外文翻譯---會(huì)展產(chǎn)業(yè)和目的群

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯之一</b></p><p>　　Convention industry and destination clusters: Evidence from Italy </p><p>　　Author: Cristina Bernini</p><p>　　Nationality: Italy</p&

2、gt;<p>　　Adapt from: Tourism management,2009,30(6)</p><p>　　Abstract: The study investigates aspects of the convention industry not well explored in the literature. Using a framework of cluster theory

3、, a quantitative method is used to assess the Italian convention industry and its relationships with local infrastructure and tourism product supply. The development of the different phases of the life cycle of conventio

4、n destinations in Italy is outlined and locational factors which influence them are investigated. Managerial and political strategies which </p><p>　　Keywords: Convention Industry, Cluster Theory, Local Deve

5、lopment, Clustern Analysis, Quantile Regression. </p><p>　　Interest in geographical networks and their role in economic development has grown over the last few years because economies tend to develop through

6、 the emergence of territorial agglomeration and company networks (Enright, 2001). An emerging industry centres on some natural resource, market need or local skill. As the industry develops, new firms, inputs and service

7、 enterprises are created. New economic sectors emerge through spill-overs and transferred knowledge and global competitiveness incre</p><p>　　Industrial districts (Marshall,1966) are agglomerations of SMEs s

8、pecialising in different parts of a given production activity. Although industrial district theory analyses conditions for the development of a local vertically-integrated network of firms operating in manufacturing mark

9、ets, some authors have tried to adapt industrial district theory to the tourism industry (Gets, 1993; Hjalager, 2000; Pearce, 2001; Lazzeretti, 2003). Despite the use of industrial district theory to investigate tou</

10、p><p>　　Some differences emerge between the two theories. Industrial districts are usually local clusters of single-product industries. In contrast, cluster theory refers to concentrations of interrelated but d

11、ifferent industries displaying a shared understanding of the competitive business ethic emanating from competitive theory (Jackson & Murphy, 2002). The theory of industrial districts generally refers to an homogeneou

12、s product but this is not the case when dealing with tourism destinations. Porter’</p><p>　　Otherwise, as stressed by Michael (2003), the cluster theory is valid in macro-regional analysis but presents some

13、drawbacks when applied to small regional environments. The author suggests expanding the concept of cluster to micro-cluster, the so-called diagonal cluster (diagonal integration in Poon, 1994),‘‘labelled in this way to

14、refer to the concentration of complementary (or symbiotic) firms, which each add value to the activities of other firms, even though their products may be quite dist</p><p>　　In essence, a firm producing a c

15、omplementary product or service is not a competitor, because its activities add more value to the product than the product alone. Thus, cooperation creates alliances and networks, makes better use of skills and resources

16、 and encourages innovative business activities which improve local development. </p><p>　　The diagonal cluster theoretical framework can also be useful as an interpretive model for the local development of c

17、onvention destinations. It is a particularly interesting model to apply in the case of Italy because it supports the main guidelines defined by national tourism legislation. The national legislation reform on tourism def

18、ines the Tourism Local System (TLS) as ‘‘homogeneous or integrated destinations, also concerning areas which belong to different regions, characterised by an integ</p><p>　　In answer to these questions, we c

19、an use the theoretical model proposed by Porter (1998).In his diamond model of competition, the Author essentially focuses on four components of competitive advantage: (1) demand conditions in terms of the quality, level

20、 and nature of tourist interest; (2) local factor conditions, such as a region’s natural resources and location; (3) tourism-related and supporting industries, including accommodation, food and beverage outlets, tourist

21、attractions, the transport</p><p>　　However, the conceptualisation of the sectors involved in tourism networks and the nature of their interrelationships in a cluster is not easily standardized. The complexi

22、ty of the cluster concept suggests that no single definition or methodology is universally correct but varies depending on the economic sector analyzed and on its strategic practices and policies. Considering the main ai

23、ms of the paper, we have decided to focus on some of the key aspects of tourism and convention destinations: </p><p>　　Fig 1. The proposed conceptual model of locational competitive advantage in convention c

