外文翻譯--建筑項目招投標

1、<p>　　西安科技大學高新學院</p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯譯文</p><p>　　學生姓名 : 白春梅 </p><p>　　院 （系）: 建筑與土木工程 </p><p>　　專業(yè)班級 : 工程管理0704 </p>

2、<p>　　指導教師 : 黃云龍 </p><p>　　完成日期 : 2010年09月10日 </p><p><b>　　要 求</b></p><p>　　1、外文翻譯是畢業(yè)設計（論文）的主要內容之一，必須學生獨立完成。</p><p>　　

3、2、外文翻譯譯文內容應與學生的專業(yè)或畢業(yè)設計（論文）內容相關，不得少于15000印刷符號。</p><p>　　3.外文翻譯譯文用A4紙打印。文章標題用3號宋體，章節(jié)標題用4號宋體，正文用小4號宋體，20磅行距；頁邊距上、下、左、右均為2.5cm，左側裝訂，裝訂線0.5cm。按中文翻譯在上，外文原文在下的順序裝訂。</p><p>　　4、年月日等的填寫，用阿拉伯數(shù)字書寫，要符合《關于出版

4、物上數(shù)字用法的試行規(guī)定》，如“2005年2月26日”。</p><p>　　5、所有簽名必須手寫，不得打印。</p><p><b>　　建筑項目招投標</b></p><p>　　楊曹*,王建民,b, 李亨</p><p>　　a建筑部門和房地產(chǎn)、香港理工大學、香港、中國</p><p>　　b

5、國家重點實驗室的小說軟件技術、南京大學、南京210093,中國</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　目前在工程建設項目行業(yè)中，以工程招投標為特征的建筑市場已經(jīng)形成，施工企業(yè)為創(chuàng)造良好經(jīng)濟效益，必須嚴格控制成本，加強成本控制管理，才能提高市場適應能力和競爭力。本文從降低成本、增加收入兩方面闡述對施工成本的有效控制。投標文件的編制是投標工作的一個

6、重要環(huán)節(jié)，直接影響投標工作的成敗，投標的成敗對企業(yè)的生存和發(fā)展有著直接的影響，因此要編制出高質量的投標文件，提高單位的中標率，防止無效標及廢標出現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　【關鍵詞】： 招投標 不正當競爭 防范對策</p><p>　　招標投標是一種工程交易形式，工程招投標的過程就是確定中標人和工程價格的過程，而工程價格的確定，是工程招投標工作中非常重要的一個環(huán)節(jié)，搞好招投標工程的價格

7、確定工作，可以有效地控制工程造價，創(chuàng)造公平、公正的市場環(huán)境，營造有序競爭的機制。在建筑工程招標投標活動中，建筑施工企業(yè)要想在投標中立于不敗之地，中標得到工程，然后又要從承包工程中贏利，就需要綜合考慮各種主觀條件與客觀因素、研究投標策略，確定投標方法。</p><p>　　投標策略包括投標策略和作價技巧。所有的策略和技巧來自承包商的無數(shù)次投標的經(jīng)驗積累以及對客觀規(guī)律的認識和對實際情況的了解，同時也與承包商的決策能力

8、和魄力息息相關。</p><p>　　從招標進程上講，招標文件是招標活動的總綱和劇本。每項招標工作如何開始，如何發(fā)出招標文件，對投標人有什么要求，如何評標，如何決標，招標程序是什么，都在招標文件中做出規(guī)定，所以編制招標文件的人員首先要對本次招標工作有一個全局性的認識，把本次招標的要求和安排反映到招標文件當中，在編制當中也會遇到事先沒有想到的問題，那就在編制當中逐一解決，編制招標文件的過程也是制定招標方案的過程。

9、</p><p>　　從另一個意義上來講，招標文件也是法律文件，除了相關的法律法規(guī)外，在招標的全過程中招標人，投標人，招標代理機構共同遵循的游戲規(guī)則就是招標文件，這是參加招標工作三方人士必須遵循的法律文件，具有法律效力，所以編制招標文件的人員須有法律意識和素質，在招標文件中體現(xiàn)出公平、公正、合法的要求。</p><p>　　我國建筑工程招投標法實施以及工程施工監(jiān)理制度的實踐，對規(guī)范我國建筑

