車輛工程專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯---混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動(dòng)力的串并聯(lián)控制

1、<p>　　Drive force control of a parallel-series hybrid system</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　Since each component of a hybrid system has its own limit of performance, the vehi

2、cle power depends on the weakest component. So it is necessary to design the balance of the components. The vehicle must be controlled to operate within the performance range of all the components. We designed the specif

3、ications of each component backward from the required drive force. In this paper we describe a control method for the motor torque to avoid damage to the battery, when the battery is at a low state </p><p>　

4、　1. Introduction</p><p>　　In recent years, vehicles with internal combustion engines have increasingly played an important role as a means of transportation, and are contributing much to the development of s

5、ociety. However, vehicle emissions contribute to air pollution and possibly even global warming, which require effective countermeasures. Various developments are being made to reduce these emissions, but no further larg

6、e improvements can be expected from merely improving the current engines and transmissions. Thus, g</p><p>　　Generally speaking, hybrid systems are classified as series or parallel systems. At Toyota, we hav

7、e developed the Toyota Hybrid System (hereinafter referred to as the THS) by combining the advantages of both systems. In this sense the THS could be classified as a parallel-series type of system. Since the THS constant

8、ly optimizes engine operation, emissions are cleaner and better fuel economy can be achieved. During braking, Kinetic energy is recovered by the motor, thereby reducing fuel consumpt</p><p>　　Emissions and f

9、uel economy are greatly improved by using the THS for the power train system. However, the THS incorporates engine, motor, battery and other components, each of which has its own particular capability. In other words, th

10、e driving force must be generated within the limits of each respective component. In particular, since the battery output varies greatly depending on its level of charge, the driving force has to be controlled with this

11、in mind.</p><p>　　This report clarifies the performance required of the respective THS components based on the driving force necessary for a vehicle. The method of controlling the driving force, both when th

12、e battery has high and low charge, is also described.</p><p>　　2. Toyota hybrid system (THS) [1,2]</p><p>　　As Fig. 1 shows, the THS is made up of a hybrid transmission, engine and battery.</

13、p><p>　　2.1. Hybrid transmission</p><p>　　The transmission consists of motor, generator, power split device and reduction gear. The power split device is a planetary gear. Sun gear, ring gear and p

14、lanetary carrier are directly connected to generator, motor and engine, respectively. The ring gear is also connected to the reduction gear. Thus, engine power is split into the generator and the driving wheels. With thi

15、s type of mechanism, the revolutions of each of the respective axes are related as follows. Here, the gear ratio between the </p><p>　　Fig. 1. Schematic of Toyota hybrid system (THS).</p><p>　　r

16、ing gear is ρ:</p><p>　　where Ne is the engine speed, Ng the generator speed and Nm the motor speed. </p><p>　　Torque transferred to the motor and the generator axes from the engine is obtained

17、as follows:</p><p>　　where Te is the engine torque.</p><p>　　The drive shaft is connected to the ring gear via a reduction gear. Consequently, motor speed and vehicle speed are proportional. If

18、the reduction gear ratio isη, the axle torque is obtained as follows:</p><p>　　where Tm is the motor torque.</p><p>　　As shown above, the axle torque is proportional to the total torque of the e

19、ngine and the motor on the motor axis. Accordingly, we will refer to motor axis torque instead of axle torque.</p><p>　　2.2. Engine</p><p>　　A gasoline engine having a displacement of 1.5 l spec

20、ially designed for the THS is adopted [3]. This engine has high expansion ratio cycle, variable valve timing system and other mechanisms in order to improve engine efficiency and realize cleaner emissions. In particular,

21、 a large reduction in friction is achieved by setting the maximum speed at 4000 rpm (=Ne max).</p><p>　　2.3. Battery</p><p>　　As sealed nickel metal hydride battery is adopted. The advantages of

22、 this type of battery are high power density and long life. this battery achieves more than three times the power density of those developed for conventional electric vehicles [4].</p><p>　　3. Required drivi

23、ng force and performance</p><p>　　The THS offers excellent fuel economy and emissions reduction. But it must have the ability to output enough driving force for a vehicle. This section discusses the running

24、performance required of the vehicle and the essential items required of the respective components. </p><p>　　Road conditions such as slopes, speed limits and the required speed to pass other vehicles determi