24、lusters</p><p>　　The empirical analysis is conducted in two steps. Firstly, we suggest using the statistical technique of Cluster Analysis for identifying the municipalities with similar tourism and conventi

25、on supply and locational resources. This statistical method enables the identification of the different typologies of CLSs and the evaluation of characteristics of CLSs that are in different stages of their convention pr

26、oduction life cycle. Secondly, Quantile regression models are introduced to estimate the i</p><p>　　會(huì)展產(chǎn)業(yè)和目的群：意大利實(shí)證分析</p><p>　　作者：克里斯蒂娜·貝尼尼</p><p><b>　　國籍：意大利</b><

27、;/p><p>　　出處：《旅游管理》，2009年第30卷第6期</p><p>　　摘要：關(guān)于會(huì)展業(yè)的研究在文獻(xiàn)研究方面做得還不夠好。使用集群理論的框架，并使用分?jǐn)?shù)位方法來評(píng)估意大利會(huì)展產(chǎn)業(yè)以及其與當(dāng)?shù)鼗A(chǔ)設(shè)施和旅游產(chǎn)品供給之間的關(guān)系。本文概述了意大利會(huì)展目的地生命周期不同階段的發(fā)展情況以及對(duì)影響他們的區(qū)位因素進(jìn)行了調(diào)查。并提出為了增強(qiáng)意大利會(huì)展業(yè)在全球市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的管理方法和政治策略。<

28、;/p><p>　　關(guān)鍵字：會(huì)展產(chǎn)業(yè)，集群理論，本土發(fā)展，集群分析，分?jǐn)?shù)位回歸</p><p>　　在過去幾十年里，人們對(duì)地理網(wǎng)絡(luò)及其在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中所起的作用越來越感興趣，這是因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)趨向于通過領(lǐng)土聚集和企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的興起發(fā)展起來的(Enright, 2001).一個(gè)新興的產(chǎn)業(yè)集中在一些自然資源、市場(chǎng)需求或當(dāng)?shù)丶寄苌稀ｋS著產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，新企業(yè)、投資和服務(wù)企業(yè)也隨之產(chǎn)生。通過溢出效應(yīng)，知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移及全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

29、力的提升，出現(xiàn)了新的經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域。國土開發(fā)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力對(duì)旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)也是非常重要的。旅游業(yè)主要由中小型企業(yè)組成，因此網(wǎng)絡(luò)有助于克服生產(chǎn)，管理和交易上的困難。為了增強(qiáng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和在全球市場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)略定位，旅游目的地應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)建旅游網(wǎng)絡(luò)并對(duì)他們進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)分析。在過去十年里，已多次嘗試使用工業(yè)區(qū)和集群理論來探討旅游網(wǎng)絡(luò)及其在地方發(fā)展中的作用。</p><p>　　工業(yè)區(qū)是在不同專業(yè)領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)的中小企業(yè)群(Marshall,1966)

30、。雖然工業(yè)區(qū)理論用來分析當(dāng)?shù)卮怪币惑w化企業(yè)在制造業(yè)市場(chǎng)運(yùn)營的網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)展條件，但有些學(xué)者曾嘗試把工業(yè)區(qū)理論應(yīng)用于旅游業(yè)(Gets,1993;Hjalager,2000; Pearce,2001;Lazzeretti,2003)。但運(yùn)用工業(yè)區(qū)理論來探討旅游網(wǎng)絡(luò)，對(duì)于其是否適用還是存在一些疑問的。旅游業(yè)是一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)松散的部門，通常以中小企業(yè)為基礎(chǔ)，而它的一個(gè)突出特點(diǎn)是在現(xiàn)有網(wǎng)絡(luò)中具有大量的參與性，但卻不必涉及相同的經(jīng)濟(jì)部門。正是由于這個(gè)原因，集群

