研究生專業(yè)英語淺

1、研究生專業(yè)英語淺談 — 普通外科篇,寧醫(yī)大總院肝膽外科,學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)英語的重要性,了解相關(guān)學(xué)科最新進展。借鑒學(xué)習(xí)先進外科技術(shù)。撰寫SCI論文。與國際友人交流，互相學(xué)習(xí)。,學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)英語需要從哪些方面著手？,老生常談：詞匯、語法、聽力、口語。這非常令人心煩??！!老師有木有捷徑、技巧、速成？？非常抱歉：木有。,多年的學(xué)習(xí)心得,堅持不懈、反復(fù)記憶、孰能生巧。這是亙古不變的真理。,心得分享，歡迎大家指正!,詞匯篇普通外科專

2、業(yè)詞匯的積累------我說的積累當(dāng)然不是簡單的機械式的積累,是領(lǐng)悟和消化之后,變成自己的東西,隨時能看懂的（不要求大家記住），就像多年的老朋友見面，雖然面貌有改變，但仍然能從眉目間辨認出她。,詞匯篇,我們學(xué)過的基礎(chǔ)單詞，在專業(yè)英語中有不同的意思。例如：acute 急性的，advice 醫(yī)囑，agent 試劑，angry 腫痛發(fā)炎的，article 關(guān)節(jié)，attach 侵襲，發(fā)作；backflow 反流，bank 移植庫，basi

3、n 骨盆，第三腦室，bedside 臨床，binding (食物)引起便秘的，boss 結(jié)節(jié)，bypass 分流術(shù)；canal 管道，carrier 帶菌者，collapse 虛脫，colony 菌落，complain 主訴，,詞匯篇,Complication 合并癥，concentration 濃度，condition 病情，conduct 引流，congested 充血的，consolidate 實變，consultation 會

4、診，constrict 狹窄，convulse 痙攣，course 病程、療程、月經(jīng)；drain 引流液，dressing 敷料；effusion 滲出液，envelope 包膜，erosion 糜爛，essential 特發(fā)的、原發(fā)的；failure 衰竭，film 薄膜，focus 病灶，frank 癥狀明顯的,詞匯篇,Fullness 餐后飽脹感，fur 舌苔；gather 化膿，general 全身性的、廣泛的，grip

5、e 腸絞痛，gross （不用microtel）肉眼能看到的，growth 腫瘤；Habit 體型，hack 干咳，heroics (藥物)劑量大的，hot 強放射性的，humor 體液；Incidence 發(fā)病率，indication 適應(yīng)癥，insides 胃部，insult 損害，intention 愈合，intractable 難治的、頑固的，irrigate 沖洗。,詞匯篇,Knit 骨愈合，killer 致死疾病、止疼藥

6、，Light 易消化的、清淡的，loosen 使腸道通暢，lump 腫塊；Mass 腫塊，matter 膿，mature 使化膿，mild 輕度，Onset 發(fā)病、起病，overgrowth 增生、肥大，Palliative 姑息的，passage (大小便)排出，period 月經(jīng)期，pollute 遺精，pool 瘀滯，premature 早產(chǎn)兒，preparation 標(biāo)本，purge 瀉藥，,詞匯篇,Queer 稍感不舒

7、服，retention 潴留，Scrub 洗手、消毒，secondary 繼發(fā)的，sign 體征，sound 探子，探條，Tenderness 觸痛，term 預(yù)產(chǎn)期，theater 手術(shù)室。,詞匯篇,比較嚇人的專業(yè)詞匯例如：Pancreaticoduodenectomy，胰十二指腸切除術(shù)分解一下：pancreas 胰腺 duodenum 十二指腸 nectomy 切除術(shù)專業(yè)詞匯其實不專，重點是大家熟記詞根?。。?詞匯篇,常見

8、詞根：1、表示獨立臟器的詞，例如：gastro-胃，duodenal-十二指腸的，jejuno-空腸的，hepatico-肝管的，hepato-肝的，lympho-淋巴的，hemo-血的，hernia 疝的，colonic 結(jié)腸的，chololithiasis-膽石癥……等等。,詞匯篇,2、表示某些手術(shù)或技術(shù)的詞綴：例如 –ectomy 切除術(shù)，lobectomy 肝葉切除術(shù)，necrectomy壞死組織切除術(shù)，-scope 鏡檢

