英文文獻(xiàn) 原文及翻譯 ---工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)與智能建筑

1、<p>　　外文文獻(xiàn)譯文.......................................................1</p><p>　　外文文獻(xiàn)原文.......................................................14</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p

2、>　　工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)與智能建筑</p><p>　　1 工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)產(chǎn)生的背景</p><p>　　(1) 統(tǒng)一現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成為泡影，誘惑依然 </p><p>　　1984年美國(guó)著手制定現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，若干年以來，世界各大公司為了商業(yè)的利益，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線標(biāo)準(zhǔn)始終不能統(tǒng)一。通過多次投票、協(xié)商，2000年1月宣布的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)IEC61158將八種總線（Profib

3、us，Interbus，P-NET，Worldfip等）同時(shí)列為國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（目前已達(dá)10種），形成一個(gè)妥協(xié)的結(jié)果。 </p><p>　　同時(shí)，國(guó)外各大公司又推出了自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，如LONWORKS、CAN、日本三菱、法國(guó)Schneider等，目前多種總線的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)同時(shí)存在的局面依然存在，人們所說的開放性和互操作性只能在同一種總線標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下實(shí)現(xiàn)，不同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)總線之間仍然受到限制。不同總線之間的互聯(lián)性得不到保證，因此人們?cè)谂で笠?/p>

4、種統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線，有人提出了采用TCP/IP協(xié)議的以太網(wǎng)。 </p><p>　　(2) 系統(tǒng)集成的需求 </p><p>　?、?工業(yè)自動(dòng)化的管控一體化 企業(yè)信息化是我國(guó)的國(guó)策，以制造自動(dòng)化及信息化為例：在需要改變業(yè)務(wù)流程度的同時(shí)，將管理信息系統(tǒng)與電子商務(wù)、分散的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化制造加以集成，把現(xiàn)有的企業(yè)資源ERP改造成為基于WEB的應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)。目前工業(yè)自動(dòng)化已從單機(jī)自動(dòng)化、工廠自動(dòng)化，向系統(tǒng)自

5、動(dòng)化發(fā)展，底層的信息要集成到上層的信息網(wǎng)上以實(shí)現(xiàn)管控一體化。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)為一個(gè)多層的工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)，一般分為三層： </p><p>　　? 設(shè)備層 聯(lián)接檢測(cè)設(shè)備和執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)； </p><p>　　? 控制層 從現(xiàn)場(chǎng)設(shè)備取得數(shù)據(jù)，完成各種控制，監(jiān)測(cè)運(yùn)行參數(shù)，報(bào)警和歷史趨勢(shì)分析等； </p><p>　　? 信息層 將控制

6、系統(tǒng)的各種數(shù)據(jù)加工后傳至上級(jí)管理網(wǎng)絡(luò)（TCP/IP以太網(wǎng)），以便實(shí)現(xiàn)管控一體化。 </p><p>　?、?智能建筑的系統(tǒng)集成 城市信息化、數(shù)字化的發(fā)展、智能建筑（包括智能化住宅小區(qū)），已成為數(shù)字化城市的信息站點(diǎn)，要實(shí)現(xiàn)信息共享，必須實(shí)現(xiàn)控制網(wǎng)與信息網(wǎng)的縱向集成，即控制網(wǎng)與TCP/IP的以太網(wǎng)集成。各子系統(tǒng)（空調(diào)、給排水、供電……）由控制網(wǎng)互聯(lián)再經(jīng)網(wǎng)關(guān)接入TCP/IP以太網(wǎng)，或者各子系統(tǒng)經(jīng)網(wǎng)關(guān)直接接入TCP/IP

7、以太網(wǎng)。 </p><p>　　由于各子系統(tǒng)及各現(xiàn)場(chǎng)設(shè)備通訊協(xié)議是多樣化的，這兩種集成模式都要開發(fā)網(wǎng)關(guān)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)協(xié)議的轉(zhuǎn)換和統(tǒng)一，這樣加大了系統(tǒng)集成技術(shù)的復(fù)雜性，提高了成本。有人大膽提出能否用TCP/IP協(xié)議作為一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的協(xié)議，各子系統(tǒng)及各現(xiàn)場(chǎng)設(shè)備直接接到以太網(wǎng)上以簡(jiǎn)化系統(tǒng)集成的技術(shù)難度，降低成本，使控制信號(hào)直接由以太網(wǎng)傳輸，工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)的概念因此被提出。 </p><p>　　2 以太網(wǎng)與C