10、市場、提高建筑工程施工質量，起到了積極的作用。但是在實施過程中存在不少缺陷，需要完善、充實和提高。本工程招標文件根據(jù)《中華人民共和國招投標法》規(guī)定，對投標人，投標企業(yè)進行嚴格把關，對競標者提出了專業(yè)性的要求，對工程的概況進行了說明。</p><p>　　目前在工程建設項目行業(yè)中，以工程招投標為特征的建筑市場已經(jīng)形成，施工企業(yè)為創(chuàng)造良好經(jīng)濟效益，必須嚴格控制成本，加強成本控制管理，才能提高市場適應能力和競爭力。本文

11、從降低成本、增加收入兩方面闡述對施工成本的有效控制。</p><p>　　我國建筑工程招投標法實施以及工程施工監(jiān)理制度的實踐，對規(guī)范我國建筑市場、提高建筑工程施工質量，起到了積極的作用。但是在實施過程中存在不少缺陷，需要完善、充實和提高。本工程招標文件根據(jù)《中華人民共和國招投標法》規(guī)定，對投標人，投標企業(yè)進行嚴格把關，對競標者提出了專業(yè)性的要求，對工程的概況進行了說明。</p><p>　

12、　實行工程招投標的目的是為了市場競爭的公開、公平、公正。但是，由于建筑市場發(fā)育尚不規(guī)范，管理體制的束縛以及經(jīng)驗不足等原因，建筑工程招標投標在具體操作中還存在不正當競爭行為和一些弊端。這顯然違背了招投標的目的，整個招標投標過程也就失去了意義，對其他未中標的投標人來講也是不公正的，擾亂了招投標（工程承發(fā)包市場）經(jīng)濟活動秩序，對于這類行為必須予以禁止，只有這樣，才能使建設工程競爭性交易活動依法健康運行。因此本課題將結合本人所學及社會實踐，對目

13、前的建設工程招投標制度及現(xiàn)狀進行闡述，并針對建設工程招投標存在的弊端與不正當競爭行為現(xiàn)象及產(chǎn)生原因進行分析，最后做出相應的防范對策研究。</p><p>　　造價管理體系的建設，既包括理論上的探討，又需要實踐中的創(chuàng)新。市場經(jīng)濟條件下的工程造價管理，要為建筑市場有序競爭搭建管理服務平臺。在這樣一個大前提下，原有的定額和計價方法是不適應的，這就需要改革和完善。本著“政府宏觀調控、企業(yè)自主報價、市場形成價格”的原則，來

14、推行實施工程量清單計價規(guī)范。清單計價模式下招投標活動是建立在市場經(jīng)濟運行機制下，依據(jù)法律程序，以科學、公正、公開合理的方法確定中標人的一種經(jīng)濟活動。招投標是構成招標投標活動中兩個最基本的環(huán)節(jié)。而招投標活動，無非是想通過招標，選擇一家具有工</p><p>　　工程施工能力、造價適中、質量較優(yōu)、工期較短的施工企業(yè)，這也是進行招標的最終目的。本人在實習過程中曾參與過多個項目的招投標工作，并完成過部分工程量清單的計算，

15、結合畢業(yè)設計過程中的體會，簡要分析一下工程量清單計價模式下的招投標工作。</p><p>　　從風險的內涵和建設工程一般性風險特點出發(fā)，了建設工程最低價格密封招標法的幾種風險及其產(chǎn)生的誘因，根據(jù)其特性探討了風險控制與防范的可行性。比較了工程擔保與工程保險這兩種工程風險管理異同與優(yōu)點；并對建設工程招投標過程中的投標人的行為特征進行了分析，揭示投標人的風險偏好行為特征隨著外部環(huán)境的改變而變化，當違約懲罰較輕時，投標人