9、，duodenoscope 十二指腸鏡檢查，-plasty 成形術(shù)， lymphoplasty 淋巴管成形術(shù)，cystoplasty 膀胱成形術(shù)。,詞匯篇,3、表示同類事物或或相同性質(zhì)的詞綴：例如：erythro- (構(gòu)詞成分）紅，erythremia 紅細胞增多癥，erythrocyte 紅細胞，erythromycin 紅霉素；Cysto- 囊的，cystadenocarcinoma 囊腺癌，cystirrhagia 膀胱出血

10、，cystoduodenostomy 囊腫十二指腸吻合術(shù)Cephalo-頭的，cephalosporium 頭孢菌屬，Cephalodynia 頭痛，cephlopathy 頭（部）病。,語法篇,在句法結(jié)構(gòu)上，漢語和英語有著本質(zhì)區(qū)別：英語重“形合”，句子中的各個成分（詞、短語、分句）的結(jié)合都用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞和介詞來表達其相互關(guān)系，因此形式比較嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)；而漢語的句法則重“意合”，句子中的各個成分用意思串聯(lián)在一起，不用或較少用連詞和介詞，因此形

11、式比較松散，但詞句比較靈活、簡介。,語法篇,1、朱門酒肉臭，路有凍死骨。The parasites live in paradise, while the masses get into a mess.2、Behind marshals are martyrs; behind victors are victims.元帥的后面是烈士，勝利者的背面是犧牲品。,語法篇—常見的錯誤表達之介詞,一、介詞with使用常見問題及修改。

12、 介詞with在醫(yī)學(xué)論文中的使用頻率很高，其含義很多，可以說是英文中最模棱兩可的單詞，除一些固定搭配外，如“compared with, measured with ,patient with”等，它的含義隨語音環(huán)境的變化而變化，沒有一種確定的意義，這也是常常造成醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文意義表達不清的主要原因。因此，在醫(yī)學(xué)論文中，為了達到清楚表達論文內(nèi)容的目的，盡量避免使用。

13、,語法篇-常見的錯誤表達之介詞,（1）with引導(dǎo)的詞或短語離被修飾詞太遠。 A: Thirty-eight patients(with left colonic carcinoma) underwent one-stage resection for obstruction associated with left colonic carcinoma.To establish a method for separating a

14、nd culturing(high purity synovial cells from human joint) human joint synovial cells from human joint with high purity.,,,,,語法篇--常見的錯誤表達之介詞,(2) associated with 指代關(guān)系不清 The-191G/C SNP in the promoter region of ABCA1 is a

15、ssociated with increased (increases) coronary artery disease. 注：與該句子相對應(yīng)的中文摘要“ABC1基因啟動子區(qū)-191G/C SNP增加冠心病的發(fā)生”，with連接的兩部分的關(guān)系是“增加”與“被增加”的關(guān)系，因而應(yīng)將形容詞increased 修改為相應(yīng)的動詞。,,語法篇--常見的錯誤表達之介詞,（3）With 在并列句句式中的問題如果存在并列關(guān)系的幾個詞或短語中的一個

16、被with引導(dǎo)后，會造成意義上的突然轉(zhuǎn)折，使句子變得難以被理解。修改方法是將with用and代替。 As the hypoxia prolonged, the astrocytes appeared swollen and floating (and necrotic) in the medium with some becoming necrotic.,,語法篇--常見的錯誤表達之介詞,(4) with……with 結(jié)構(gòu)很多同學(xué)喜

17、歡在同一句中連續(xù)使用介詞with，形成with……with結(jié)構(gòu)樣式。造成句子中的修飾關(guān)系混亂，理解困難。A retrospective analysis was conducted in 37 cases with (received) artifial hip replacement with (and) complete following data treated between 1996 and 2001.,,,語法篇--常見

18、的錯誤表達之介詞,(5) with 在比較配對句中的過分應(yīng)用Compared with ,in compared with 作為固定用法，在醫(yī)學(xué)英語中被廣泛應(yīng)用來比較各種事物的比較，但在句子中用到比較級形容詞或副詞，如shorter, higher, less 等，與其相對應(yīng)的應(yīng)該是“than”。 Compared with normal control group, significantly higher serum MDA,