8、SMA/CD</p><p><b>　　(1) 以太網(wǎng) </b></p><p>　　以太網(wǎng)（Ethernet）1975年由美國(guó)XEROX公司研制成功，由于采用無(wú)源介質(zhì)（如雙絞線、同軸電纜等）來傳播信息，所以以歷史上把傳播電磁波稱為“以太”（Ether）來命名。 </p><p>　　1980年由DEC、INTEL、XEROX三家聯(lián)合推出了E

9、thernetV2，是世界上第一個(gè)局域網(wǎng)規(guī)范。1983年IEEEE802委員會(huì)以DIX EthernetV2為基礎(chǔ)推出了IEEE803，采用了CSMA/CD介質(zhì)訪問控制技術(shù)。 </p><p>　　802.3是指采用CSMA/CD的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，而以太網(wǎng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由DIX EthernetV2定義，在不嚴(yán)格的情況下，可以稱之為802.3局域網(wǎng)，也就是以太網(wǎng)。 </p><p>　　。以現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)為例，

10、其現(xiàn)代制造自動(dòng)化模型如圖</p><p>　　工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)就是將商用以太網(wǎng)應(yīng)用到工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)，兩種網(wǎng)絡(luò)并沒有本質(zhì)的區(qū)別，兩者是兼容的。 </p><p>　　(2) CSMA/CD（Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection，載波監(jiān)聽多路訪問/沖突檢測(cè)） </p><p>　　CSMA/CD最早是由CS

11、MA改進(jìn)而來。 </p><p>　　CSMA（載波監(jiān)聽多路訪問）：一個(gè)站要發(fā)送信號(hào)，首先要監(jiān)聽總線，以決定介質(zhì)是否存在其它站發(fā)來的信號(hào)。 </p><p>　　? 如果介質(zhì)是空閑的，則可以發(fā)送； </p><p>　　? 如果介質(zhì)正處于工作狀態(tài)，則等待一段間隔后重試，當(dāng)聽到介質(zhì)處于忙狀態(tài)，CSMA有幾種不同的方法處理，可得到的偵聽信號(hào)：非堅(jiān)持CSMA、1—堅(jiān)持CS

12、MA、P—堅(jiān)持CSMA。 </p><p>　　② CSMA/CD不但先聽后發(fā)，而且還邊聽邊發(fā)，總線上發(fā)生了沖突，而且一旦沖突被檢測(cè)到，便停止發(fā)送該幀，放棄自已的幀。為了使其它站也能知道產(chǎn)生了沖突，監(jiān)聽到?jīng)_突的站還向總線上傳播一個(gè)干擾阻塞信號(hào)，通知總線各站沖突已發(fā)生，這樣通道的容量不致因傳送已損壞的幀而浪費(fèi)。隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)負(fù)載的加大，碰撞的機(jī)會(huì)會(huì)增加，網(wǎng)絡(luò)效率明顯下降。 </p><p>　　3

13、 工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)的特點(diǎn)</p><p>　　(1) 技術(shù)成熟，使用方便 以太網(wǎng)是美國(guó)XEROX公司于1975年推出的，至今已有30年歷史，得到全世界眾多廠家的支持，在軍事、工業(yè)、民用領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛應(yīng)用。 </p><p>　　(2) 具有統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，開放性好 采用統(tǒng)一的IEEE802.3以太網(wǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)CSMA/CD，是IEEE802.3采用的介質(zhì)訪問控制技術(shù)，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)不同廠家之間的產(chǎn)品互聯(lián)，是一種

14、開放式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 </p><p>　　(3) 通信速率高，傳播速度快 以太網(wǎng)的通信速率目前已經(jīng)由10M提高到100M、1 000M，甚至10G。 </p><p>　　(4) 可分段地實(shí)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)程訪問、診斷和維護(hù)。 </p><p>　　(5) 支持冗余連接配置，數(shù)據(jù)可達(dá)性強(qiáng) 數(shù)據(jù)有多條通路，可達(dá)目的地。 </p><p>　　(6) 系統(tǒng)容量

15、大，不會(huì)因?yàn)橄到y(tǒng)擴(kuò)大出現(xiàn)不可預(yù)料的故障，有成熟可靠的系統(tǒng)安全體系。 </p><p>　　(7) 投資成本低，包括初期投資、培訓(xùn)費(fèi)用及維護(hù)費(fèi)用。 </p><p>　　(8) 線路采用變壓器雙端隔離或光纖，抗干擾性強(qiáng)。 </p><p>　　4 工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)目前存在的問題</p><p>　　現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線是用于工業(yè)控制并為復(fù)雜而又惡劣環(huán)境的工業(yè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)