25、ne the power performance required by the vehicle. Table 1 indicates the power performance needed in Japan.</p><p>　　3.1. Planetary gear ratioρ</p><p>　　The planetary gear ratio (ρ) has almost no

26、 effect on fuel economy and/or emissions. This is because the required engine power (i.e. engine condition) depends on vehicle speed, driving force and battery condition, and not on the planetary gear ratio. Conversely,

27、it is largely limited by the degree of installability in the vehicle and manufacturing aspects, leaving little room for design. In the currently developed THS, ρ=0.385.</p><p>　　3.2. Maximum engine power<

28、/p><p>　　Since the battery cannot be used for cruising due to its limited power storage capacity, most driving is reliant on engine power only. Fig. 2 shows the power required by a vehicle equipped with the THS

29、, based on its driving resistance. Accordingly, the power that is required for cruising on a level road at 140 km/h or climbing a 5% slope at 105 km/h will be 32 kW. If the transmission loss is taken into account, the en

30、gine requires 40 kW (=Pe max) of power. The THS uses an engine with maximum pow</p><p>　　3.3. Maximum generator torque</p><p>　　As described in Section 2, the maximum engine speed is 4000 rpm (=

31、Ne max). To attain maximum torque at this speed, maximum engine torque is obtained as follows:</p><p>　　From Eq. (3), the maximum torque on the generator axis will be as follows:</p><p>　　This i

32、s the torque at which the generator can operate without being driven to over speed. Actually, higher torque is required because of acceleration/deceleration of generator speed and dispersion of engine and/or generator to

33、rque. By adding 40% torque margin to the generator, the necessary torque is calculated as follows:</p><p>　　3.4. Maximum motor torque</p><p>　　From Fig. 3, it can be seen that the motor axis nee

34、ds to have a torque of 304 Nm to acquire the 30% slope climbing performance. This torque merely balances the vehicle on the slope. To obtain enough starting and accelerating performance, it is necessary to have additiona

35、l torque of about 70 Nm, or about 370 Nm in total.</p><p>　　From Eq. (2), the transmitted torque from the engine is obtained as follows:</p><p>　　Consequently, a motor torque of 300 Nm (=Tm max)

36、 is necessary.</p><p>　　3.5. Maximum battery power</p><p>　　As Fig. 2 shows, driving power of 49 kW is needed for climbing on a 5%slope at 130 km/h. Thus, the necessary battery power is obtained

37、 by subtracting the engine-generated power from this. As already discussed, if an engine having the minimum required power is installed, it can only provide 32 kW of power, so the required battery power will be 17 kW. If

38、 the possible loss that occurs when the battery supplies power to the motor is taken into account, battery power of 20 kW will be needed. Thus, it</p><p>　　Table 3 summarizes the specifications actually adop

39、ted by the THS and the requirements determined by the above discussion. The required items represent an example when minimum engine power is selected. In other words, if the engine is changed, each of the items have to b

40、e changed accordingly.</p><p>　　4. Driving force control</p><p>　　The THS requires controls not necessary for conventional or electric vehicles in order to control the engine, motor and generato

41、r cooperatively. Fig. 4 outlines the control system.</p><p>　　Fig. 4. Control diagram of the THS.</p><p>　　Inputs of control system are accelerator position, vehicle speed (motor speed), generat

42、or speed and available battery power. Outputs are the engine-required power, generator torque and motor torque.</p><p>　　First, drive torque demanded by the driver (converted to the motor axis) is calculated

43、 from the accelerator position and the vehicle speed. The necessary drive power is calculated from this torque and the motor speed. Required power for the system is the total of the required drive power, the required pow

44、er to charge the battery and the power loss in the system. If this total required power exceeds the prescribed value, it becomes required engine power. If it is below the prescribed value, the v</p><p>　　Fig

45、. 6 shows the respective maximum drive torque of the battery, the engine, and the engine plus the battery while running based on the controls above, when the THS has the components as specified in Section 3.</p>&

46、lt;p>　　5. Conclusions</p><p>　　This paper discussed the control of drive power in the Toyota Hybrid System. The following conclusions were obtained:</p><p>　　The performance required for each