31、理論可能是用來探討旅游業(yè)相對(duì)更好的分析模型。最初使用集群理論的是波特(1998)，他把集群定義為相互關(guān)聯(lián)的企業(yè)在地理上的集中，尤其是供應(yīng)商，旅游提供商和企業(yè)的相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)與相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)在特定領(lǐng)域下不僅是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手而且還是合作伙伴。盡管波特的研究集中在制造業(yè)，但是這個(gè)理論已經(jīng)擴(kuò)展并應(yīng)用到服務(wù)行業(yè)，就像旅游業(yè)。</p><p>　　兩種理論的一些區(qū)別也顯現(xiàn)出來了。工業(yè)區(qū)通常是單一產(chǎn)品工業(yè)的本地集群。而集群理論則恰好相反，它涉及

32、的是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的程度，但卻是不同產(chǎn)業(yè)之間對(duì)源于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)理論的極具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的商業(yè)道德的共同理解(Jackson ,Murphy,2002)。工業(yè)區(qū)理論通常是涉及同質(zhì)產(chǎn)品的，但在處理旅游目的地問題時(shí)卻不是這樣的。波特的集群理論能更好的應(yīng)用于協(xié)調(diào)同質(zhì)產(chǎn)品，那些集群參與者服務(wù)于不同的細(xì)分產(chǎn)業(yè)。這些點(diǎn)的區(qū)別與工業(yè)區(qū)的分析框架與集群理論相比更不適用于旅游目的地的研究。在過去的十幾年里，幾項(xiàng)研究已經(jīng)應(yīng)用集群理論來探討旅游的角色對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)匕l(fā)展的影響。在這一領(lǐng)域的研

33、究主要關(guān)注產(chǎn)業(yè)模型的推廣，作為一種分析框架，主要用來評(píng)估旅游目的地的成功和旅游企業(yè)集群在創(chuàng)新中發(fā)揮的作用以及對(duì)社區(qū)發(fā)展所做的貢獻(xiàn)(Go,Williams,1993;Michael,2003;Van Den Berg,Braum, Van Widen,2001;Tinsley,Lynch,2001;Jackson,Murphy,2002,2006;Nordin, 2003;Hall,2004,2005a,2005b;Canina,Enz,

34、Harrison,200</p><p>　　然而，Michael(2003)所強(qiáng)調(diào)的，集群理論在宏觀區(qū)域分析中是不適用的，現(xiàn)今在進(jìn)行小區(qū)域分析時(shí)仍存在一些缺點(diǎn)。作者建議把集群概念擴(kuò)展為微觀集群概念。所謂的對(duì)角集群(Poon,1994)是互補(bǔ)企業(yè)的集合，每個(gè)企業(yè)增加其他企業(yè)活動(dòng)的價(jià)值，即使他們的產(chǎn)品完全不同。從這個(gè)意義上講，對(duì)角集群使企業(yè)相互合作提供獨(dú)立的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，有效地創(chuàng)建一個(gè)組合，作為一個(gè)整體來消費(fèi)。對(duì)于旅

35、游業(yè)及其他服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)來說，通常都是這樣的。例如，一個(gè)旅游目的地需要企業(yè)來提供各類活動(dòng)，交通，酒店，住宿等等?；パa(bǔ)的供應(yīng)商之間的協(xié)同定位增加了旅游體驗(yàn)的價(jià)值，反過來也可能成立，在那些缺乏主要服務(wù)的地區(qū)，其他企業(yè)的發(fā)展就受到了限制(Michael, 2003)。</p><p>　　事實(shí)上，一個(gè)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)互補(bǔ)的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)并不是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者，因?yàn)樗麄兊幕顒?dòng)相對(duì)于單獨(dú)的產(chǎn)品而言賦予了產(chǎn)品更多的價(jià)值。這樣，合作創(chuàng)建了聯(lián)盟以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以

