the rebellion of tess--苔絲的反叛精神

1、<p>　　The Rebellion of Tess</p><p><b>　　苔絲的反叛精神</b></p><p><b>　　Contents</b></p><p>　　Abstract………………………………………..………………...…………………Ⅰ</p><p>　　K

2、ey Words…………………………………………………………………….…....Ⅰ</p><p>　　摘要…………………………………………………………………………….........Ⅱ</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞…………………………………………………………………………….….Ⅱ</p><p>　　Introduction………………………………………………………

3、…..…..……........1</p><p>　　I. Different Reasons for the Rebellion of Tess………………….…………...…...….3</p><p>　　A. Reasons for Subsistence……………………………...…..………….…………3</p><p>　　1. A Hard Lif

4、e for Peasants………………………………………..…….....….3</p><p>　　2. Unequal Morality for Female……………….……………………...........….3</p><p>　　3. Male Domination of Women…..………………………...………..…..…….4</p><p>

5、;　　4. Class Oppression…….…………………………………..…………….……5</p><p>　　B. Reasons for Her Nature……….……………………………………..…...….…6</p><p>　　1. Her Sense of Responsibility………………….………………..……….6</p><p>

6、　　2. Self-respect…………………………………………...……………….……6</p><p>　　3. Her Aggressive Character……………………..……………………..……..6</p><p>　　II. Two Characters of the Rebellion ………………………………..………………..8</p><p

7、>　　A. Her Character of Resolution…………………………...……….……….……8</p><p>　　1. Never Yield to Pressure from the Society ….…………………….………8</p><p>　　2. Keeping Apartness to Alec and Killing Him Finally ……

8、…….........……...9</p><p>　　B. Her Character of Cowardliness……………………...……………….………..10</p><p>　　1. Her Love for Clare ………………….………………………………...….10</p><p>　　2. Her Second Stay with Alec

9、 ………………………………….…….……....12</p><p>　　3. Her Original Opinions and Fantasy………………………….…….……....13</p><p>　　Conclusion………………………………………………………………………......15</p><p>　　Acknowledgements………………

10、…………………………………………..….....16</p><p>　　Notes…………………...…………………………………………………..………..17</p><p>　　Bibliography……………………………………………………………………...18</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p>

11、<p>　　Tess of the D’Urbervilles is regarded as the most successful tragic masterpiece of Thomas Hardy. In this thesis, the author tries to analyze the revolt of Tess in two main aspects: reasons for the rebellion an

12、d characters of the rebellion. The former one is caused by human’s instinct and nature. The human instinct leads Tess to opposing her fate. Tess’s healthy desire simply to be happy is perhaps the source of her great cour

13、age and moral strength. The latter takes on the resolution and cowardli</p><p><b>　　Key Words</b></p><p>　　Rebellion; self-respect; resolution; women awakening; women consciousness&l

14、t;/p><p><b>　　摘　要</b></p><p>　　《德伯家的苔絲》是托馬斯.哈代最杰出的悲劇作品。論文敘述了小說中女主人公反叛的原因和特征。一方面，人類的本性促使苔絲對她的命運進行抗爭。苔絲強烈地希望得到幸福也許就是她強大勇氣和道德力量的來源。同時文章分析了女主人公反叛的堅決性和軟弱性，而表面的軟弱性是為反叛意識的覺醒和高貴人格的體現(xiàn)作鋪墊，從而反襯作品的

15、主題思想和價值意義，進一步驗證了維多利亞時代的英格蘭對女性的不公平對待。因此，這樣一個反叛是不可避免的。</p><p><b>　　關(guān)鍵詞</b></p><p>　　反叛；自尊；堅決性；女性覺醒；女性意識</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　Thomas Hardy, who was b

16、orn on June 2, 1840, is one of the greatest writers in the history of English literature, and Tess of the D’Urbervilles is one of his most successful novels. Hardy cannot solely be labeled a Victorian novelist, nor can h