47、 component can be determined by reversely calculating power performance required for a vehicle.</p><p>　　The available battery power varies according to its state of charge. However, by limiting the motor to

48、rque, the battery power can be controlled to within the battery's available power.</p><p>　　混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動(dòng)力的串并聯(lián)控制</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　由于混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)的每個(gè)部分都有自己的極限性能，所以汽車動(dòng)力

49、取決于最脆弱的哪一個(gè)組成部分。因此，有必要對(duì)各個(gè)部件進(jìn)行平衡設(shè)計(jì)。因?yàn)檐囕v必須在所有部件的控制范圍內(nèi)從事經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)，所以我們根據(jù)所要求的驅(qū)動(dòng)力反過來進(jìn)行各部件的設(shè)計(jì)。在本文中，我們描述一種扭矩控制方法，以避免在低電量時(shí)損壞電池。日本B.V.科技公司的汽車工程協(xié)會(huì)保留所有版權(quán)。</p><p><b>　　簡(jiǎn)介</b></p><p>　　近年來，內(nèi)燃機(jī)車輛作為一種交通工

50、具發(fā)揮了越來越重要的作用，為社會(huì)的發(fā)展做出了很多貢獻(xiàn)。然而，車輛排放的廢氣使空氣遭到污染，甚至使全球氣候變暖，這就需要有效地對(duì)策去解決。在減少?gòu)U氣的排放方面正在取得各種各樣的進(jìn)展，但是，僅僅從提高引擎和傳動(dòng)裝置已不再有很大希望得到改善。因此，發(fā)展電力、混合動(dòng)力和天然氣驅(qū)動(dòng)的車輛是目前的最大期望。從當(dāng)前使用的技術(shù)和汽油站檢測(cè)服務(wù)設(shè)施，結(jié)合當(dāng)前已安裝的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，以汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的混合動(dòng)力汽車是最現(xiàn)實(shí)的解決方案之一。</p>

51、;<p>　　總的來說，混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)分為串聯(lián)和并聯(lián)系統(tǒng)。在豐田，我們通過將這兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)結(jié)合起來，開發(fā)了豐田混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)（以下簡(jiǎn)稱THS）。在某種意義上THS可以稱作串并聯(lián)控制系統(tǒng)。由于豐田混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)操作和排放的不斷優(yōu)化，因此可以取得更好的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性。在制動(dòng)的過程中，動(dòng)能被電動(dòng)機(jī)重新回收，從而減少燃油消耗和隨后的CO2排放量。</p><p>　　通過使用豐田混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)作為動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)

52、，廢棄的排放量和燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性得到大大提高。然而，豐田混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)采用了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、電動(dòng)機(jī)、電池和其他組件，每個(gè)組件都有自己的特殊能力。換句話說，每個(gè)組件必須在自己的能力限制范圍內(nèi)生成驅(qū)動(dòng)力。特別是由于電池的輸出很大水平上取決于其充電量，因此要時(shí)刻銘記驅(qū)動(dòng)力必須被限制。</p><p>　　這份報(bào)告澄清了基于車輛必須的驅(qū)動(dòng)力對(duì)與豐田混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)各組件的性能要求。驅(qū)動(dòng)力在電池高低壓時(shí)的控制方法也作了先關(guān)描述。</p&

53、gt;<p><b>　　豐田混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　如圖.1所示，豐田混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)由混合動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)裝置、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和電池組成。</p><p><b>　　混合動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　混合動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、發(fā)電機(jī)、動(dòng)力分配裝置和減速器組成。動(dòng)力分配裝置是一個(gè)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)。太

54、陽輪、齒圈和行星架分別直接連接到發(fā)電機(jī)、電動(dòng)機(jī)和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，齒圈也直接連接到減速器。因此，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力被分配到發(fā)電機(jī)和驅(qū)動(dòng)輪。使用這種機(jī)械裝置，各軸的轉(zhuǎn)速有以下關(guān)系。在這里，太陽輪和齒圈之間的傳動(dòng)比是ρ：</p><p>　　這里，Ne是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速，Ng是發(fā)電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速，Nm是電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速。</p><p>　　Fig. 1. Schematic of Toyota hybrid system