19、DHAA levels,語法篇--常見的錯誤表達之介詞,were detected in RA patient (P<0.05). 注：compared with 與higher 一起使用顯得不太恰當(dāng)，修改后： Serum MDA and DHAA levels were significantly higher in RA patients than in healthy controls (P<0.05). 如果

20、要保留compared with 句式，可修改為：,語法篇--常見的錯誤表達之介詞,RA patients had significantly high levels of serum MDA and DHAA (P<0.05) compared with healthy controls.,語法篇--常見的錯誤表達之冠詞,冠詞是英語十大詞類之一，是不能單獨使用的一種虛詞，他的數(shù)量最少，但使用頻率卻非常高。1、不用冠詞的情況

21、（1）疾病的名稱 We reviewed 81cases who had been treated for biliary fistula between 1968 to 1998.,語法篇--常見的錯誤表達之冠詞,This process may pertain to malignant and premalignant conditions, such as colon carcinoma and adenoma. 注：S

22、yndrome 與專有名詞和用時不用冠詞。 Three patients with functional adrenal tumors, Cushing’s syndrome, primary aldosteronism and pheochromocytoma, who underwent adrenalectomy and were subsequently cured, were studied.,語法篇--常見的錯誤表達之冠詞

23、,(2) 手術(shù)名稱Six patients at 60 to 75 underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy.(3) 藥物名稱Cyclosporin A and dexamethasone inhibited the anti-CD3/CD28 induced cytokine production, but were less potent than FK506.,語法篇--常見的錯誤表達之

24、冠詞,(4) 用基數(shù)詞編號表序數(shù)含義（數(shù)詞放在名詞后）The differences between group 1 and group 3 and between group 2 and group 3 were significant (P<0.05).(5) 縮略語The production of IL-1, IL-6,IL-8 and MCP-1 was measured by ELISA and RT-PCR.,

25、語法篇--常見的錯誤表達之冠詞,2 .使用冠詞的情況（1）器官、組織和解剖部位名稱的單數(shù)形式前一般要用定冠詞。 The enzyme xanthinoxidase is an important source of free radicals in the small intestine.(2) 含有approach,technique, method 等表示技術(shù)方法的單詞詞組前習(xí)慣上要用冠詞the 或a/an。,語法篇--常見的

26、錯誤表達之冠詞,We have provided a regression method to estimate…Toward the full development of a screening method for…The clean-up performed by the coupled-column approach avoids the use of …,語法篇--常見的錯誤表達之動詞,醫(yī)學(xué)英文的表達中，動詞的使用是關(guān)鍵

27、。在使用一些含義較多或?qū)Ｖ感暂^差、不能強烈表達動作的動詞時（如seen, occurred, produced, made, took place, achieve 等），應(yīng)該使用一些含義更精確、專指性更強的動詞代替。,語法篇--常見的錯誤表達之動詞,Expression of complete s1 protein was not seen in E.coli.Complete s1 protein was not expresse

28、d in E.coli.Mild edema could be seen around the tumors..Mild edema developed around the tumors.,,,語法篇--常見的錯誤表達之動詞,No pathological changes were seen in the lung tissues without direct contact with seawater.The lung tis

29、sues without direct contact with seawater did not change pathologically.Plasma NO level was seen to increase markedly after traumatic shock in the rat model.,,,語法篇--常見的錯誤表達之動詞,Plasma NO level increased markedly after t

30、raumatic shock in the rat models.A model of hemorrhage/reperfusion injury was produced by Itoh method.A model of hemorrhage/reperfusion injury was established by Itoh method.,,語法篇—之非人稱主語句,大家會發(fā)現(xiàn)中國人有“人為宇宙主體”的觀點，主體意識很強，開

31、口舉筆，均習(xí)慣以人稱名詞作主語。西方人重視和強調(diào)客觀，因而，英語句式常以物或抽象概念作主語。,語法篇--常見的錯誤表達之動詞,To evaluate what is really achieved with nurse education in an outpatient heart failure population.To evaluate the effect of nurse education on outpatients

