儀表等級飛行員理論培訓(xùn)stage5-213 rnav-gps apch

1、Instrument Approaches,GPS and RNAV Approaches,Overview,GPS and VOR/DME RNAV approaches provide greater design flexibilityWith GPS, smaller airports can have instrument approaches with no need for ground based navigatio

2、n equipmentProcedures similar to other approaches, but equipment is more complex,What’s Coming!,Garmin G1000 From Skylane to Mustang,,Glass-panel cockpits are replacing the more familiar “round dial” cockpits.,The Di

3、fference in the Dials,Airspeed,,Altitude,,Attitude,,DG/HSI,,Vertical Speed,,,,,,,Turn Rate,Skid and Slip,Where are the needle and ball?,,,,,G1000 Block Diagram,G1000 Multi-Function Display (MFD),FMS Controls,Engine and S

4、ystems Instruments with detailed cylinder information and lean assist,Can Display:Topographic DataTerrainTrafficLightning (Stormscope) Weather,Same controls as on PFD, and automatically reverts to PFD image if PFD s

5、hould fail (Reversionary Mode),,,,Autopilot,,GPS Equipment Requirements,As a sole source for nonprecision approaches:ReceiverInstallation methodSupplements section of AFM will tell you if the equipment meets FAA requ

6、irementsHandhelds not certified for IFR navigation (but may be used as aid to situational awareness),Must meet FAA requirements,,,Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM*),Continually monitors reliability of GPS

7、 signal4 satellites is enough for triangulation5 satellites gives you integrity monitoringPrediction of RAIM* availabilityInformation is available from FSS as to which satellites are available for your ETA.,Other Re

8、quirements,IFR approved GPS requires:External Annunciators – ability to display VOR/HSI info, and be advised of error, waypoint etc. messages.CDI displayWhen GPS is selected the annunciator alerts you to: receiver m

9、essageswaypoint passageapproach mode enabledwaypoint hold,Navigation Database,Loaded by magnetic cardwaypointsfixesstation identifiersUpdated regularlyMUST be current for IFR navigationYou may not edit databas

10、e, but you can add user-defined waypoints for VFR use only,GPS Differences,For distance, GPS is always TO the next waypointAlong Track Distance (ATD)Different from DME because it’s not slant rangeDiscrepancy with “DM

11、E” varies with altitude and distance from station. GPS is actual distance.,Other GPS Differences,Heading may vary slightly from published courses due to algorithm used by GPS for variation Waypoint SequencingTO-TO Navi

12、gationHold Mode suspends auto-sequencingApproach mode drop after FAWP requires you to go missed approachDo NOT touch GPS between FAF & MAP… that is the FAWP and MAWP… a Sensor Final Approach Waypoint is used in no

13、n precision approaches with no FAF.,Missed Approach Routing,Not always from MAP direct to a missed approach holding waypoint (MAHWP)So fly the designated track, like a specific course.,GPS CDI Sensitivity,GPS unit usua

14、lly connected to a VOR indicator or HSI Course Deviation IndicatorMeasures absolute deviation from course in nautical milesSensitivity:>30 NM ENROUTE sensitivity = 5nm full deflection <30NM TERMINAL sensitivit

15、y = 1nm full scale deflectionWithin 2 NM of final approach waypoint APPROACH sensitivity = 0.3nm either side of final approach course,Radar Vectors to a GPS Approach,Manually sequence to a legDon’t accept or request ra

16、dar vectors which intercept final approach course within 2nm of FAWP GPS will automatically ramp down to approach sensitivity (.3NM) 2 NM PRIOR to Final Approach Waypoint,RNAV (GPS) APPROACH TYPES,,GPS Overlay of pre-ex

17、isting non-precision approachesVOR/DME based RNAV approachesStand -alone RNAV (GPS) approachesRNAV (GPS) approaches with vertical guidance (APV)RNAV (GPS) precision approaches (WAAS and LAAS),GPS Overlay,,,A GPS

18、 Approach Overlay is an authorization for pilot to use GPS avionics under IFR for flying designated existing non-precision instrument approach procedures, with the exception of LOC, LDA and SDF procedures,GPS CONSIDERATI

19、ONS:OVERLAY APPROACH,Sequence of waypointsArming the Approach ModeTurning promptsProcedure turn promptRAIM check 2nm before FAWPMissed approach – manually sequence since in “hold mode”,,Stand –alone RNAV(GPS) appro