55、 (THS).</p><p>　　傳遞到電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)矩和發(fā)電機(jī)從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)獲得的轉(zhuǎn)矩如下：</p><p>　　這里，Te是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩。</p><p>　　驅(qū)動(dòng)軸通過減速器連接到齒圈，因此，車連行駛速度與電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速成正比。如果減速器的減速比為η，則驅(qū)動(dòng)軸獲得的扭矩如下式：</p><p>　　這里Tm為電動(dòng)機(jī)速出扭矩。</p>

56、<p>　　如上式所示，驅(qū)動(dòng)軸獲得的扭矩與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和電動(dòng)機(jī)軸上輸出的總扭矩成正比。因此，我們會(huì)參考電動(dòng)機(jī)軸輸出扭矩而不是驅(qū)動(dòng)軸上獲得的扭矩。</p><p><b>　　2.2. 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)</b></p><p>　　豐田混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)采用專門設(shè)計(jì)的排量為1.5L的汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。為了提高發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的效率、實(shí)現(xiàn)情節(jié)的排放，這臺(tái)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)采用了高膨脹率循環(huán)、可變相位配氣系統(tǒng)以

57、及其他機(jī)構(gòu)。特別是實(shí)現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)速為4000r/min（最高轉(zhuǎn)速）時(shí)最大限度的減少了摩擦力。</p><p><b>　　2.3．電池</b></p><p>　　電池是采用了密封鎳金氫化物電池。這種電池的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是功率密度高、壽命長(zhǎng)。這種電池的功率密度可以達(dá)到3倍以上常規(guī)電動(dòng)車開發(fā)的電池。</p><p><b>　　驅(qū)動(dòng)力和性能要求<

58、/b></p><p>　　豐田混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)提供了有意的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性和廢氣排放，但是它必須還要具備足夠的車輛動(dòng)力輸出要求。本節(jié)討論車輛運(yùn)動(dòng)性能要求以及各組件的基本要求。</p><p>　　汽車的動(dòng)力性能由通過的道路條件（如斜坡）、車速限制、所需超車速度等來確定。表.1所示為在日本汽車行駛的動(dòng)力性能要求。</p><p>　　3.1. 行星排特性參數(shù)</p

59、><p>　　行星排特性參數(shù)ρ對(duì)車輛燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性或排量幾乎沒有影響。這是因?yàn)?，車輛的行駛速度、驅(qū)動(dòng)力和電池條件取決于所需發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率（即發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)狀態(tài)），而不是行星排特性參數(shù)。相反，他很大程度上受限制于車輛的總體布置預(yù)留的設(shè)計(jì)空間。目前在先進(jìn)的豐田混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)ρ=0.385。</p><p>　　3.2. 最大發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率</p><p>　　由于電池存儲(chǔ)容量的限制，其使用范圍不

60、能超出其限制范圍。大部分驅(qū)動(dòng)力是僅僅依靠發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)提供的能量。圖.2所示基于本田混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)的車輛行駛阻力對(duì)車輛動(dòng)力的規(guī)格要求。相應(yīng)地，車輛以140km/h的速度行駛在平整的公路上或以105km/h的速度在坡度為5%坡道上行駛所需要的功率為32kw。如果考慮傳動(dòng)系的損失在內(nèi)，就需要發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)提供40kw的功率。為了在保持良好的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性的同時(shí)得到良好的車輛動(dòng)力性能，豐田混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)采用最大功率為43kw的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。</p><

61、p>　　3.3. 發(fā)電機(jī)最大扭矩</p><p>　　如第二節(jié)所述，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最高轉(zhuǎn)速為4000r/min，要達(dá)到這一轉(zhuǎn)速是的最大扭矩從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)獲得的最大扭矩如下：</p><p>　　根據(jù)式（3），作用在發(fā)電機(jī)上的最大扭矩如下：</p><p>　　這是在不超速行駛的情況下驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的扭矩。實(shí)際上需要跟大的扭矩，因?yàn)榘l(fā)電機(jī)的加速或加速以及發(fā)電機(jī)扭矩的分散。因此

62、要增加40%的扭矩作用在發(fā)電機(jī)上，所需扭矩計(jì)算如下：</p><p>　　3.4. 電動(dòng)機(jī)輸出最大扭矩</p><p>　　從圖.3中可以看出，為了獲得30%的爬坡性能，電動(dòng)機(jī)需要提供304Nm的扭矩。這個(gè)扭矩僅僅是為了平衡車輛的坡道阻力，要獲得足夠的啟動(dòng)和加速性能，需要額外提供70Nm的扭矩或提供總扭矩為370Nm。</p><p>　　根據(jù)式（2），從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)傳輸