16、偏向于追求風險，而隨著違約懲罰標準加大超過某一值后，投標人表現(xiàn)出的風險行為改變?yōu)槠蛴谝?guī)避風險，懲罰標準越大投標人行為偏向于更加規(guī)避風險，這一結果對控制和防范投標人的行為風險具有重要的與現(xiàn)實意義。</p><p>　　工程造價管理由“量價合一”的計劃模式向“量價分離”的市場模式轉變，逐步建立市場形成價格為主的價格機制，把價格的決定權交給參與市場的各方，并最終通過市場來配置資源，從而真正實現(xiàn)通過市場機制決定工程造價

17、。這對規(guī)范建筑市場的競爭行為和促進工程招標投標機制的創(chuàng)新發(fā)揮重要作用。可以說，實行工程量清單計價是我國工程造價管理制度的一大進步，也是在我國加入WTO后，與全球建筑業(yè)同行競爭的有力工具。</p><p>　　隨著工程建筑市場的深入發(fā)展，傳統(tǒng)的定額計價模式已不適應市場化經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的需要。為了適應目前工程招投標由市場形成工程造價的需要，必須對現(xiàn)行工程計價方法和計價模式進行改革，實行工程量清單計價。工程量清單計價模式是一

18、種與市場經(jīng)濟相適應的、允許承包單位自主報價、通過市場競爭確定價格、與國際慣例接軌的計價模式。 隨著工程量清單計價模式的推廣，按國際慣例招標投標勢在必行。因此“最低合理價中標”是我國今后最主要的評標辦法?，F(xiàn)階段因實施工程量清單計價模式而出現(xiàn)的問題主要有，針對我國現(xiàn)階段《招標投標法》中規(guī)定的最低合理價中標的原則，多數(shù)承包商尚未建立自己的企業(yè)定額，無法確定企業(yè)的合理成本。本文就是以科學、快捷的確定“合理成本價”為研究的關鍵。 首先從工程成本的

19、基本概念入手，分析了工程量清單計價模式下的成本構成，為準確預測工程成本提供了基礎，綜合考慮了社會平均成本和企業(yè)個別成本來進行投標階段的成本估算。其次通過對模糊數(shù)學和指數(shù)平滑技術的深入分析，通過“貼近度”的概念，合理的將模糊數(shù)學與指數(shù)平滑技術結合起來，構建了工程成本模糊預測技術的數(shù)學模型，并根據(jù)統(tǒng)計的有關參考資料和經(jīng)驗建立了“框架結構體系”的對比工程</p><p>　　一個健康的招投標制度應該是按照“公開、公正、

20、公平”和誠實信用的原則，建立起統(tǒng)一、開放、競爭、有序的建筑市場。針對當前招投標過程中存在的問題，采取完善法規(guī)、明確職責、健全機構，強化過程監(jiān)督等措施，才能更好地規(guī)范建筑市場秩序，從源頭上遏止腐敗，凈化建筑市場，促進建筑市場秩序逐步走向規(guī)范化，法制化的軌道，不斷提高工程招投標工作的質量和水平。</p><p><b>　　參考文獻</b></p><p>　　[1]R.

21、G.凱西,開心的弗格森,智能形式處理,IBM公司系統(tǒng)期刊29(3)(1990)435 - 450</p><p>　　[2],渡邊、蘇榮輝羅:multikinds Sugie,中華民國模式分析和機器智能17(4)(1995)422-445。</p><p>　　[3]J.L.陳,李,快速、有效雙表格結構提取條投影、模式識別31日(9)圖9。表之間沒有明顯的分離象征記錄。(1998)- 14

22、22 - 1368年。曹之疾病學組。/自動化在施工11(2002)573-584 583</p><p>　　[4]L.Y.蔡新德、提高鋼筋陳、認知和數(shù)據(jù)提取的形式文件基于三種類型的線提取、模式識別31日(10)(1998)291 - 1540。</p><p>　　[5]名王室G.D.球迷,J.M.陸,姓陳的特征點的聚類</p><p>　　[6]s . Chan