20、ach,,,,GPS stand alone approach,Designed solely for GPSThis is where Basic T really comes inRequirements:For the approach, monitoring of conventional equipment optional when RAIM availableBackup navigation system req

21、uired for EnrouteApproach procedure OTHER THAN GPS required at any required alternateAlternate airport must have conventional NAVAID approach as well,The Basic T Approach Design,,,RNAV SegmentsIAFIFFAFMAP,All dist

22、ances are …Optimum lengthAll segments may vary.,,Terminal Arrival Area (TAA),,,,New Symbols,in the Plan View Section,Terminal Arrival Area (TAA),,,,,,TAA may be used instead ofMinimum Safe Altitude (MSA),,Either a T

23、AA or MSA will be provided.,,,Terminal Arrival Area (TAA)Planview Legend,,Terminal Arrival Area (TAA),RNAV (GPS) RWY 21L PRC,This approach is designed in the basic ‘T’ arrangement,GPS RWY 12PRC,( Half “T”),RNAV/GPS App

24、roach,,,,,,,,RNAV/GPS Approach,The pilot approaches SUSII Waypoint from OMLIE (the IAF) at or above 3,000’,The distance will be 5NM,From BAKEE, the pilot will descend to MDA and proceed to the runway end,MDA for the Stra

25、ight-In Runway 5 approach is 720’,If the pilot does not see the airport or the airport environment at the MAP waypoint, he/she must “go missed.”,The pilot then proceeds to BAKEE, the FAF, on a course of 048o, descending

26、to 1,900,The distance will be another 5NM,RNAV/GPS Approach,,,,,,,Missed Approach,,,,,,,GPS Precision Approaches,Required vertical accuracy needs additional equipment.Wide area augmentation system (WAAS)See AIM 1-1-20

27、Large area coverage with relatively few ground facilities,What is WAAS?,Wide Area Augmentation System,WAAS Development,Planned by and for the FAAUses geostationary satellites and ground stationsBroadcasts differential

28、correctionsAvailability specified at 99.9%Coverage: Entire U.S. Expected availability: NOW,,WAAS,GPS Satellites,Geostationary Satellite retransmits the Differential GPS corrections over a wide area,Differential GPS c

29、orrections from a ground receiver are transmitted up to a geostationary satellite,WAASInstrument Approach Procedure,,,,,RNAV (WAAS) Specific Symbols,,The symbol indicates outages of the WAAS vertical guidance may occur

30、 daily due to system limitations.WAAS NOTAMs for vertical outages are NOT provided for this approach.Use LNAV minima for flight planning purposes as destination or alternate.As the WAAS coverage is expanded the symb

31、ol will be removed.,,,LNAV Non-Precision Approach Minima,Non-Precision Approaches provide lateral guidance only, descent is staged at specific distances along the approach. LNAV,,VDP,,,VASI,RNAV

32、 (GPS) approaches with vertical guidance (APV),,,,Baro VNAV temperature limitations.Baro-VNAV approaches are not authorized in areas of hazardous terrain, nor are they authorized when remote altimeter setting is require

33、d.,,,Chart Information Web based Information Product,Instrument Procedures HandbookFAA-H-8261-1http://av-info.faa.gov/terps/IPH.htm,VOR/DME RNAV,Heart is the course line computer (CLC)Program waypoints by radial &am

34、p; distance from VORsCalled phantom VORsAbsolute deviation (nm) rather than angular deviation (radials)Waypoints for VOR/DME RNAV approaches are stored in the database and sequenced for the approach procedure,VOR/DME

35、based RNAV approach,Programming the RNAV,You ProgramCDI is ABSOLUTE Deviation in NM, not AngularAt least two Waypoints.. Some approaches need more.Some have vertical capability.,VOR/DME RNAV Approach,Minimum of 2 wayp

36、oints required for approachCourse reversals are holding patternsArriving at a waypoint, “TO” flips to “FROM” right at 0 DME!Vertical guidance computerGlide path angleFrom FAF to MDA at 2nm from MAP,The best approach

37、es begin with Planning. The time to study an approach is NOT five minutes from the FAWP/FAF/IAF. In single Pilot IFR, you must memorize an overview of the approach… During the approach you want NO surprises. If you