16、而設(shè)計(jì)的，因此對(duì)系統(tǒng)的實(shí)時(shí)性和響應(yīng)時(shí)間有嚴(yán)格要求，對(duì)供電方式使用環(huán)境有特殊要求。由于以太網(wǎng)是為信息通信而設(shè)計(jì)的，用于工業(yè)控制存在以下問題： </p><p>　　(1) 以太網(wǎng)采用CSMA/CD訪問協(xié)議，這是一種非確定性的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，對(duì)于實(shí)時(shí)性要求高的控制系統(tǒng)，這種不確定性將造成信息不能按要求傳遞。同一網(wǎng)段上受到CSMA/CD媒體訪問控制方式的制約。所謂網(wǎng)段是指連在同一共享式網(wǎng)絡(luò)總線上，可以偵聽到對(duì)方發(fā)出的信息，處于同

17、一沖突碰撞區(qū)域（指會(huì)發(fā)生沖突碰撞的區(qū)域）的工作站和服務(wù)器連成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)區(qū)。例如在一個(gè)沖突碰撞區(qū)域中有一個(gè)工作群組（由一臺(tái)服務(wù)器和多臺(tái)工作站組成），當(dāng)多臺(tái)工作站訪問一個(gè)服務(wù)器時(shí)，由于受CSMA/CD的約束，同一時(shí)刻只允許一個(gè)工作站與服務(wù)器通信，其它工作站只能等待。各工作站爭(zhēng)搶通信信道，從而使工作站的通信產(chǎn)生延時(shí)，而且這種延時(shí)時(shí)間是不確定的，工作站愈多爭(zhēng)搶通信等待時(shí)間愈長(zhǎng)，這種情況被稱為負(fù)荷愈重等待時(shí)間愈長(zhǎng)。 </p><p

18、>　　若在一個(gè)碰撞域中，假設(shè)有兩個(gè)工作群組，處于一個(gè)碰撞域中，第一個(gè)工作群組工作站訪問服務(wù)器時(shí)，要競(jìng)爭(zhēng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)寬帶（例如100M），另一個(gè)工作群組中所有工作站及服務(wù)器都處于等待狀態(tài)而無(wú)法運(yùn)行。兩個(gè)工作群組要分割原有網(wǎng)絡(luò)寬帶（100M），一個(gè)工作群組工作時(shí)，另一個(gè)群組必須等待，這樣不僅具有延時(shí)，而且這種延時(shí)是不確定的。由于CSMA/CD有無(wú)法預(yù)見的延時(shí)，特別在重負(fù)載下，實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)傳送更得不到保證?？刂葡到y(tǒng)要有實(shí)時(shí)性保證，必須在任何時(shí)間都要

19、及時(shí)響應(yīng)，不允許有任何不確定性。因此以太網(wǎng)用于控制系統(tǒng)必須解決實(shí)時(shí)性和不確定性問題。 </p><p>　　(2) 以太網(wǎng)在可靠性方面不如現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線是為工業(yè)控制設(shè)計(jì)的，能適應(yīng)易燃、易爆（如化工、制藥）、干擾強(qiáng)烈場(chǎng)合及其它環(huán)境惡劣的場(chǎng)合?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線有屏蔽，接地與防爆等措施，而以太網(wǎng)需要解決這些問題。 </p><p>　　(3) 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線規(guī)范要求網(wǎng)段上配有電源，為所有非自供電的設(shè)備提供

20、電源，而以太網(wǎng)不提供電源，必須增加額外的供電電纜。 </p><p>　　5 工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)的應(yīng)用可行性</p><p>　　工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)用于工業(yè)控制，對(duì)于上述問題，隨著以太網(wǎng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和相應(yīng)措施的實(shí)施，其實(shí)時(shí)性及可確定性取得很大改善： </p><p>　　(1) 不斷提高以太網(wǎng)速率：近來年以太網(wǎng)的速率由10Mbps、100Mbps增加到1 000Mbps并已廣泛應(yīng)用。

21、目前10Gbps的以太網(wǎng)已經(jīng)商業(yè)化，數(shù)據(jù)傳輸時(shí)間大大縮短，響應(yīng)時(shí)間得到提高，系統(tǒng)的實(shí)時(shí)性及不可確定性得到了改善。 </p><p>　　(2) 采用交換機(jī)以太網(wǎng)技術(shù)：由于共享式以太網(wǎng)工作站點(diǎn)爭(zhēng)搶信道而產(chǎn)生沖突碰撞影響了系統(tǒng)的實(shí)時(shí)性和不確定性，采用交換機(jī)以太網(wǎng)技術(shù)可使其得到改善。交換型的以太網(wǎng)中采用以太網(wǎng)交換機(jī)，交換機(jī)各端口之間同時(shí)可以形成多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)通道，每個(gè)端口可連一個(gè)網(wǎng)段，端口之間幀的輸入和輸出不再受CSMA/C