23、dran >表結構分析識別數(shù)據(jù),屆空氣污染控制技術研討會論文集文件分析和識別,探討城市,Jap20科學等,1993年- 22頁。516 - 519。</p><p>　　[7]的基礎上,表結構識別文本鎖安排和統(tǒng)治線的位置,交流合作會議文檔分析和識別大會,探討科學城、日本、月20 ~ 22日,1993年,頁。765 - 768。</p><p>　　[8]中華H.S. Shamilia

24、n,易加藤retarge木材</p><p>　　[9]應用江,南卡羅來納州莊勝欽、、蔡宗憲星期二的一種新的算法線的形象矢量、模式識別31日(10)(1998)1541-1549。</p><p>　　Building engineering bidding</p><p>　　Yang Cao a,*, Shuhua Wang b, Heng Li a</p

25、><p>　　aDepartment of Building and Real Estate, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China</p><p>　　bState Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, C

26、hina</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　Nowadays in the engineering construction industry, the market which is characteristic for project bidding, has formed. The construction compani

27、es,which want to create good benefits, have to control their cost and improve management to enhance the capacity of adapting and competing in this market. This article focuses on how to decrease cost and increase income

28、so as to control the construction cost effectively. bidding documents should be well formulated ,which is the improtment to a successful </p><p>　　[key] : bidding drawbacks of unfair competition countermea

29、sures</p><p>　　Bidding is a form of project transactions, project bidding process is to determine the successful bidder and the cost of the process and the price of the project, project bidding work of a ver

30、y important link, do a good job bidding to determine the price, we can effectively control construction costs, and create a fair and equitable market environment, create orderly competition mechanism. Bidding in construc

31、tion activities, construction enterprises in order to tender invincible works to be succ</p><p>　　Bidding documents is the general programme and play book of the bidding activity through the process of biddi

32、ng. The bidding documents will specify that How to conduct each bidding work, how to dispatch bidding documents, the requirements for tenderer,how to rate and decide bidding and the procedures of bidding. Therefore, the

33、personnel who is responsible for prepare bidding documents should first have a general view of the bidding work, include all the requirements and arrangements into the bid</p><p>　　In another respect, biddin

34、g documents is also the legal instuments. Besides relevant law and rules, the bidding documents are the common game rules that bidder,bidding agent and tenderer should subject to through the bidding. Bidding documents ar

35、e the legal instuments that all the three bidding related parties should subject to, have legal force, therefore, the bidding documents -making personnel required to have the awareness and quality of leagal in order to r

36、eflect the fair, just and legal re</p><p>　　In building engineering bidding law enforcement and the practice of project construction supervision system on standardizing China's construction market, impro

37、ve the construction quality and played an active role. But in the process of implementing exist some disadvantages, needs to perfect, enrich and improve. This project bidding documents in accordance with the bidding law

38、of the People's Republic of China for bidders, bidding regulation, enterprise strictly, put forward to bidders profession</p><p>　　Nowadays in the engineering construction industry, the market which is c

39、haracteristic for project bidding, has formed. The construction companies,which want to create good benefits, have to control their cost and improve management to enhance the capacity of adapting and competing in this ma

40、rket. This article focuses on how to decrease cost and increase income so as to control the construction cost effectively.</p><p>　　In building engineering bidding law enforcement and the practice of project

41、 construction supervision system on standardizing China's construction market, improve the construction quality and played an active role. But in the process of implementing exist some disadvantages, needs to perfect

42、, enrich and improve. This project bidding documents in accordance with the bidding law of the People's Republic of China for bidders, bidding regulation, enterprise strictly, put forward to bidders profession</p&

43、gt;<p>　　The practice of project bidding purpose is to market competition of openness, fairness and justice. However, due to the construction market development is not standard, management system and the experienc

44、e of inadequate, architectural engineering bidding in concrete operation exist in ACTS of unfair competition, and some drawbacks. This obviously violate the bidding, the bidding process, and will lose its significance fo