36、更好地使用技能和資源，鼓勵(lì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)創(chuàng)新以推動(dòng)當(dāng)?shù)匕l(fā)展。</p><p>　　對(duì)角集群理論框架也可以作為會(huì)展目的地發(fā)展的解說模型。這是一個(gè)特別有趣的模型當(dāng)它應(yīng)用于意大利時(shí)，因?yàn)橐獯罄麚碜o(hù)國家旅游立法主導(dǎo)的方針。有關(guān)旅游的國家立法改革把當(dāng)?shù)芈糜蜗到y(tǒng)定義為同類或整合目的地，也涉及到屬于不同區(qū)域的空間，具有文化、環(huán)境商品和旅游娛樂業(yè)集成供給的特點(diǎn)，包括傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品和當(dāng)?shù)厥止に嚻罚蛘呤菃蝹€(gè)或合作旅游企業(yè)提供的大量的現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)

37、品(Law nr.135,2001)。當(dāng)?shù)芈糜蜗到y(tǒng)的定義反應(yīng)了集群理論范例在意大利旅游業(yè)的合作、整合和同質(zhì)性原則，這可能對(duì)探索一些有趣的問題會(huì)有幫助。目的地群體有同質(zhì)旅游的特點(diǎn)嗎？在當(dāng)?shù)芈糜蜗到y(tǒng)中，當(dāng)?shù)氐淖酉到y(tǒng)在不同的接待區(qū)域夠?qū)I(yè)嗎，就像會(huì)展區(qū)域，能共存嗎？這些子系統(tǒng)是否每個(gè)都相互協(xié)調(diào)？承辦一個(gè)會(huì)展活動(dòng)或構(gòu)建旅游網(wǎng)絡(luò)，當(dāng)?shù)氐闹饕厣鞘裁?？那個(gè)目的地要素是否促進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)芈糜蜗到y(tǒng)未來的發(fā)展和支持新興的集群？為了會(huì)展網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展，在目的地要具備

38、什么或應(yīng)該具備什么？</p><p>　　回答這些問題，我們可以使用波特在1988年提出的理論模型。在他的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力鉆石模型中，作者主要關(guān)注競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力優(yōu)勢(shì)的四個(gè)要素：（1）旅游興趣的質(zhì)量、水平和本質(zhì)方面的需求情況；（2）當(dāng)?shù)匾蛩貤l件，例如當(dāng)?shù)氐淖匀毁Y源和區(qū)位；（3）旅游相關(guān)及支持產(chǎn)業(yè)，包括住宿業(yè)、餐飲點(diǎn)，景區(qū)，交通和各種政府機(jī)構(gòu)。（4）政府政策為社區(qū)提供信息和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施支持，便于輸入受過教育的勞動(dòng)力，維護(hù)一個(gè)合理的法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

39、框架，確保宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定。這一概念模型應(yīng)用于旅游業(yè)和會(huì)展目的地是非常有用。鉆石模型的原則結(jié)合集群理論可以為當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展及旅游業(yè)在其中的地位提供一種更為合理和均衡的方法。</p><p>　　然而，包含在旅游網(wǎng)絡(luò)部分的概念化和在集群中他們之間內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的本質(zhì)很難標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。復(fù)雜的集群概念表明沒有單一的定義或方法是通用的，大多數(shù)是根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)分析和它的戰(zhàn)略實(shí)踐和政策來決定的?？紤]到本文的主旨，我們決定集中研究旅游和會(huì)

40、展目的地的一些關(guān)鍵要點(diǎn)：酒店，住宿，會(huì)展服務(wù)，教育機(jī)構(gòu)，交通，人口和當(dāng)?shù)刭Y源(圖1)。我們?cè)嫉母拍钅Ｐ褪窃O(shè)計(jì)實(shí)證方法的基礎(chǔ)。</p><p>　　圖1 會(huì)展集群的地方競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的概念模型</p><p>　　實(shí)證分析分兩個(gè)步驟。首先，我們建議使用集群分析的統(tǒng)計(jì)方法來識(shí)別城市之間相似的旅游和會(huì)展供給情況以及本土資源。這個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)方法能夠識(shí)別不同類型的當(dāng)?shù)貢?huì)展區(qū)域和評(píng)估在會(huì)展產(chǎn)品生命周期的不同階段

