遵守競(jìng)爭(zhēng)規(guī)則，以保證這些新的商業(yè)模式的法律確定性。但是目前，許多公司仍然在密切合作、分享專業(yè)技術(shù)和將敏感信息置于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)方面持謹(jǐn)慎態(tài)度。盡管如此，大多數(shù)企業(yè)客戶已經(jīng)強(qiáng)烈表示同意橫向合作，從而減少二氧化碳的排放量。這個(gè)客戶群體數(shù)量在未來(lái)十年內(nèi)將顯著增加。</p><p>　　3.4 物流企業(yè)的新商業(yè)模式-永續(xù)創(chuàng)新</p><p>　　電動(dòng)汽車對(duì)物流行業(yè)的影響可能是最大的產(chǎn)生，夜間低噪音交付成為

96、普遍做法。這些車?yán)锩嬗写蟛糠挚赡艹蔀椤爸悄茈娋W(wǎng)”的一部分，他們的電池在低需求（或高供應(yīng)量）期間充電。因?yàn)榕c電網(wǎng)掛鉤，在高需求的時(shí)候，他們的電池可能會(huì)成為其他物體的能源來(lái)源，這使得使物流公司不僅是消費(fèi)者，同時(shí)也是能源管理者。正在進(jìn)行的非物質(zhì)化趨勢(shì)–文件、書(shū)籍和其他媒體的電子化發(fā)展–提供了許多機(jī)會(huì)減少碳排放的機(jī)會(huì)。雖然在一開(kāi)始，這給物流供應(yīng)商造成了不小的壓力，尤其是對(duì)郵遞員來(lái)說(shuō)，但是它也提供了新的商業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)?；旌相]件服務(wù)允許傳送的信件以數(shù)字形

97、式傳送到收信地址附近的配送中心，并該配送中心打印并送達(dá)最終目的地?，F(xiàn)在甚至電子郵件都正在享受郵政服務(wù)，電子郵件正在不斷提供更加安全的版本，與信件具有一樣的約束力。</p><p>　　3.5 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化CO2標(biāo)簽-供應(yīng)鏈透明業(yè)務(wù)運(yùn)作的途徑</p><p>　　Grant 等人（2006）假設(shè)消費(fèi)者有權(quán)力通過(guò)他們的購(gòu)買決定實(shí)行改變。但他們也將要求更多的透明度，特別在當(dāng)支付可持續(xù)解決方案的費(fèi)用時(shí)。

98、因此，制造商將努力建立全面的碳核算，控制和管理系統(tǒng)。物流公司將利用他們的專業(yè)知識(shí)和流程的知識(shí)來(lái)收集這些數(shù)據(jù)，從而支持開(kāi)發(fā)容易理解的、透明和便于比較的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的二氧化碳標(biāo)簽。目前，這種透明度主要用于公司內(nèi)部的綠色產(chǎn)品。但物流公司將會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí)到，他們有一個(gè)共同的利益，和政府一起制定被所有人接受的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和標(biāo)簽。政府將通過(guò)促進(jìn)提供二氧化碳排放透明度的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的形成來(lái)支持這一整體發(fā)展。</p><p>　　3.6 碳排放——企業(yè)核算

99、和決策過(guò)程中的一部分</p><p>　　標(biāo)簽和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所提供的透明度只是第一步。使企業(yè)和物流更可持續(xù)的一個(gè)主要因素將和碳排放一起將成為公司核算和決策過(guò)程中的主要因素，是采購(gòu)成本或人事成本。為了降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，支持他們的計(jì)劃，公司將要求碳排放成本的計(jì)算–從而促進(jìn)了碳排放價(jià)格標(biāo)簽的需求。政府將通過(guò)引入碳定價(jià)框架來(lái)促進(jìn)這一發(fā)展.。兩種工具似乎是最有可能的：限額貿(mào)易或稅收制度。兩者都有自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。限額貿(mào)易需要設(shè)置一個(gè)具體的減少目

100、標(biāo)，同時(shí)允許在如何達(dá)成目標(biāo)上有一定的靈活性。例如，在中長(zhǎng)期中，碳信用可以成為像歐元或美元這樣的可交易貨幣。一個(gè)是世界上最大的碳排放交易體系已經(jīng)成立：歐盟碳排放交易體系（EU ETS）。2012年1月，航空業(yè)是第一個(gè)被納入歐盟碳排放交易體系的運(yùn)輸相關(guān)的產(chǎn)業(yè)。但限額貿(mào)易系統(tǒng)也有不好的一面。碳排放成為價(jià)值波動(dòng)的商品，從而增加了金融的不確定性。政府將動(dòng)用的第二項(xiàng)工具是對(duì)化石燃料的燃燒征稅，借此抑制化石燃料使用，并鼓勵(lì)使用替代能源。許多國(guó)家早就已