63、傳輸?shù)呐ぞ乜梢酝ㄟ^下面計(jì)算獲得：</p><p>　　因此，電動(dòng)機(jī)必須能夠提供300Nm的最大扭矩。</p><p>　　3.5. 電池的最大功率</p><p>　　如圖.2所示，當(dāng)車輛以130km/h的速度爬上坡度為5%的斜坡時(shí)需要提供49kw的功率。因此減去發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)提供的功率剩下的就是電池所要提供的功率。正如前面所述，如果安裝了小功率的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，它僅能提供32kw

64、的功率，剩下所需的17kw的功率需要由電池來供應(yīng)。如果將可能發(fā)生的損失考慮在內(nèi)的話，電池需要提供20kw的功率。因此，有必要針對(duì)實(shí)際的坡道通過能力來確定電池的供電能力要求。表.2列出了所需要的電池規(guī)格。</p><p>　　表.3概括了在上述討論的情況下實(shí)際采用的電池規(guī)格要求。所需的項(xiàng)目為實(shí)例時(shí)選擇了最小的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率，換句話說，如果發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)做了更改則每個(gè)項(xiàng)目都要進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的更改。</p><p&g

65、t;<b>　　驅(qū)動(dòng)力控制</b></p><p>　　為了控制發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、電動(dòng)機(jī)以及發(fā)電機(jī)之間的合作，豐田混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)采用了常規(guī)汽車或電動(dòng)汽車所不必?fù)碛械目刂葡到y(tǒng)。圖.4列出了控制系統(tǒng)圖。</p><p>　　Fig. 4. Control diagram of the THS.</p><p>　　加速踏板位置、車輛行駛速度（電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速）、發(fā)電

66、機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速以及電池可用電量的相關(guān)參數(shù)均作為變量輸入到控制系統(tǒng)。輸出參數(shù)有所需發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率、發(fā)電機(jī)輸入扭矩、電動(dòng)機(jī)輸出扭矩。首先，驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩由驅(qū)動(dòng)程序依據(jù)加速踏板位置和車輛行駛速度計(jì)算確定。所需要的驅(qū)動(dòng)功率是通過當(dāng)時(shí)的扭矩和電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速計(jì)算獲得。系統(tǒng)系統(tǒng)所需的動(dòng)力是所需驅(qū)動(dòng)力、電池充電所需動(dòng)力以及系統(tǒng)動(dòng)力損失動(dòng)力的和。如果所需的總功率超過預(yù)定值，它將成為所需的發(fā)動(dòng)力功率。如果低于預(yù)定值，車輛依靠電池功能而無需使用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。其次，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最高性能轉(zhuǎn)速下產(chǎn)

67、生的能量是由計(jì)算得到，這時(shí)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)速。目標(biāo)速度是利用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)速和電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速利用式（1）計(jì)算得到。發(fā)電機(jī)輸入轉(zhuǎn)矩由PID控制確定。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出扭矩可由式（3）計(jì)算得到。電動(dòng)機(jī)輸出扭矩由最初計(jì)算的驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩減去發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出扭矩得到。因?yàn)殡妱?dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生扭矩所消耗的能量不可能超過依靠發(fā)電機(jī)和電池同時(shí)供應(yīng)的能量，所以有必要將電動(dòng)機(jī)的功率限制在發(fā)電機(jī)和電池供用的總功率范圍內(nèi)，圖.5示意了控制方法。發(fā)電機(jī)的輸出功率和電池供應(yīng)的有效功率之和是可以被電

68、動(dòng)機(jī)利用的功率。電動(dòng)機(jī)輸出的有效扭矩可以根據(jù)電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速和總功率供應(yīng)來獲得。</p><p>　　圖.6顯示了當(dāng)豐田混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)被分割成只有電池供能、只有發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)供能以及發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和電池同時(shí)供能三種情況是各自所能提供的最大驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　本文討論了豐田混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)中的驅(qū)動(dòng)力控制，獲得以下結(jié)論：&