17、e be categorized simply as a Modernist. As a traditional writer, he was determined to explode the conventions of nineteenth-century literature and built a new kind of novel in its place. In many respects, Hardy was trapp

18、ed in the middle ground between the n</p><p>　　A pure and loyal young woman, also intelligent, strikingly attractive, and distinguished by her deep moral sensitivity, and passionate intensity, Tess is the ce

19、ntral character of the novel. But her inexperience and lack of wise parenting leave her extremely vulnerable. In Tess’s time, England is making its slow and painful transition from an old-fashioned, agricultural nation t

20、o a modern, industrial one. The society is full of tremendous changes in almost every respect. More and more peasants be</p><p>　　mercy, she tells all her past. But, so tragedy for her, just the man who says

21、 to love her deeply abandons his troth, and refuses her explanations absolutely in the bridal evening. From now on, Clare does not contact with Tess in a long time, no matter how she is difficult. As a simple country gir

22、l, with a lot of misfortune, Tess finally decides to rebel against common customs bravely after she tries hardest to be good, her bad luck which is caused by other’s mistakes conspires to get her into tr</p><p

23、>　　I. Different Reasons for the Rebellion of Tess</p><p>　　A. Reasons for Subsistence</p><p>　　1. A Hard Life for Peasants </p><p>　　In Tess’s time, the society is full of tremen

24、dous changes in almost every respect. The industrial revolution continues to develop in spite of the social evils that accompanied. The emergence of locomotives throws Britain into a frenzy of railway building. Agricultu

25、re is further mechanized. Trade and commerce grow apace, driving more peasants, hand spinners and weavers to the crowded factories of the smoky cities. The great transformation makes England from an agricultural base to

26、an industrial b</p><p>　　2. Unequal Morality for Female</p><p>　　The highest virtue of the Victorian woman is sexual purity, and adultery is the worst of all possible sins. Her dress concealed h

27、er whole body except her hands and face, and to show an ankle or a shoulder is considered ‘improper’. Public notions on sexual morals are that woman must remain virgin before marriage, but men could have their fling. The

28、 sexual morals are presumably rooted in people’s rational minds: when either men or women engaged in sexual lapses, the former would be forgiven and th</p><p>　　Why is Tess’s girlish purity lost? Why do the

29、bad so often ruin the good? Why is beauty damaged by ugliness? Thousands of years of philosophy cannot give us the answers to these questions. These things happen, and have always happened. After suffering so much, Tess

30、was not afraid of the dark or the shadows; it is people she is anxious to avoid. Although she has broken an accepted social rule, it is not her mistake.</p><p>　　3. Male Domination of Women </p><p

31、>　　Half of this world is female and the other part is male. The critically speaking, man and woman should be equal. But that time, woman is the slave and private property of husband, without say-no. Men dominate women

32、 like the being. He expects to be loved, but also to be obeyed. He makes all the decisions. His wife is supposed to be his faithful companion. Male domination of women is perhaps even more unsettling. Angle’s love for Te

33、ss, as pure and gentle as it seems, dominates her in an unhealthy </p><p>　　Tess is more close to nature and the land of life consciousness, on moral and legal norms of the existing system is skeptical. It i

34、s for this reason, she asks, she will be able to use "a similar philosophy and vision" to examine difficult to erase those days, and does not lose because of corruption, even virgin virginity asks: “A woman'

35、;s virginity is a lost forever lost? …All organisms have the ability to restitution, Why only on virginity no?” [3] </p><p>　　4. Class Oppression</p><p>　　On the other hand, Tess is more polishe

36、d than many people, but not quite up to the level of the upper and middle classes both socially and culturally. She still represents many bad things to Mrs. Clare. Angel’s mother sees in Tess the beginning of the fall of

37、 the great Victorian era of opulence and high society. She does not accept Tess as a suitable daughter-in –law because she believes that Tess will bring down the status of the family. The Clares hope that Angle will find