45、r other bidder fails to bid is unjust, disturbed the bidding (project contra</p><p>　　Construction cost management system, both theoretical discussion, but also need to practice innovation. Under the conditi

46、ons of market economy, project cost management, competitive and orderly market for construction management services platform structures. In such a premise, the original scale and method of valuation is inappropriate, and

47、 this needs to be reformed and improved. The spirit of "the government's macro regulation and control, enterprise autonomy offer, the market will price" princi</p><p>　　Construction process cap

48、ability, moderate cost, quality is excellent, short duration of construction enterprises, and this is the ultimate goal tender. I have participated in internships over the course of the project bidding, and completed ove

49、r part of the calculation of quantities, combined with graduate experience in the design process, a brief analysis of the mode Quantities Call for Tender</p><p>　　The meaning of risk and risk characteristics

50、 of the general construction, the lowest price sealed bidding construction method produces several risks and incentives, according to their characteristics discussed the feasibility of risk control and prevention. Compar

51、ison of engineering and engineering security risk management, insurance, similarities and differences between the two projects and benefits; construction project bidding and tendering process characteristics of human beh

52、avior is analyze</p><p>　　Construction Cost Management from the "quantity-one price" plan model to "price of separation volume" model of the market, and gradually establish a market price

53、-based price formation mechanism, the price of the decision in the hands of the parties involved in the market, and ultimately the allocation of resources through the market in order to realize through the market mechani

54、sm to decide on project cost. This will standardize the construction market-competitive behavior and the promotion of p</p><p>　　With the construction of in-depth development of the market, the traditional f

55、ixed pricing model no longer suited to market-oriented economic development needs. In order to adapt to the current project bidding by the market needs of a project cost, we must work on the existing valuation methods an

56、d pricing model for reform, the implementation of projects bill pricing. Engineering is a list of pricing model and adapt to the market economy, allowing independent contractor pricing through market co</p><p&

57、gt;　　A healthy bidding system should be in accordance with the "open, fair and justice" and the principle of good faith, and establish a unified, open, competitive and orderly construction market. In view of th

58、e current problems existing in the bidding process, adopt regulations, and formulate and perfect the institution, strengthening process supervision measures, they can better regulate construction market order, prevent co

59、rruption from its source, purify construction market, promote the construct</p><p>　　References</p><p>　　[1] R.G. Casey, D.R. Ferguson, Intelligent forms processing, IBMSystem Journal 29 (3) (19

60、90) 435– 450.</p><p>　　[2] T. Watanabe, Q. Luo, N. Sugie, Layout recognition of multikindsof table-form documents, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 17 (4) (1995) 422–445.</p&

61、gt;<p>　　[3] J.L. Chen, H.J. Lee, An efficient algorithm for form structureExtr ction using strip projection, Pattern Recognition 31 (9)Fig. 9. Table with no obvious separating symbol between records. (1998) 1353–

62、 1368.Y. Cao et al. / Automation in Construction 11 (2002) 573–584 583</p><p>　　[4] L.Y. Tseng, R.C. Chen, Recognition and data extraction of form documents based on three types of line segments, Pattern Re

63、cognition 31 (10) (1998) 1525– 1540.</p><p>　　[5] K.C. Fan, J.M. Lu, G.D. Chen, A feature point clustering approach to the recognition of form documents, Pattern Recognition 31 (9) (1998) 1205–1220.</p>

64、;<p>　　[6] S. Chandran, R. Kasturi, Structure recognition of tabulated data,Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Tsukuba Science City, Jap20– 22, 1993, pp. 516– 519.<

65、;/p><p>　　[7] K. Itonori, Table structure recognition based on textblock arrangement and ruled line position, Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Tsukuba Science Ci

66、ty, Japan, Oct. 20– 22, 1993, pp. 765– 768.</p><p>　　[8] J.H. Shamilian, H.S. Baird, T.L. Wood, A retargetable table reader, Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition,