旅游專業(yè)外文翻譯--在旅游電子商務(wù)系統(tǒng)的建議撒哈拉以南非洲地區(qū)的產(chǎn)業(yè)

1、<p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)譯文</b></p><p>　　標(biāo)題：在旅游電子商務(wù)系統(tǒng)的建議撒哈拉以南非洲地區(qū)的產(chǎn)業(yè)</p><p>　　資料來(lái)源: 信息通信和信息技術(shù)第26卷第1期 作者：珍妮特愛(ài)德華,雷道森</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　本文中所描述的

2、建議是延續(xù)以前的研究在信息通信和信息雜志的報(bào)道。本文介紹了從撒哈拉以南非洲地區(qū)的旅游組織如何演變成營(yíng)銷工具網(wǎng)站，他們?nèi)绾文軌蚩朔娮由虅?wù)的使用障礙。建議還解釋了為什么在這些國(guó)家的其他經(jīng)濟(jì)的主要參與者可以使得電子商務(wù)的發(fā)展和成長(zhǎng)的環(huán)境condu-cive，使這一地區(qū)的旅游組織可以打入利潤(rùn)豐厚的國(guó)際旅游市場(chǎng)。本文對(duì)建議進(jìn)行了測(cè)試, 曾派電子商務(wù)專家的組織到非洲，或者是目前在非洲南部的Sahara.The。結(jié)果表明，大多數(shù)專家，他們認(rèn)為這些建

3、議的采納將幫助非洲旅游組織使用電子商務(wù)。非洲的旅游組織，打算實(shí)施或在實(shí)施電子商務(wù)系統(tǒng)的過(guò)程中應(yīng)遵循本文中概述的建議，以幫助非洲SAH-ARAN達(dá)到其旅游潛力。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：建議,電子商務(wù)網(wǎng)站,旅游,撒哈拉以南非洲</p><p><b>　　1 簡(jiǎn)介 </b></p><p>　　旅游業(yè)被視為世界上最大的部門之一，產(chǎn)生一個(gè)估計(jì)

4、有11％的全球國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總（GDP）和從業(yè)人員200萬(wàn)人，700萬(wàn)游客服務(wù)全球范圍內(nèi)這是一個(gè)數(shù)字預(yù)計(jì)將增加一倍，到2020年（ROE和厄克特，2001年）。與其他的經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)不佳的主要部門，旅游業(yè)已成為最大的功臣國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的，因?yàn)樵诖蠖鄶?shù)非洲國(guó)家在20世紀(jì)90年代初和現(xiàn)在被視為非洲的經(jīng)濟(jì)體（文森特等，2002; Dieke，2000年）。 </p><p>　　盡管有不同的野生動(dòng)物，獨(dú)特的度假村和異國(guó)情調(diào)的植物和動(dòng)

5、物，非洲旅游業(yè)發(fā)展?jié)摿θ匀粵](méi)有得到充分利用和不發(fā)達(dá)（Naude和Saayman，2005年）。今天，與其不斷增長(zhǎng)的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)流行ulation已提供一個(gè)前所未有的水平連接，非洲的客商和技術(shù) </p><p>　　切實(shí)有效地直接與客戶溝通。電子商務(wù)（E-COM）互聯(lián)網(wǎng)骨干網(wǎng)可以幫助非洲旅游組織的產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的市場(chǎng)，他們無(wú)法訪問(wèn)使用傳統(tǒng)的系統(tǒng)的額外收入。通過(guò)和電子商務(wù)的使用率在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了巨大的成效，在旅游收入旅游業(yè)顯

6、著增加（安耐特旅游系統(tǒng)，2000年，圣保羅，2000年，埃森哲， 2002年Werthner和利瑪竇，2004年）。電子商務(wù)可以幫助實(shí)現(xiàn)非洲旅游業(yè)的潛力從而增加他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)急需的外匯流動(dòng)。 </p><p><b>　　2 方法 </b></p><p>　　本文中所描述的研究是研究的延續(xù)以前的Telematics信息雜志Maswera等。（2006年）。由于有小發(fā)表了

7、有關(guān)電子商務(wù)的的信息 在非洲南部的撒哈拉（Molla和刺輥，2006年），研究活動(dòng)（Maswera等，2006）進(jìn)行如果組織在四個(gè)非洲國(guó)家的旅游業(yè)，采用電子商務(wù)?！?研究的國(guó)家是南非，肯尼亞，津巴布韋和烏干達(dá)。這四個(gè)非洲國(guó)家均町森的研究，為他們更好地為旅游業(yè)的Safari型的旅游目的地。這項(xiàng)研究是在Maswera等在信息通信和信息的前文中詳細(xì)描述。（2006年），在Maswera（2006）的博士論文，在論文Maswera和道森（200

8、3年，2004年），B和 Maswera等人。（2005年）。然而，為方便參考，本節(jié)提供了一個(gè)研究的總結(jié)進(jìn)行。</p><p>　　在這項(xiàng)研究中有兩個(gè)階段。第一階段涉及檢查大量的網(wǎng)站來(lái)自上述國(guó)家的各種旅游組織。進(jìn)行了三次調(diào)查，以確定哪些是對(duì)撒哈拉以南非洲的網(wǎng)站，第一電子商務(wù)的特點(diǎn)，第二檢查的內(nèi)容可訪問(wèn)性和第三檢查網(wǎng)站的可用性?？捎眯圆蓸?用來(lái)選擇組織調(diào)查。搜索字符串用來(lái)尋找盡可能多的網(wǎng)站有關(guān)非洲國(guó)家的旅游業(yè)。為了

9、這個(gè)目的所使用的搜索引擎谷歌和EXCITE。為了獲得最有效的研究人員使用的搜索字符串，如搜索“在南方各大酒店 非洲“和”在納米比亞的旅行社“。其他網(wǎng)站，發(fā)現(xiàn)在各種協(xié)會(huì)的網(wǎng)站。對(duì)于例如，肯尼亞的旅游協(xié)會(huì)，旅游業(yè)務(wù)的南非理事會(huì)（TBCSA）運(yùn)營(yíng)商（加藤），美國(guó)旅游運(yùn)營(yíng)商協(xié)會(huì)（USTOA）有他們的網(wǎng)站的鏈接列表 成員。 這種抽樣方法的局限性在于它是難以確定的總?cè)丝诘穆糜握{(diào)查代表的組織。然而，如許多公司可能獲得的300至600網(wǎng)站，并

10、在每個(gè)調(diào)查研究，所有類別旅游組織代表不滿。訪問(wèn)的網(wǎng)站，其中包括各種旅游組織的國(guó)家航空公司，國(guó)家公園，官辦和私營(yíng)旅游推廣機(jī)構(gòu)，汽車租賃公司，旅行社和旅游經(jīng)營(yíng)者。上述組織的網(wǎng)站有可能提供信息，然后才決定是否走上了特別行程的旅游需求。這些Web 網(wǎng)站還將使客戶進(jìn)行必要的，如查詢或網(wǎng)</p><p><b>　　3 建議 </b></p><p>　　十二項(xiàng)建議已作為研究的結(jié)

11、果。上半年建議是根 ERAL行動(dòng)，以加強(qiáng)和促進(jìn)組織的網(wǎng)站。從問(wèn)卷中發(fā)現(xiàn)建議七到十二是建議 mendations克服電子商務(wù)的障礙。</p><p>　　3.1電子商務(wù)的特點(diǎn) 演變成全球可定制的電子商務(wù)工具網(wǎng)站和一個(gè)國(guó)際網(wǎng)站市場(chǎng)，如歐洲，美洲和亞洲。這將涉及增加功能，如企業(yè)信息， 信息產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題（FAQs），有用的非產(chǎn)品信息如天氣，隱私和安全報(bào)表，在線查詢，網(wǎng)上預(yù)訂，預(yù)約跟蹤 和網(wǎng)上支付。

12、 3.2客戶關(guān)系管理（CRM） 發(fā)展的網(wǎng)站，聘請(qǐng)了有效的電子CRM組件，以鼓勵(lì)客戶保持未來(lái)這將創(chuàng)建一個(gè)與組織所需的圖像印象一致。CRM組件可以幫助捕捉客戶的喜好，需要和要求，包括聯(lián)絡(luò)資料，電子郵件，在線反饋表，電子通訊，促銷活動(dòng)，特別優(yōu)惠和其他忠誠(chéng)計(jì)劃，通話蓋印服務(wù)和個(gè)性化，通過(guò)定制的內(nèi)容。 3.3促銷活動(dòng)網(wǎng)站 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)可以被用來(lái)促進(jìn)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，因?yàn)樗峁┝嗽谳^低的成本，一個(gè)前所未有的連通性和高效和有效地

13、與客戶直接溝通的能力水平?！熬W(wǎng)站應(yīng)包含設(shè)施，將吸引新的客戶，以及保留舊如電，TRONIC通訊，常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題解答（FAQ），忠誠(chéng)度系統(tǒng)，回?fù)芊?wù)，隱私政策 聲明，促銷和特別優(yōu)惠，客戶反饋，信息/手冊(cè)的要求，電子明信片和互惠鏈接到其他網(wǎng)站。該組織還應(yīng)該聘請(qǐng)脫機(jī)技術(shù)，如廣告牌，報(bào)紙，新聞稿，電視，旅游產(chǎn)品</p><p>　　4 結(jié)論 在一般的建議完全是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的信息的唯一網(wǎng)站的網(wǎng)站成熟的電子商務(wù)網(wǎng)站。在本文所討

14、論的建議是針對(duì)提供設(shè)施足夠的內(nèi)容，為客戶做出購(gòu)買決定，并開(kāi)展網(wǎng)上交易。isations的一部分應(yīng)該轉(zhuǎn)換成一種營(yíng)銷手段，通過(guò)采用在線和離線的網(wǎng)站推廣自己的網(wǎng)tiona技術(shù)打入競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的國(guó)際旅游市場(chǎng)。此外，還建議非洲旅游組織試圖始終領(lǐng)先一步在該領(lǐng)域的其他組織的知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移設(shè)施的幫助。 電子商務(wù)的障礙需要克服。然而，這紙鑒定tifies這些障礙，并給出了建議，以克服這些障礙，能夠捕捉到這一市場(chǎng)這是不照顧其他網(wǎng)站上。本文討論設(shè)計(jì)了克服電子

15、商務(wù)障礙的建議，從久經(jīng)考驗(yàn)的解決方案，已巡回賽成功在撒哈拉以南非洲地區(qū)主義組織。由于旅游業(yè)被視為經(jīng)濟(jì)的頂峰，在分SAH ARAN非洲有來(lái)自西歐和北美的激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，這是建議在非洲所有的旅游機(jī)構(gòu)，按照本文件中提出的建議以保持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。收到所有的從業(yè)者和學(xué)者的意見(jiàn)進(jìn)行分析表明，建議mendations將提供非洲旅游組織的基礎(chǔ)，這將能夠過(guò)度來(lái)的障礙，并可以設(shè)置全面的電子商務(wù)網(wǎng)站。從接收的積極響應(yīng)在其他非洲國(guó)家的旅游組織是一個(gè)跡象表明，這些建議將工作

16、在任何其他撒哈拉以南非</p><p>　　附錄三：外文文獻(xiàn)原文</p><p>　　Title：Recommendations for e-commerce systems in the tourism industry of sub-Saharan Africa</p><p>　　Material Soerce: Telematics and Informat

17、ics Volume 26, Issue 1</p><p>　　Author：Janet Edwards, Ray Dawson Abstract</p><p>　　The recommendations described in this paper are a continuation of research previously reported in the Telematic

18、s and Informatics journal.This paper explains how the tourism organisations from sub-Saharan Africa can evolve their websites into marketing tools and how they can overcome the impediments to e-commerce adoption and usag

19、e.The recommenda-tions also explain how the other major players within the economies of these countries can make the environment condu-cive for e-commerce development an</p><p>　　Keywords: Recommendations; e

20、-Commerce; Websites; Tourism; Sub-Sahara Africa</p><p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　The tourism industry is regarded as one of the biggest sectors in the world generating an estimated 11% of the gl

21、obal gross domestic product (GDP) and employing 200 million people and serving 700 million tourists worldwide – a ?gure which is expected to double by the year 2020 (Roe and Urquhart, 2001). With the other major sectors

22、of the economy not performing well, the tourism industry has emerged as the biggest contributor of the GDP since the early 1990s in most African countries and is now v</p><p>　　Despite the diverse wildlife,

23、unique resorts and the exotic ?ora and fauna,Africa’s tourism potential remains underutilised and undeveloped (Naude and Saayman, 2005). Today the Internet with its growing pop-ulation has technologies which provide the

24、African merchants with an unprecedented level of connectivity and the ability to communicate e?ciently and e?ectively directly with customers. Electronic commerce (e-com-merce) which operates on the backbone of the Inter

25、net could help the African tou</p><p>　　2 Methodology</p><p>　　The study described in this paper is a continuation of research previously reported in the Telematics and Informatics journal by Ma

26、swera et al. (2006). As there is little published information about the e-commerce activities in Africa south of the Sahara (Molla and Licker, 2004), a study (Maswera et al., 2006) was carried to ?nd out if organisations