41、的情況，當(dāng)?shù)貢?huì)展區(qū)域的特性。其次，分位數(shù)回歸模型用來評(píng)估地方特色對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)貢?huì)展區(qū)域會(huì)展產(chǎn)業(yè)生命周期的影響。這個(gè)方法用來探究本土競(jìng)爭(zhēng)因素對(duì)與當(dāng)?shù)貐^(qū)域會(huì)展生命周期階段有關(guān)的會(huì)展產(chǎn)業(yè)的不同影響。最后，模型評(píng)估方法使得我們提出管理方法和政治策略，以提高意大利會(huì)展系統(tǒng)在全球市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。</p><p><b>　　外文翻譯之二：</b></p><p>　　Conference

42、and Exhibition Tourism in the Developing World: The South African Experience</p><p>　　Author: Christian M. Rogerson</p><p>　　Nationality: South Africa</p><p>　　Adapted from: Urban f

43、orum,2005,16</p><p>　　Conferences and exhibitions are usually treated together rather than as two separate activities because "there is an increasing convergence between them" (Law,1987: 86). Tradi

44、tionally, many conferences include exhibitions and exhibitions often give rise to conferences. None the less, as Law (1987: 87) observes the "apogee" of convergence between conferences and exhibitions is the em

45、ergence of the multi-purpose 'convention centre' which consists of several large venues which can be used flexibly </p><p>　　The results of such research, including the application of choice modeling

46、 exercises, are used to improve the competitive positioning and branding of individual destinations for the attraction of business tourism (Var et al., 1985; Oppermann, 1996a; Crouch and Louviere, 2003; Weber and Ladkin,

47、 2003; Hankinson, 2005). Illustratively, much recent attention has been given to the primacy of Singapore over the competition offered from Hong Kong for international conferences in Southeast Asia and more</p>&l

48、t;p>　　At national level, the importance of this segment of business tourism is underscored by the fact that certain countries have prepared national policies or strategies that are designed specifically to ensure long

49、-term growth and to maximize the local economic and social impacts of conference and exhibition tourism. In terms of policy development, one of the most pro-active countries is Australia. During the 1990s the national go

50、vernment encouraged the development of a marketing strategy which is </p><p>　　For destinations, the economic impacts of capturing the market of business tourism are potentially considerable. Figure 1 shows

51、the economic impacts of business tourism on localities. It discloses that whilst there are both potential positive and negative impacts, "it is generally accepted that the economic benefits of business tourism are p

52、ositive in most places" (Swarbrooke and Homer,2001: 77). In the USA, the hosting of conventions and meetings is viewed as highly beneficial in that they can </p><p>　　Fig. 1 The Economic Impacts of Busi

53、ness Tourism at Local Level</p><p>　　(Adapted after Swarbrooke, Horner,2002:76)</p><p>　　Historically, in Western Europe, resort towns recognized earliest the potential benefits of conference an

54、d exhibition tourism and started to develop specialist conference facilities during the inter-war period (1919-39). Indeed, a long-established feature of seaside resorts in the United Kingdom, such as Blackpool, Brighton

55、 or Scarborough, is the hosting of the annual conferences of political parties, trade unions and associations in order to attract visitors and extend the length of the tourism</p><p>　　The factors affecting

56、the competitiveness of individual localities in the USA or Western Europe offer parallels with the Asian experience. The general consensus is that meetings organizers take account of four key attributes when selecting me

57、etings venues (Bradley et al., 2002). In order of importance these relate to the quality of meetings facilities, cost, accessibility and image of potential locations (Law, 1993). The relative importance of these four fac

58、tors will vary, however, according to </p><p>　　發(fā)展中國家的會(huì)議和會(huì)展業(yè):南非的經(jīng)驗(yàn)</p><p>　　作者：克里斯蒂安.羅杰生</p><p><b>　　國籍：南非</b></p><p>　　出處：《城市論壇》，2005年第16卷</p><p