38、 a suitable bride, me</p><p>　　Though old family lines retain their earlier glamour, the old economic realities make sheer wealth more important than inner nobility. Engels once made a penetrating analysis:

39、“The English proletariat is becoming more and more bourgeois, so that this most bourgeois of all nations is apparently aiming at the possession of bourgeois aristocracy and a bourgeois proletariat as well as a bourgeoisi

40、e. For a nation which exploits the whole world this is, of course, to a certain extent, justifiable”. [4</p><p>　　B. Reasons for Her Nature </p><p>　　1. Her Sense of Responsibility </p>&

41、lt;p>　　The other main reason which causes Tess’s rebellion is added to her nature. Tess is a fresh country girl who is full of the sense of responsibility for her family because of father’s laziness and mother’s simpl

42、e mindedness. The horse’s death let her think she is responsible for this accident and she must earn money to support her poor family. This guilt leads her to visit the D’Urbervilles and puts her into an uncertain and po

43、tentially dangerous situation. The death of her father adds her family</p><p>　　2. Self-respect</p><p>　　Fate impinges upon Tess’s life at every turn. Often, when faced with a difficult decision

44、 the choice she selects makes her situation much worse. But Tess is a strong woman with great self-respect throughout the novel. She wants to become knowledgeable and self-sufficient and refuses to crumble under pressure

45、. She refuses Alec’s help and says to him: “I will not take anything from you!” “It’s true. I could lead a comfortable life. But I have enough honour not to tell that lie. If I loved you, I m</p><p>　　Tess a

46、lways has the feeling so that she can bear all the torture and disaster, indifference to face the cruel fate of the game in cuts among hoping to wait Angel's forgiveness. Until finally her self-esteem at the expense

47、of their walk on the altar of love.</p><p>　　3. Her Aggressive Character</p><p>　　In fact, Tess is also an aggressive person. She has a unique view of life, but never parroted. When the priest d

48、oes not promise her baby to take a baptism, she says to him: “If God does not recognize such moves to not a formal test, it is not paradise for the children, such as whether their paradise, as children, you did not speci

49、al.” [5] When Alec comes to her struggle, she dares to face and say ：”I don’t like’ee at all! I hate and detest you! I’ll go back to mother, I will!” [1]. While meeting</p><p>　　Tess doesn’t believe religion

50、. She aims to church "just to listen to music." Her understanding of religion from the majority is in the environment imperceptible influence. Therefore, religion does not dominate her fate. The British law cle

51、arly stipulates that no man can marry his wife's sister. But Tess hopes Angel can marry her sister after her death.</p><p>　　As the victim of the ill-judged execution, Tess is noble and dignified. It is

52、the Victorian cult of aristocratic lineage that drives Tess to seek the patronage of Mrs. D’Urbervilles and meet her seducer Alec. It is the unfair class system that allows a rich nobleman to impregnate and abandon a low

53、-class girl without consequence. It is also the Victorian myth of the pure virginal bride that unfairly keeps Angle from accepting Tess as his wife, despite his own besmirched sexual history. These soci</p><p&

54、gt;　　II. Two Characters of the Rebellion</p><p>　　A. Her Character of Resolution</p><p>　　1. Never Yield to Pressure from the Society </p><p>　　The contest between corruption and in

55、nocence to take place not in a field, but within the human heart itself. In Tess’s life, there are two men- Alec D’Urbervilles and Angle Clare, who both change Tess’s fate and make her fall into the abyss of misery toget

56、her. Tess is a pure woman tangled up to the tragedy web which is delineated by the imposed fate. That is too unfair to accept by anybody. But in view of distinct attitudes to the two men, one as god, the other as devil.

