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1、1InterlanguageWhatstartedSLAresearchgoingasadisciplineinitsownrightwastherealizationthatpeoplesuchasLadoWeinreichhadbeenoversimplisticinL2learningonlyasarelationshipbetweentheL1theL2.Alearnerataparticularpointintimeisinf
2、actusingalanguagesystemwhichisneithertheL1ntheL2.DescribingitintermsoftheL1theL2missesthedistinctivefeaturesofL2learning:athirdlanguagesystemisinvolved—thatoftheL2learner—whichalsoneedstobedescribed.Inotherwdstheindepend
3、entgrammarsassumptionappliestoL2learningaswellastofirstlanguageacquisitioninthiscaseinvolvingindependencefrombothL1L2.Nemser(1971)capturedthisinsightthroughtheterm‘a(chǎn)pproximativesysterm’:‘Learnerspeechatagiventimeisthepat
4、ternedproductofalinguisticsystemLa[approximativelanguage]distinctfromLs[sourcelanguage]Lt[targetlanguage]internallystructured’.AnapproximativesystemhassomepropertiespresentinneithertheL1ntheL2.Thisapproximativesystemgrad
5、uallyapproachesthetargetlanguagealthoughitseldommergeswithittotallysometimesitreachesastableplateau.(Nemser1971).“Interlanguage”oftenabbreviatedtoILwasthetermintroducedbyLarrySelinker(1972)thatbecamewidelyacceptedftheL2l
6、earner’sindependentlanguagesystem.Indeedatonestage‘interlanguage’was3oftheL1ontotheL2.●OvergeneralizationofL2rulesinwhichthelearnertriestouseL2rulesinwayswhichitdoesnotpermit.●Transferoftrainingwhenteachingcreateslanguag
7、erulesthatarenotpartsoftheL2aswhenateacher’soveruseof“he”discouragesthestudentsfromusing“she”.●StrategiesofL2learningsuchassimplificationfexamplewhenthelearner‘simplifies’Englishsothatallverbsmayoccurinthepresentcontinuo
8、usyieldingsentencessuchas“I’mhearinghim”.●Communicationstrategiessuchaswhenthelearneromitscommunicativelyredundantgrammaticalitemsproduces“Itwasnicenicetrailerbigone”leavingout“a”.ThecrucialinsightcontributedbySelinkeris
9、nottheactualprocessesthatheputsfwardbuthisinsistencethatanexplanationiscalledfintermsoftheprocessespropertiesofthemind.Hepostulatesnotonlyanindependentgrammarbutalsoapsychologicalmechanismfcreatingusingit.Selinker(1972)i
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