22、D介質(zhì)訪問控制協(xié)議的約束。當(dāng)系統(tǒng)包括多個(gè)工作群組，一般讓每個(gè)組群?jiǎn)为?dú)組成一個(gè)網(wǎng)段，每個(gè)網(wǎng)段占用交換器（機(jī)）一個(gè)端口（如圖4所示交換機(jī)有A、B、C、D四個(gè)網(wǎng)段），各網(wǎng)段的工作大部分時(shí)間是獨(dú)立的，當(dāng)任意兩個(gè)網(wǎng)段需要信息交換時(shí)，交換機(jī)能在2個(gè)獨(dú)立網(wǎng)段之間建立信息通道一旦信息交換結(jié)束，通道即斷開。 </p><p>　　由此看出，交換式以太網(wǎng)可以克服共享式以太網(wǎng)存在的問題： </p><p>　　

23、? 交換機(jī)每個(gè)端口上，可連接一個(gè)網(wǎng)段，每個(gè)網(wǎng)段可獨(dú)享帶寬； </p><p>　　? 交換機(jī)每個(gè)端口上，所接網(wǎng)段之間是獨(dú)立的、被隔離的，如需要網(wǎng)段間進(jìn)行信息通信的話，可以暫建立信息信道，經(jīng)過交換機(jī)的隔離，可大大減小沖突發(fā)生的概率，改善實(shí)時(shí)性和不確定性； </p><p>　　? 交換機(jī)VLAN技術(shù)的普遍采用，使交換系統(tǒng)能夠分配給控制信息點(diǎn)專有的通道和帶寬，從而保證在網(wǎng)絡(luò)繁忙的時(shí)候，控制系統(tǒng)

24、仍有足夠?qū)捲５膸?，使以太網(wǎng)信息傳輸?shù)膶?shí)時(shí)性和不確定性基本上保持在理論的水平上。 </p><p>　　(3) 在某些應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合允許的情況下，盡量將控制網(wǎng)與信息網(wǎng)分割開來使用，以避免實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)與非實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)的碰撞，使工業(yè)控制站點(diǎn)之間的以太網(wǎng)為獨(dú)立網(wǎng)段，從而改善實(shí)時(shí)性和不確定性。除此之外，還可以采用全雙工技術(shù)降低網(wǎng)絡(luò)負(fù)載，以及在Ethernet+TCP/IP協(xié)議的基礎(chǔ)上制訂統(tǒng)一并適用于工業(yè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)控制的應(yīng)用層技術(shù)規(guī)范等措施。

25、采取以上措施可以使工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)在某些軍事、工業(yè)、民用的領(lǐng)域的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)控中得到初步應(yīng)用。例如，國(guó)外不少國(guó)家核加速器最新測(cè)控方案選擇了以太網(wǎng)，除此之外汽車裝配線、薄鋼生產(chǎn)線等均采用工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)的方案，從測(cè)控領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展方向上看，工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)將是未來測(cè)控領(lǐng)域中的一個(gè)重要發(fā)展方向，也是企業(yè)管控一體化和智能建筑系統(tǒng)集成的一種最佳方案。 </p><p>　　(4) 以太網(wǎng)的供電問題，多年來一直是一個(gè)缺陷，特別是隨著IP電話、IP攝像

26、機(jī)、無(wú)線AP、ENC（Ethernet Control System）等系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用，人們更提出以太網(wǎng)在傳輸數(shù)據(jù)的同時(shí)，傳送部分能量，以滿足小型網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備用電的需求，解決小型網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備供電的無(wú)序狀態(tài)和居高不下的電源布線成本。因此IEEE 802.3af標(biāo)準(zhǔn)呼之即出，已形成一個(gè)以太網(wǎng)供電的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，目前3COM、華為、DLINK等公司都有符合802.3af標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的交換機(jī)產(chǎn)品。IEEE 802.3af 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的核心是在滿足802.3 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的同時(shí)，由交

27、換機(jī)向網(wǎng)絡(luò)終端設(shè)備提供48V或24V電源，至此工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)的供電問題得到很好的解決，其原理如圖1所示。 </p><p>　　圖1 以太網(wǎng)自供電原理圖 </p><p>　　(5) 以太網(wǎng)是一種網(wǎng)絡(luò)形式，TCP/IP協(xié)議是一種開放通信協(xié)議。安全問題不屬于網(wǎng)絡(luò)形式和TCP/IP協(xié)議。網(wǎng)絡(luò)的安全性最終關(guān)心的是在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上傳輸?shù)膽?yīng)用層信息的安全，使它不被非法的修改、使用。保障信息及傳輸?shù)陌踩煌夂鮾煞N