57、As the result, Tess’s r</p><p>　　Alec is manipulative, sinister young man who does everything he can to seduce the inexperience Tess when she comes to work for his family. His devilish associations are evide

58、nt when he seduces her as the serpent in Genesis seduced Eve. Additionally, like the famous depiction of Satan in Milton’s Paradise Lost, Alec does not try to hide his bad qualities. In fact, like Satan, he revels in the

59、m. He promises to provide for the family that brings Tess to “sell” herself to him at the beginning of the</p><p>　　He is not only sensual, but also arrogant and egotistic, physically strong. Alec believes t

60、hat winning a woman required force, not affection, or gentleness. He puts on an air of arrogance regarding women always as inferior to men. Disregarding Tess’s revolution, Alec considers women as carnal objects rather th

61、an as equal human’s worthy of affection. Then, he believes he is different from the ancestors, since he has power over her while they do not but in fact he is just like them, using his powe</p><p>　　2. Keepi

62、ng Apartness to Alec and Killing Him Finally </p><p>　　When Tess comes across with Alec near four years later in the village of Ever Head, though Alec D’Urbervilles seems first to have undergone a remarkable

63、 transformation from a rake into a pious and religious man, he discards this posture so effortlessly and quickly that it seems to have been a superfluous charade—Alec’s attempts to contain his desire for Tess seem weak a

64、t best. Alec is a symbol of evil, he can escape legal sanctions, unaffected. He represents a larger moral principle rather than </p><p>　　When Tess refuses to marry Alec despite the social advantage the matc

65、h would give her, and refuses his offers of help because she does not sincerely love him, we see her as more than an unwitting victim: her integrity and courage make her heroic. Thus, in the latter part, as Angle returns

66、 with renewed loyalty and love for Tess, it becomes apparent that Alec’s trick has considerably broken down Tess’s loyalty to Angle. Torn apart, her shame and grief cause her violent side to explode; Tess now ki</p>

67、;<p>　　In a word, Alec of the representatives of the bourgeoisie, he has a bourgeois state apparatus, law, and ethics, as a backup. Wealth can rely on the law and not easily bullied and on the playing Tess. Tess a

68、nd his contradictions, it can also be said that the workers are oppressed and the specific performance of the entire capitalist social contradictions. Tess beginning of his attitude is very clear, she publicly declares h

69、is obnoxious. Later, at a farm, she puts up a struggle to him. Finally, sh</p><p>　　B. Her Character of Cowardliness</p><p>　　1. Her Love for Clare </p><p>　　In great contrast to Al

70、ec, Angle wins Tess by sweet words and kindness, and appears an angle and a savior to the troubled but coping Tess. In fact, he is a more complicated person. It can be said that the Victorian bourgeois morality physicall

71、y destroys her, but she eventually tenaciously climbs up. And now Angel deals the fatal blow to her spirit. A freethinking son is born into the family of a provincial parson and determined to set himself up as farmer ins

72、tead of going to Cambridge like his c</p><p>　　He thinks of this at the time of the British bourgeoisie humanitarian and historical conditions, bourgeois rule in a very brutal, very tragic life of the peasan

73、t class, a certain progress is meaningless. However, it must be pointed out is that he has not really jump out of his area against the old moral values, He has not really despised from the class prejudices. He decides to

74、 stand for the bourgeois ideology and his inevitable departure from the selfish interests. Although he goes to the farme</p><p>　　Angel loves Tess because he believes that she is sweet but first of all, she

75、is pure. Tess’s denial of him shows that she is concerned about what her past may mean to her future. To Angle, her denial seems to signify that Tess is even more virtuous than he thinks of. As he persistently seeks Tess

76、’s acceptance of marriage, she feels nervous and contradictive again and again. Tess understands that a woman’s virginity is regarded as supremely important by most of her society, and that Angle does no</p><p

77、>　　No one can refuse happiness. The former rejections go to waste after Tess gladly marries Angel with a feeling of guilty and worries. She is so afraid of losing her husband that makes her life restless all the time.