32、with heart failure.Incomplete resolution was achieved in all patients after sclerotherapy in the first week.,,,語法篇--常見的錯誤表達之動詞,The symptoms in all the patients incompletely resolved after sclerotherapy in the first wee

33、k.注：Achieved 在這只是起到一個動詞的作用，不代表句子的真正動作，真正動作被放在主語，而真正的主語patient被放在介詞后面，嚴(yán)格的說句子的主語也不是patient，而應(yīng)是symptoms。,語法篇--常見的錯誤表達之動詞,Distant metastasis occurred in 38 of the 59 patient.Thirty-eight of the 59 patients developed distan

34、t metastasis.After coronary angiography, single vessel disease occurred in 13.46%.Coronary angiography identified that 13.4% of the patients had single vessels disease.,,,句法篇—之非靈主語句(專業(yè)英語的靈魂）,著眼于漢語原句和英譯的比較，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)中國人有“人為宇宙

35、主體”的觀點，主體意識很強，開口舉筆，均習(xí)慣以人稱名詞為主語。而西方人重視和強調(diào)客觀，因而，英語句式常以物或抽象概念作主語。,句法篇—之非靈主語句(專業(yè)英語的靈魂）,1、發(fā)怒之后，我不難過，也不后悔。Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst.2、1998年10月我在英國學(xué)習(xí)。October 1998 found me studying in England.

36、3、他氣得說不出話來。Anger choked his words.,,,,句法篇—之非靈主語句(專業(yè)英語的靈魂）,4、他嚇得呆立不動。Fear rooted him to the spot.5、生日那天，她收到了大量禮品盒賀信。Gifts and messages snowed in on her birthday.,,,口語篇-終極之路,大家都會說，哎，看看文章還行。要是談到交流，這就有點兒勉為其難了?。?！原因：1、咱是

37、非英語專業(yè)的同學(xué)，會看文獻就行了，講英語沒有必要練習(xí)。2、說出來害怕別人笑話，這就得不償失了。3、沒有說的環(huán)境，剛有點兒說的沖動，被女朋友一句話（嘚瑟），說得蔫了！等等……,口語篇-終極之路,讓一個名不見經(jīng)傳的人告訴你，只要你想說，誰也攔不住你?。。》椒ㄈ缦拢?、想說話，就說“普通話”，因為大家都聽得懂。那就注意發(fā)音，雖然不能做到字正腔圓，但至少不跑調(diào)。常用的方法就是練習(xí)繞口令。例如：Canners can can what t

38、hey can can ,but they cannot can things they can’t be can’t.,口語篇-終極之路,2、如何突破所有的音標(biāo)，我個人認為，一篇文章（200words or so）就夠了。當(dāng)然這篇文章必須是純正的播音員讀的文章，找這樣得文章太容易了，上脫口秀，找拉里.金(Larry. King）。3、突破發(fā)音之后，大約需要一個月時間（最笨的人我需要的），就是語言素材的積累，這得靠日積月累。素材來源很

39、多；例如，CET-4,CET-6的聽力考題，TOFEL的聽力考題，英文電影的對白，流行歌曲等等。,口語篇-終極之路,M: How was your trip to Chicago?M: To tell the truth I would rather have spent my vacation here.Q: What dose the second man mean?A: He did not enjoy his trip.

40、,口語篇-終極之路,M: Let’s go for a walk.W: I’d like to, but I feel a bit under the weather.Q: What dose the woman mean?A: She doesn’t feel enough to go for a walk.,口語篇-終極之路,There’s no sport I enjoy more than swimming.=Swim

41、ming’s my favorite sport.No sooner had I started to type my paper than the telephone rang.=Someone called just as I started to work.注：這個句型在學(xué)校英語課上反復(fù)講，大家都只是認識，但能脫口而出的就沒幾個了。,口語篇-終極之路,Had I known your address ,I would’ve

42、called on you immediately after I arrived.You will probably save money in the long run if you buy a new car instead of a second-hand one.Down the road around the corner is a nice little gift shop.,口語篇-終極之路,I am in a b

43、it of spot .Can you lend me some money till Friday?I hate it when I get the runaround.That certainly takes him some nerve to be a blood donor for the first time.That she never stops eating without gaining a pound is w