28、方式：專有獨(dú)立通道和信息加密。前一種方式目的是讓不該得到的得不到，后一種方式讓不該得到的得到了也不知道。以太網(wǎng)的虛擬專用網(wǎng)交換技術(shù)現(xiàn)已成為一種最基本的網(wǎng)絡(luò)專用通道技術(shù)，已經(jīng)非常成熟并廣泛使用。以太網(wǎng)可以很方便的將需要的通道隔離出來。Internet的信息加密是TCP/IP之上的基本與之無(wú)關(guān)的應(yīng)用信息處理方法。信息在發(fā)出之前要進(jìn)行加密處理，信息在使用之后要進(jìn)行解密處理?，F(xiàn)在基本上都采用公開的加密算法，秘密不靠加密方法保證，而是靠密碼（ke

29、y）。信息安全的最后和最關(guān)鍵的因素是持有重要密碼的人，他保管使用密碼的過程、方式是通信系統(tǒng)的安全的核心。 </p><p>　　6 工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)在智能建筑中的應(yīng)用實(shí)例</p><p>　　(1) ENC-2001IP工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)測(cè)控系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)介</p><p>　　北京樓宇自動(dòng)化工程中心（簡(jiǎn)稱為北京樓宇自控中心）采用ENC-2001IP工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)測(cè)控系統(tǒng)對(duì)某小區(qū)15棟高層住

30、宅的充配電、換熱、采暖、通風(fēng)、供水、消防、三表查收及樓宇對(duì)講六個(gè)子系統(tǒng)遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控，取得較好效果。 </p><p>　　ENC工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)控制系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)框如圖6所示。 </p><p>　　這些ENC參量控制模塊可以把智能建筑各子系統(tǒng)集成到以太網(wǎng)、電梯系統(tǒng)、火災(zāi)報(bào)警等傳統(tǒng)設(shè)備上，帶有RS232或RS485接口，分別可接到ENCTRS200及ENCTRS400網(wǎng)關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)換模塊集成到以太網(wǎng)上，而IP電話

31、及IP攝像機(jī)可以直接集成到以太網(wǎng)上。除此之外還提供CDMA/GRPS無(wú)線網(wǎng)關(guān)接口，例如系統(tǒng)報(bào)警信息即可通過該網(wǎng)關(guān)接口直接發(fā)送到手機(jī)上，并可通過手機(jī)對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行控制。 </p><p>　　AI：模擬量輸入模塊（ENC AI） DI：數(shù)字量輸入模塊（ENC DI） </p><p>　　AO：模擬量輸出模塊（ENC AO） DO：數(shù)字量輸出模塊（ENC DO） </p><

32、p>　　FI： 脈沖輸入模塊（ENC FI） FO：脈沖輸出模塊（ENC FO） </p><p>　　網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)管理系統(tǒng)：對(duì)底層設(shè)備的實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行管理。 </p><p>　　WEB服務(wù)：完成對(duì)整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的操作控制。 </p><p>　　本地監(jiān)控管理站：實(shí)際上是本地監(jiān)控瀏覽器（Broswer）通過瀏覽器，可對(duì)系統(tǒng)監(jiān)視。 </p><p&

33、gt;　　遠(yuǎn)程工作站：實(shí)際上是遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控瀏覽器（Broswer）在網(wǎng)上通過瀏覽器對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行監(jiān)視 </p><p>　　(2) ENC參量集成模塊 </p><p>　　ENC參量集成模塊由北京樓宇自控中心開發(fā)。 </p><p><b>　?、?功能 </b></p><p>　　? 內(nèi)嵌WEB SEVER，可以通過瀏覽器

34、直接對(duì)其進(jìn)行監(jiān)控，配置校準(zhǔn)； </p><p>　　? 客戶認(rèn)證功能； </p><p>　　? 內(nèi)嵌防火墻功能； </p><p>　　? 支持SOCKET的通信規(guī)程； </p><p>　　? 完善的TCP/IP協(xié)議； </p><p>　　? 10/100baset符合IEEE 802.3af 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的以太網(wǎng)接口。

