外來(lái)人口在赫爾辛基居住政策方針【外文翻譯】

1、本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯原文：原文：PolicyapproachestoresidentialsegregationofimmigrantsinHelsinkiMixingpolicieshaveconstitutedanimptantpartofurbanplanninginHelsinkisincethe1970s.Plannershousingofficialshavestrivedtocreatesustainspatial

2、lybalancedurbandevelopmentthroughpoliciesoftenuresocialmixing.Therationalefmixingpoliciesisrootedinthenationalethosofegalitarianwelfarepolitics.Asociallyspatiallybalancedcitystructurehasbeenperceivedasabasisfajustequalso

3、cietyhousingpoliciesincludinghousingallowancesaswellastheproductionallocationofaffdabledecentstarddwellingsareperceivedasoneofthemeanstopursueit.Tenuremixinparticularisthoughttohavepositivesocialeconomicoutcomesftheentir

4、ecity.Themaingoalofmixinghasbeentopreventtheaccumulationofsocialproblemsinanygivendistrict.InHelsinkitenuremixhasbeenimplementedbyenfcingareabasedtenurequotasftheproductionofnewdwellings.Mixingoftenuretypeshastakenplacem

5、ainlyattheneighlevelbutalsowithinblockshousingestates.Urbanrenewalprogramhavealsobeenusedtodiversifyahomogeneoushousingstockinsomeolderresidentialdistricts.Inadditionmixingpolicieshavebeenimplementedthroughpracticesofsoc

6、ialmixingincouncilhousingallocation.Lowincomehouseholdsaredispersedamongthebetteroffwhencouncildwellingsareallocated.Thosewiththemosturgentneedfhousingaregivenfirstpriity.Howevertheprincipleissometimesbreachedindertoprev

7、entresidentialsegregation.Finstanceaccdingtothehousingpolicymemumftheyears2004–2008:Ontheotherhattemptstogeneratesocialmixingdonotoverridepeople’sownfreedomtochoosewheretheywanttolive.Sincethe1990scouncilhousingapplicant

8、shavebeenabletospecifytheareasinwhichtheywishtolivewhichmeansthatcouncildwellingsinotherdistrictsarenotofferedtothem.Inadditionapplicants’requestsfcertainfacilitiesImmigrants’housingissueswereincpatedintoexistingmixingpo

9、liciesinHelsinkiatthebeginningofthe1990s.Residentialsegregationofimmigrantswasidentifiedasamatterofconcernbyawkinggroupthatwassetuptodraftanimmigrantpolicyproposalfthecitycouncilin1991.Membersofthewkinggrouplistedhousing

10、asoneofthebasiccommunalservicessuggestedthatpreventingethnicresidentialsegregationwastobeincludedasoneoftheobjectivesoftheimmigrantpolicy.Accdingtotheirproposal:Helsinkihousingpricesrelativetotheincomeoflocalpeopleisvery

11、cheap.Thegeneralurbanapartmentpricespersquaremeterin2000to3000.SpecificallystatedpeopleusedtocalculatethetotalpriceofthehousingareaistheusableareaofrealAccdingtoPhillips.residentialsegregationisnotsociallyproblematicpers

12、ebutithasnegativeconsequenceswhenlinkedwithdeprivation.OnthebasisofouranalysisitseemsthatitispreciselythesekindsofconsequenceswealthofvulnerableethnicminitiesThatHelsinkiofficialshavebeenmostafraidof.Combatingresidential

13、segregationofimmigrantsnamelyrefugeesotherlowincomeimmigrantshastherefebeenhighlyemphasizedevenifpositiveaspectsofclusteringarealsoacknowledged.AlthoughHelsinki’smixingpolicieshavebeenfairlyexplicitintheirgoaltheyhavenot

14、specifiedwhatlevelofconcentrationistoomuchhowtheambitiousgoalsofspatialdispersalshouldbecarriedoutonagrassrootlevel.Whenpolicieslackclearinstructionsonpracticalimplementationmuchroomisleftfindividualdecisionsinterpretati

15、onofhousing.Insuchsituationsassumptionsreasoningbehindthepracticesofcouncilhousingallocationbecomeparticularlycrucial.InHelsinkidecisionsoncouncilhousingallocationarebasedonacasespecificreasoning.Whenvacanciesappearhousi

16、ngofficialschoosenewresidentsonthebasisofhousingapplicants’ownrequeststheresidentcompositionofabuilding.Ifthebuildinginquestionhousesmanyimmigrantsalreadyespeciallyifthereareseverallargefamiliesofficialstrytodirectprospe

17、ctiveimmigranthouseholdsintootherbuildingschooseanotherapplicantinstead.Thelogicbehindthedecisionsisdescribedwellbytwointervieweeswhorefertoanotionof‘‘commonsense’’:Thegovernmentsectparticularlyofteacherspolicenursesinth

18、eselowincomedleclassfamiliessomehaveappliedfgovernmentsubsidiesoffeignwkers.Theincomeofthesefamiliesisoftenhigherthanthestardapplicationfrentalsubsidiesbutalsoonthefreemarketeconomycannotaffdthefamilytypehousing.Mostrepr

19、esentativeofthetakaSurreynearlyonethirdofhousingissocialhousingtheaffdablerentalhousingbythecitygovernmentallothernonprofitganizations.Anotheronethirdofthoseaffectedbypriceregulationthehousingcanbefreelytradedonlyresiden

20、cehousing.Theremainingonethirdofprivatecapitalinvestmentintheconstructionofhousingpricesfullyliberalized.“threeonethird“modelingeneralabitlikeChinaslowrenthousingaffdablehousinghousingbuttheproptionofthedivisiontodetermi