27、 in the tourism industry in four African countries were adopting e-commerce. The countries studied were South Africa, Kenya, Zimbabwe and Uganda. The</p><p>　　There were two phases in this study. The ?rst ph

28、ase involved examining a large number of websites of various tourism organisations from the above-mentioned countries. Three surveys were carried out, the ?rst to determine what e-commerce features are available on the s

29、ub-Saharan African websites, the second to examine the content accessibility and the third to examine the usability of the websites. Availability sampling was used to choose the organisations to survey. Search strings we

30、re used to ?</p><p>　　The limitation of this sampling method is that it is di?cult to determine the total population the tourism organisations that the survey represents. However, by obtaining as many compan

31、ies as is possible with.</p><p>　　Between 300 and 600 websites examined in each survey, all categories of tourism organisations were wellrep-resented. The websites which were accessed were those of the vario

32、us tourism organisations which included national airlines, national parks, government-run and private tourism promotion organisations, car rental companies, travel agencies and tour operators. The websites of the aforeme

33、ntioned organisations are likely to provide information a tourist needs before deciding whether to embark o</p><p>　　Need to be evolved into marketing tools for them to attract enough business for the touris

34、m organisations to make an impact in their respective economies. In terms of accessibility and usability, the results showed that although the African websites were comparable to those of organisations from established a

35、nd more devel-oped markets, this was usually because the African websites were relatively simple and lacked the more advanced features of their American and European counterparts. The Africa</p><p>　　In the

36、second phase of the research, questionnaires were then administered to tourism organisations from sub-Saharan Africa to ?nd out what e?orts are being made by the tourism organisations to adopt and use e-commerce and to d

37、etermine how receptive these organisations are to these Internet technologies. The results showed that many of these organisations are not taking advantage of these technologies to fully embrace e-commerce. A positive as

38、pect shown by the questionnaires is that the tourist </p><p>　　As a result of the previous research described above, the methods employed to overcome the barriers together with the recommendations made from

39、the ?rst phase of the research were then compiled into arec-ommendations document, the content of which is given in the next section of this paper. These recommenda-tions were then tested as described in Section 4 of the

40、 paper.</p><p>　　3 The recommendations</p><p>　　Twelve recommendations have been made as a result of the study. The ?rst six recommendations are gen-eral actions to enhance and promote an organi

41、sation’s website. Recommendations seven to twelve are recom-mendations to overcome the barriers to e-commerce discovered from the questionnaires.</p><p>　　3.1 Recommendation 1: e-Commerce features</p>

42、<p>　　Evolve the website into an e-commerce tool and an international website which can be tailored for globalmarkets such as Europe, America and Asia. This will involve adding features such as corporate informatio

43、n,information on products and services, Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), useful non-product information such as the weather, privacy and security statements, online enquiries, online reservations, reservation tracking

44、and online payment.</p><p>　　3.2. Recommendation 2: Customer relationship management (CRM)</p><p>　　Evolve the website to employ e?ective electronic CRM components to encourage customers to keep

45、 coming back and this will create an impression consistent with the organisations’ desired image. CRM components that could help capture customers’ preferences, needs and requirements, could include contact details, e-ma

46、il,an online feedback form, an electronic newsletter, promotions, special o?ers and other loyalty schemes, a call-back service, and personalisation through customised content.</p><p>　　3.3. Recommendation 3:

47、 Website promotional campaigns</p><p>　　The Internet can be used to promote products and services as it provides, at modest cost, an unprecedented level of connectivity and the ability to communicate e?cient

48、ly and e?ectively directly with customers. The websites should contain facilities that will attract new customers as well as retain old ones, such as an elec-tronic newsletter, Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), loyalty

49、systems, callback services, a privacy policy statement, promotions and special o?ers, customer feedback, an infor</p><p>　　4 Conclusion</p><p>　　In general the recommendations evolve the website

50、 from being a simple information-only website to fully-?edged e-commerce site. The recommendations discussed in this paper are directed towards providing facilities and su?cient content for customers to make purchase dec

51、isions and carry out online transactions. The organ-isations should convert their websites into a marketing tool by employing online and o?ine website promo-tional techniques to break into the highly competitive internat

52、ional touri</p><p>　　There will be di?culties and barriers to e-commerce that need to be overcome. However, this paper iden-ti?es these barriers and gives recommendations to overcome these barriers to be abl

53、e to capture that market which is not being catered for on other websites. The recommendations for overcoming e-commerce barriers discussed in this paper were devised from tried and tested solutions which have been used