35、 </p><p>　?、?硬件結(jié)構(gòu)：由中央處理器MCU、以太網(wǎng)網(wǎng)卡、傳感器、執(zhí)行器、I/O接口以及存儲(chǔ)器（電子硬盤），電源組成。</p><p>　?、?系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)：內(nèi)嵌WEB SEVER，可與客戶端（Broswer）進(jìn)行通信，如圖8所示。 </p><p>　　(3) ENC系統(tǒng)特點(diǎn) </p><p>　?、?實(shí)現(xiàn)信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)與控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)統(tǒng)一 &

36、lt;/p><p>　　取消控制網(wǎng)與信息網(wǎng)的界限，控制信息化。所有設(shè)備通過ENC參量集成模塊或接口直接集成到以太網(wǎng)上，ENC參量控制模塊都是一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器，內(nèi)嵌WEB服務(wù)器。 </p><p>　　② 采用網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制服務(wù)管理方式 </p><p>　　中央控制中心是一套主服務(wù)器，控制各參量集成模塊，可集中或分布處理各種數(shù)據(jù)，通過參量集成模塊完成各種類型控制要求。 <

37、/p><p>　?、?系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，組網(wǎng)方便靈活，擴(kuò)展維護(hù)方便 </p><p>　　該系統(tǒng)通過以太網(wǎng)進(jìn)行集成，智能建筑中局域網(wǎng)是不可缺少的，利用局域網(wǎng)這些模塊可以就近插接，不用重新布線，所需器件均為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的，組網(wǎng)方便靈活，擴(kuò)展維護(hù)方便。 </p><p>　?、?將控制系統(tǒng)升級(jí)為服務(wù)系統(tǒng) </p><p>　　該系統(tǒng)始終貫穿一種服務(wù)的理念，將設(shè)

38、備的控制升級(jí)為設(shè)備對(duì)外提供的信息服務(wù)。這種服務(wù)的對(duì)象可以為人，也可以為機(jī)器。建筑中有了眾多設(shè)備提供的優(yōu)秀服務(wù)，智能建筑就成了一套智能服務(wù)系統(tǒng)集合，這正是人們所期待的。 </p><p><b>　　7 結(jié)語(yǔ)</b></p><p>　　20世紀(jì)90年代以來，工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)取代控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行了嘗試，有不少成功的案例。以工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)為核心的測(cè)控技術(shù)是測(cè)控領(lǐng)域中的一個(gè)重要發(fā)展方向，

39、但其實(shí)時(shí)性、可靠性、安全性、互操作性等尚需進(jìn)一步研究完善。</p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　Industrial Ethernet and Intelligent Building</p><p>　　1 Industrial Ethernet the background</p><p>

40、　　(1) Unified field bus standards dashed, the temptation remains </p><p>　　In 1984 the United States proceed to develop international standards field bus, a few years, the major companies for commercial int

41、erests, Field bus standards can not always uniform. Through multiple voting, consultation, in January 2000 announced that the field bus international standards IEC61158 will be eight bus (Prefabs, Interfuse, P-NET, World

42、, etc.) at the same time as international standards (currently has 10 kinds), formed The outcome of a compromise. </p><p>　　At the same time, major foreign companies have also launched its own standards, suc

43、h as LONWORKS, CAN, Japan's Mitsubishi, France Schneider, the current number of bus standards at the same time the situation still exists, they say the openness and interoperability only At the same can be achieved u

44、nder a bus standard, different standards between the bus is still limited. The interconnection between different bus and can not be guaranteed, so people in their efforts to seek a unified standard fie</p><p&g

45、t;　　(2) The demand for system integration </p><p>　　① industrial automation control integrated enterprise information is China's national policy to create automation and information technology as an exam

46、ple: In the need to change the business processes of the same time, management information systems and e-commerce, decentralized network of manufacturers to be integrated, the existing enterprise resource ERP transformed

47、 into WEB-based applications. The current single from the automation of industrial automation, factory automation, to the develop</p><p>　　Modern production system for a multi-storey industrial control syste

48、ms, generally fall into three tiers: </p><p>　　? Equipment-testing equipment and connectivity implementing agencies; </p><p>　　? Control of the data obtained from the scene equipment, complete t

49、he various control, monitoring operating parameters, alarm and historical trend analysis; </p><p>　　? Information layer will control the data processing system after spread to the higher level management net

50、work (TCP / IP Ethernet), in order to achieve integrated management of its network structure 。</p><p>　　② Intelligent Building of the urban information system integration, the development of digital, intelli

51、gent building (including intelligent residential district), has become a digital city's information site, in order to achieve information sharing, the need to achieve control network and information network of vertic

52、al integration, that is, Control network and TCP / IP Ethernet integration. </p><p>　　As various subsystems and communications equipment at the scene agreement is diversified and integrated these two models