78、 Later on, when she knows a similar error in Angel’s past “eight-and forty hours” dissipation with a stranger in London, she securely makes her confession and hopes to get Angle’s forgiveness. Tess has thought although A

79、ngel didn’t find the letter under the carpet he can forgive her an</p><p>　　Although Angel remains the die-hard progressive, the pressure of conforming to English propriety coupled with his troubled view of

80、his marriage stifles his growth. Even though he has decided to remove all the obstacles and choose a country milkmaid-Tess, as his wife, he still lacks courage to eliminate the old moral value thoroughly and get rid of t

81、he old influences. He treasures the family reputation and his dignity more than the love to Tess. There is yet a great distance between his enlighten</p><p>　　Angel has the same past as Tess’s, but he cannot

82、 forgive Tess as Tess forgives him. He no longer sees the woman he once has seen and has married only hours ago. For him, the lover who’s beloved has been transformed in his mind from the embodiment of purity into the ta

83、rnished reality of a fallen woman. He says to Tess, “the woman I have loving is not you,” but “another woman in your shape” [1]. Although Tess is sincere, Angel still “l(fā)ooked upon her as a species of impostor; a guilty w

84、oman, in the</p><p>　　2. Her Second Stay with Alec </p><p>　　While enduring the abandoned life, as Tess struggles with Alec’s temptation, her need for Angel, becomes more and more desperate. If

85、Angel were to return to her and do his duty as her husband, her problems would greatly diminish. She writes to Angel and pleads that he not judges her on her irretrievable past. Tess’s situation thus makes her very vulne

86、rable to Alec’s persuasions. She is obviously heartbroken and needs to be loved more than ever. She is also distraught by her family’s ever-worseni</p><p>　　Tess’ love is not given the spirit of transcendenc

87、e and physical beauty, but with the loss of self-emaciated blind and miserable, unrealistic to imagine that there is no hope with the chessboard, and all are attributable to the self - destiny of the fate and helplessnes

88、s. Her life is not worthwhile to an attachment that her man and this is a profound tragedy. When she feels the opinions of all the sacrifices so insignificant, as all acts of levity, finally decides to angrily rebel. Of

89、course, Te</p><p>　　“O why have you treated me so monstrously, Angel!</p><p>　　I do not deserve it. I have thought it all over carefully,</p><p>　　And I can never, never forgive you

90、! You know that </p><p>　　I did not intend to wrong you-why you so wronged me?</p><p>　　You are cruel, cruel indeed! I will try to forget you.</p><p>　　It is all injustice I have re

91、ceived at your hands.” [1] </p><p>　　Even when Angel comes back with love and loyalty to ask for her forgiveness, she says to him: “Too late, too late!” “Don’t come close to me, Angel! No- you must not, keep

92、 away” [1]. All of these are still not Tess’s real intentions from her posterior acts. When she stays with Angel while escaping to be arrested, she says: “I want you to go on loving me. I’m afraid you might reject me one

93、 day for what I’ve done. Then I would rather be dead I must have been mad to kill him! But I don’t want to be </p><p>　　3. Her Original Opinions and Fantasy </p><p>　　Doesn’t Tess want to be a g

94、ood woman? Certainly she hopes so! There is no doubt that Tess’s original opinions must be a pure girl and a loyal wife. She attempts to find always to get mercy from the society and understanding of Angel at first, but

95、without success in the end. If Angel gives her a renewed chance, she must not rebel from beginning till end. So, it is fated the cowardliness of Tess’s rebellion.</p><p>　　Conclusion</p><p>　　Ma

96、ny people based on the purity of the pure innocence, no selfishness, no taint of the original meaning view Tess, only recognize the "purity" in the rational meaning. In any case it is difficult to recognize Tes

97、s. In fact, the moral purity is the purity and integrity, which is beyond a specific image of the eternal purity. Because of individual values and attitudes, if we blindly stick to the original meaning of the expense of

98、other values, it is unjustifiable. Tess is a pure source of the trag</p><p>　　Hardy believes that the distortions in the customs and laws of human nature, and sometimes even derange, cause mental depression.

99、 When a person's physical or mental needs to be restrained, they will use other means to vent. Sometimes, expressed as a symbolic protest, sometimes manifested as deviant drastic action. This is a fight for survival