59、>　　會(huì)議和會(huì)展通常被看做是一個(gè)整體，而不是兩種獨(dú)立的活動(dòng)，因?yàn)椤八麄冋找嫒诤稀?Law,1987:86)。傳統(tǒng)意義上，許多會(huì)議包括展覽會(huì),會(huì)議的召開往往由展覽會(huì)引起。雖說如此，Law(1987:87)認(rèn)為會(huì)議和展覽會(huì)趨同的“最高點(diǎn)”是包括幾個(gè)大型場(chǎng)館的多功能會(huì)展中心的出現(xiàn)，它可靈活地用于召開會(huì)議或者展覽會(huì)。Hiller(1995:375)認(rèn)為會(huì)議和展覽是一種特殊的旅游方式，在理論上他們推動(dòng)了會(huì)議會(huì)展的召開，而不是目的地本身的特

60、性。會(huì)議、大會(huì)或展覽會(huì)是旅游的主要目的，在一段固定的時(shí)間內(nèi)進(jìn)行多方面的活動(dòng)是它的重點(diǎn)，這個(gè)活動(dòng)涉及發(fā)言人、研討會(huì)、專題會(huì)、展覽會(huì)、宴會(huì)、機(jī)構(gòu)會(huì)議及社交活動(dòng)。因此，這種會(huì)議或者展覽會(huì)顯然與其他形式的商務(wù)旅游有所不同，其主要目的是個(gè)人或這小團(tuán)體的聚集(Hiller,1995)。實(shí)際上，對(duì)會(huì)議或者展覽會(huì)目的的保證并不能確保大家的參與。因?yàn)榭蛇_(dá)性、營銷、投資、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、人力資源和服務(wù)質(zhì)量這些變量都會(huì)影響參與性(Weber,Ladkin,2003

61、)。對(duì)國內(nèi)外會(huì)議會(huì)展旅游市場(chǎng)規(guī)模的分析表明，為富于極具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力(Dwyer,Mistilis,1997:230)越來越多的國家建造了會(huì)</p><p>　　研究的結(jié)果包括選擇模型應(yīng)用的研究成果被用于提高競(jìng)爭(zhēng)地位和商務(wù)旅游景區(qū)單個(gè)目的地品牌知名度(Var等,1985;Oppermann,1996a;Crouch and Louviere,2003;Weber,Ladkin,2003;Hankinson,2005)。例

62、如最近較為關(guān)注的新加坡和香港在為成為東南亞（甚至是太平洋沿岸地區(qū)）國際會(huì)議中心展開的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。場(chǎng)地的容量、服務(wù)的質(zhì)量、可達(dá)性以及成本因素等被用于解釋新加坡的區(qū)域競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，并為香港提出改進(jìn)的建議(Go,Govers,1999;Lew,Chang,1999;Qu等,2000)。</p><p>　　從國家層面上說,商務(wù)旅游這一部分的重要性在于強(qiáng)調(diào)這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，某些國家已經(jīng)特別制定了國家政策或者戰(zhàn)略來確保當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)增長

63、,并最大限度地提高會(huì)議會(huì)展旅游的社會(huì)影響力。 從政策發(fā)展上說,其中最積極的國家是澳大利亞。在20世紀(jì)90年代,國家政府鼓勵(lì)設(shè)備和其他方面營銷策略的發(fā)展，來提高把澳大利亞作為會(huì)議會(huì)展目的地首選城市的國際意識(shí)；促進(jìn)這個(gè)行業(yè)市場(chǎng)的調(diào)整和合作；鼓勵(lì)全國機(jī)構(gòu)吸引海外代表會(huì)議和展覽會(huì)在澳大利亞召開,尤其是亞太地區(qū)的；另外，要提高在澳大利亞召開的具有地方性、國家性、國際性代表會(huì)議的數(shù)量(Dwyer,Mistilis,1997)。</p>