53、must be developed gateways, in order to achieve the conversion agreement and unity, this has increased the complexity of system integration technology and increase costs. It was boldly put forward can use TCP / IP protoc

54、ol as a unified agreement, the scene of the subsystems and equipment directly from Ethernet to simplify the system integration of technical difficulty, lower c</p><p>　　2 Ethernet and CSMA / CD</p>&l

55、t;p>　　(1) Ethernet </p><p>　　Ethernet (Ethernet) 1975 by the United States XEROX company successfully developed, as a passive medium (such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.) to disseminate information,

56、 to the history of the spread of electromagnetic waves known as the "Ethernet" (Ether ) To name. </p><p>　　1980 by the DEC, INTEL, XEROX jointly launched a three EthernetV2, is the world's firs

57、t LAN standard. 1983 IEEEE802 Committee DIX EthernetV2 based introduced IEEE803, using the CSMA / CD MAC technology. </p><p>　　802.3 refer to a CSMA / CD networks, and Ethernet DIX EthernetV2 from the standa

58、rd definition, not strictly in the circumstances, can be called 802.3 LAN, which is Ethernet. </p><p>　　To the modern manufacturing industry as an example, its modern manufacturing automation model in Figure

59、 </p><p>　　Industrial Ethernet is the commercial application of Ethernet to industrial control systems, the two networks is not essentially different from, the two are compatible. </p><p>　　(2)

60、CSMA / CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection</p><p>　　Multi-carrier monitoring visit / conflict detection) </p><p>　　CSMA / CD are the first improvement comes from CSMA. <

61、;/p><p>　?、?CSMA (Carrier monitor multiple access): stop trying to send a signal, first of all to monitor bus, to determine whether there is other media, to stop the signal. </p><p>　　? If the medi

62、a is free, you can send; </p><p>　　? If the media are in working condition, then wait some try again after the interval, when heard in a busy state media, CSMA There are several different ways to deal with,

63、the availability of interception of signal: adhere to non-CSMA, 1 - adhere to CSMA, P -- Consistently CSMA. </p><p>　　② CSMA / CD to hear not only the first, but also Baiting Bain hair, a bus in the conflict

64、, but once the conflict was detected; they stopped sending the frame, to give up their own frame. In order to know that other stations can also have a conflict, listening to the conflict to the bus station on the spread

65、of a blocking signal interference, informed the bus station in the conflict have taken place, the capacity of this channel will not be sent because the frame was damaged and waste. With the i</p><p>　　3 Indu

66、strial Ethernet features</p><p>　　(1) technology is mature, easy to use Ethernet XEROX company in the United States launched in 1975, has been in 30 history, many manufacturers around the world have the supp

67、ort of the military, industrial, civilian areas have been widely used. </p><p>　　(2) With uniform standards, open good adopt a unified standard IEEE802.3 Ethernet CSMA / CD, is IEEE802.3 used MAC technology,

68、 can be achieved between different manufacturers of products Internet, is an open - Standard network. </p><p>　　(3) High-speed communications, high speed Ethernet transmission rate of communication has incre

69、ased from 10 M to 100 M, 1 000M, or even 10 G. </p><p>　　(4) To achieve sub-remote access, diagnosis and maintenance. </p><p>　　(5) To support redundant connection configuration, data up to a nu

70、mber of strong data access, up to destination. </p><p>　　(6) System capacity, not because there can not be expected to expand the system failure, a mature and reliable system security system. </p><

71、;p>　　(7) Low investment costs, including the initial investment, training costs and maintenance costs. </p><p>　　(8) Lines using double-isolation transformers or optical fiber, and strong anti-interferenc

72、e. </p><p>　　4 Industrial Ethernet the existing problems</p><p>　　Field Bus is used for industrial control and complex and harsh environment of industrial design at the scene, the system of real

73、-time and response time have strict demands on electricity use of the environment, there are special requirements. Since Ethernet is designed for information and communications, industrial control for the existence of th

74、e following questions: </p><p>　　using Ethernet CSMA / CD Access Protocol, which is a non-deterministic network</p><p>　　The high demand for real-time control systems, this uncertainty will resu

75、lt in the requested information can not convey. The so-called network segment is even shared the same bus network, you can listen to the message sent by the other side, at the same collision regional conflict (a conflict

76、 that will impact the region) of workstations and servers to connect the network area. For example, in a collision conflict in the region have a working group (from a server and workstation components multip</p>&

77、lt;p>　　When the time is uncertain, workstations more competition for communications for the longer this situation known as the load was more severe the longer the waiting time. </p><p>　　If in a collision

78、 domain, assume that two working groups, in a collision domain, the first work group servers, workstations access to competitive broadband networks (such as 100 M), another working group of all workstations and servers A

79、re in a wait state and can not run. The two working groups to split the original broadband network (100 M), a working group work, must wait for another group, this has not only delayed, and this delay is uncertain. As CS

80、MA / CD have unforeseen delay, particularly</p><p>　　(2) Ethernet in reliability than Bus at the scene</p><p>　　Field Bus is designed for industrial control, able to adapt flammable, explosive (

81、such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals), strong interference and other occasions poor environment occasions. Field bus have shielding, grounding and explosion-proof measures, such as Ethernet and the need to address these is

82、sues. </p><p>　　(3) Field bus specifications on the network segment with a power supply</p><p>　　For all non-self-powered equipment to power and Ethernet does not provide power, the need for add

83、itional electricity supply lines. </p><p>　　5 feasibility of the application of Industrial Ethernet</p><p>　　Industrial Ethernet for industrial control, the above-mentioned problems, with the Et

84、hernet technology development and the implementation of corresponding measures, in fact, and the uncertainty can be made great improvements: </p><p>　　(1) Continuously improve Ethernet rate:</p><p

85、>　　The rate in recent years Ethernet from 10 Mbps, 100Mbps to 1 000Mbps and has been widely applied. At present 10 Gaps Ethernet has been commercialized, greatly shortening the data transmission time, improve response

86、 time, the system's real-time and non uncertainties have improved. </p><p>　　using Ethernet switch technology</p><p>　　As the work site shared Ethernet channel competition arising from the c

87、onflict affected the collision of real-time system and uncertainty, Ethernet switch technology can be used to be improved. Ethernet-based exchange used in Ethernet switch, switch between the port at the same time can cre

88、ate a number of data channels, each connected to a network port, the port frame between the input and output no longer subject to CSMA / CD MAC bound by the agreement. When the system includes a number of work</p>

89、<p>　　This shows that switched Ethernet shared Ethernet can be overcome existing problems: </p><p>　　? Switches on each port can connect a network segment; each of the network bandwidth can be exclusiv

90、e; </p><p>　　? switches on each port, the network of access between the independent and isolated, such as the need for inter-network of information and communication, it can temporarily establish an informat

91、ion channel, after the switch isolation, can greatly reduce the probability of conflict To improve the real-time and uncertainty; </p><p>　　? switch VLAN technology commonly used to exchange control system c

92、an be allocated to the proprietary information, access and bandwidth, thus ensuring the network's busiest time, the control system is still comfortable enough bandwidth to enable Ethernet transmission of real-time in

93、formation And uncertainty remained largely theoretical level. </p><p>　　(3) In some applications to allow the circumstances,</p><p>　　Try to control network and information networks to use separ

94、ate, in order to avoid real-time data and non-real-time data of the collision, between the industrial site for independent Ethernet network segment, Thereby improving the real-time and uncertainty. In addition, full-dupl

95、ex technology can be used to reduce network load, and Ethernet + TCP / IP protocol on the basis of a uniform and apply to the industrial field of application-level control measures such as technical specifications. The a

96、</p><p>　　(4)Ethernet power supply problem,</p><p>　　Over the years has been a defect, especially as IP phones, IP cameras, wireless AP, ENC (Ethernet Control System) system and other applicatio

97、ns, more people put in Ethernet transmission Data at the same time, send some energy, small network equipment to meet the demand for electricity, power supply network equipment to solve the small state of disorder and th

98、e high cost of power supply wiring. So the IEEE 802.3af standard that is called out, has formed an Ethernet-powered international standards</p><p>　　Figure 1 principle of self-powered Ethernet</p><

99、;p>　　(5) Network of Ethernet</p><p>　　TCP / IP protocol is an open communication protocol. Security issues do not belong to form networks and TCP / IP protocol. Network security is the ultimate concern o

100、f the transmission network in the application layer of information security; it is not illegal changes to use. Protect the security of information transmission and either two ways: exclusive and independent access encryp

101、ted information. Before a way to let the lack should not be, the latter should not be the way to get the do not kno</p><p>　　6 Industrial Ethernet in the Intelligent Building of the Gallery </p><p

102、>　　(1) ENC-2001IP Industrial Ethernet Control System </p><p>　　Beijing Building Automation Engineering Centre (Centre for the Beijing-controlled buildings) using ENC-2001IP Industrial Ethernet monitoring

103、and control system to a quarter of the 15 high-rise residential distribution charge, heat exchangers, heating, ventilation, water, fire, the three Table check-speaking six subsystems and building remote monitoring, and a