64、<p>　　對(duì)目的地來說，思考商務(wù)旅游市場(chǎng)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)可能造成的影響很重要。圖1顯示的是商務(wù)旅游對(duì)地方經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。它同時(shí)揭示了可能存在的積極影響和消極影響。人們普遍認(rèn)為,大多數(shù)地方商務(wù)旅游的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響是積極的（Swarbrooke,Horner,2001:77）。在美國，舉辦會(huì)議會(huì)被視為是非常有利的，因?yàn)樗軓浹a(bǔ)休閑旅游活動(dòng)中淡季的波動(dòng)性(Braun,Rungeling,1992)。商務(wù)旅游的成功表明商務(wù)旅游能夠給當(dāng)?shù)貛泶罅康姆秦?cái)

65、政收入，最具意義的是帶來了形象的提升，落后地區(qū)的重建和當(dāng)?shù)鼐用褡院栏械漠a(chǎn)生(Law,1987;Zelinsky,1994;Bradley等,2002)?？偟膩碚f，考慮到商務(wù)旅游幾種潛在的經(jīng)濟(jì)和非經(jīng)濟(jì)影響，那我們就不會(huì)驚訝于許多不同的地區(qū)通過吸引會(huì)議和展覽會(huì)召開，受到積極的鼓勵(lì)參與到這片利潤豐厚的市場(chǎng)中。</p><p>　　積極影響

66、 消極影響</p><p>　　圖1 商務(wù)旅游對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)影響（摘選自：Swarbrooke and Horner(2002:76))</p><p>　　從歷史上看，西歐國家的度假勝地最早認(rèn)識(shí)到展覽會(huì)旅游所帶來的潛在利益，并在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間(1919-1939年)開始發(fā)展一種專門的會(huì)議設(shè)施。事實(shí)上，英國一些早就存在的海邊旅游勝地，比如布萊克浦，波士頓，或斯卡伯勒，是政黨、貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟和各種旨在吸引

67、參觀者，延長旅游季節(jié)時(shí)間的機(jī)構(gòu)之間年度大會(huì)的舉辦地(Douglas,1979)。從20世紀(jì)80年代早期開始，在進(jìn)入幾個(gè)省級(jí)中心以后，比如伯明翰，加的夫，格拉斯哥，曼徹斯特，諾丁漢，紐卡斯?fàn)?，?huì)展旅游市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)變得更加激烈。大多數(shù)這些城市中，多功能設(shè)施都已發(fā)展起來(Law,1987; Bradley等,2002)。伯明翰是最大的例外，它采取美國模式，發(fā)展一個(gè)規(guī)劃好的市區(qū)會(huì)議中心，以完善國家會(huì)展中心。在英國，歐洲大陸，美國和澳大利亞，大批的

68、前工業(yè)城市積極爭(zhēng)取會(huì)議旅游市場(chǎng)，并將其置于后工業(yè)恢復(fù)的策略之中(Law, 1987,1992,1993;Bradley等, 2002)。 省會(huì)城市的功能也作為整體為商務(wù)旅游的發(fā)展提供機(jī)會(huì)，包括大會(huì)和會(huì)議(Hall,2002)。</p><p>　　在美國或者西歐個(gè)別地方對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力產(chǎn)生影響的因素與亞洲經(jīng)驗(yàn)較為相似。一般的相同點(diǎn)是會(huì)議組織者在選擇場(chǎng)館時(shí)會(huì)考慮四個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素(Bradley等, 2002)。 這些因素按重要

69、性排序依次是會(huì)議設(shè)施的質(zhì)量、成本、可進(jìn)入性和潛在地區(qū)的形象 (Law,1993)。然而，這四個(gè)因素的相對(duì)重要性是根據(jù)具體會(huì)議的性質(zhì)而變化的。其中，爭(zhēng)論相當(dāng)大的是“形象”，Zelinsky(1994)認(rèn)為，以美國的經(jīng)歷來說，“形象”是主要的拉動(dòng)力。在最近的工作中，“形象”的作用被重新評(píng)估, 雖然不是跟其他的因素一樣重要，但是形象對(duì)會(huì)議組織者來說也是重要的(Bradley等,2002)。總的來說，Law(1987:93)斷言，對(duì)于國際會(huì)議,