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1、中國(guó)煤炭清潔高效利用之路,倪維斗 中國(guó)工程院院士清華大學(xué)熱能工程系教授二〇一五年十一月中國(guó)·西安,提綱 Contents一、能源與環(huán)境形勢(shì)嚴(yán)峻1.Severe Situation of Energy and Environment 二、煤炭清潔高效轉(zhuǎn)化2.Clean and Efficient Transformation of Coal,2,2010 – 2050累計(jì)煤炭消費(fèi)≈ 1000*108 tceFr

2、om 2010~2050 the cumulative amount consumption of coal ——more than 100 bt,一次能源消費(fèi)預(yù)測(cè) Forecast of consumption of primary energy in china,,Δ=1.25,Δ=1.0,Δ=0.5,Renewable energy,Nuclear power,Natural gas,Oil,Coal,要點(diǎn):Importance

3、 Point1.煤仍為主力能源Up to 2050 coal is still the dominant energy in china2.2013年我國(guó)人均能源消費(fèi)量約為2.6 tce/a,遠(yuǎn)低于美、德、法、日等國(guó)The consumption per capita by 2013 is 2.6 tce/a, much less USA, Germany, France, Japan3.預(yù)計(jì)2030年我國(guó)人均能源消費(fèi)量4

4、 tce/a(預(yù)計(jì)人口14億)According to the prediction — by year 2030,per capita consumption energy will be 4 tce/a,數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源:工程院 中國(guó)能源中長(zhǎng)期(2030、2050)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究,2011,3,中國(guó)CO2排放 CO2 Emission in China,在2030年后大幅度減排CO2

5、主要還是靠煤的清潔低碳利用!Clean Coal Technology is doomed to be the most important solution for the reduction of CO2 emission in China after 2030,4,數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源:中國(guó)工程院 中國(guó)能源中長(zhǎng)期(2030、2050)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究,2011,應(yīng)對(duì)全球氣候變化,國(guó)際上可能留給中國(guó)的CO2排放空間已經(jīng)非常小——應(yīng)及早主動(dòng)應(yīng)對(duì)而不

6、是被動(dòng)減排The time for mitigation emission of CO2 to meet the Climate Change requirement is quite short. We must enhance the implementation the measures of mitigation,2050年總目標(biāo)(Target in 2050):控制全球溫升在2~3 ℃內(nèi) ,全球CO2總排放需比1990年減少

7、50%左右,只能排放104億噸。If control the temperature raise within 2~3 ℃ by 2050, the world reduction of CO2 emission should be reduce to 50% of 1990,that is, only 10.4 gt could be emitted.2014年《中美氣候變化聯(lián)合聲明: 美國(guó),2025年實(shí)現(xiàn)在2005年基礎(chǔ)上減排

8、26%-28%。中國(guó),2030年碳排放達(dá)到峰值,非化石能源占一次能源消費(fèi)比重提高到20%左右。雙方均計(jì)劃繼續(xù)努力并隨時(shí)間而提高力度。According to the US-Sino Declaration in 2014,China must reach the CO2 emission peak in 2030,and the percentage of renewable energy in total energy should

9、reach 20%.CO2減排是自己和國(guó)際上的需要,還是國(guó)際上對(duì)我國(guó)發(fā)展的制約?是否真心想減排?,5,不可改變的事實(shí) Some Unchangeable Facts,煤現(xiàn)在是、將來(lái)仍是我國(guó)能源的主力。Coal is the dominant primary energy of China not only at present but also in future.66.6%?50% The percentage from 67%

10、 down to 50% by 2030煤炭是中國(guó)最重要的能源,生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)的數(shù)量大、比重高,短期內(nèi)難以替代。煤用于發(fā)電的比例將越來(lái)越大。從目前的49.8%上升到70%以上,絕對(duì)量的增加更大。The percentage of coal used for power generation should be raised from 50%(at present ) to more than 70%.煤的直接燃燒已引起嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境污

11、染。The environmental pollution caused by coal direct combustion are very severe.70%~80%以上的SO2,NOX,汞,顆粒物,CO2等。More than 70% ~ 80% of SO2 , NOX, Hg, particulate matter , etc.CO2, etc.煤的直接燃燒很難解決溫室氣體減排問(wèn)題。When direct combus

12、tion of coal, It is difficult to solve the problem of significant reduction of CO2 emission.,數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源:中國(guó)能源統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒,2013,6,煤炭占我國(guó)探明化石能源儲(chǔ)量的94%,以煤為主的能源格局在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)難以改變,可持續(xù)發(fā)展的出路在于高效清潔利用(包括CCUS)。 Because coal will be the dominant energy

13、in china, the sustainable development of energy is the clean and efficient utilization of coal(including CCUS)2013年我國(guó)煤炭消費(fèi)37.5億噸(包括進(jìn)口2.9億噸),其中用于發(fā)電(含熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn))為18.3億噸,僅占總消費(fèi)量的49.8%。In 2013, coal consumption in china 3.75 bt,for

14、 power generation -1.83bt,only 49.8%of total.2012年世界煤炭消費(fèi)中用于發(fā)電的比例約為53.5%,更低于美國(guó)98%和德國(guó)89%的水平。It is too low, the world average coal consumption for power generation is 53.5%, USA—98%, Germany—89%.,數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源:中國(guó)能源統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒,2013,7,不可改變的

15、事實(shí) Some Unchangeable Facts,電是最清潔、最高效,最便于配送和輸運(yùn)(網(wǎng)絡(luò)化),最便于分布式應(yīng)用,最易于和其他能源協(xié)同,最易于控制和高度智能化,最易于和信息技術(shù)高度融合(互聯(lián)網(wǎng)能源)……的二次能源。 Electricity is the secondary energy of Most clean and efficient, Most easy f

16、or distribution and transmission(to form  network), Most easy for distributed utilization, Most easy to synergy with other kinds of energy, Most easy for control and to form inte

17、lligent grid, Most easy to combine with information technology (energy network).電在現(xiàn)今人類的衣食住行中起到越來(lái)越大的作用。Electricity is playing more and more important role in human life(heating with heat pump, electrical vehi

18、cles, high-speed train).,8,至2014年底,全國(guó)發(fā)電裝機(jī)容量13.6億千瓦,人均1千瓦(2013年美國(guó)3.4千瓦),如將來(lái)做到人均2千瓦,約達(dá)27億千瓦,電力發(fā)展空間很大。 At the time being, total installed capacity is1360 GW, 1 kw/capita ( in US 3.4 kw/capita). China in future will b

19、e 2kw/capita,the installed capacity of electricity should be 2800GW,very significant room for further development of electricity.,9,黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的法制社會(huì)(中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義),蘇維埃政權(quán),電氣化,20世紀(jì)20年代列寧提出,共產(chǎn)主義,21世紀(jì)的中國(guó),,,電氣化,全面建成小康社會(huì)(中等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家),,,soci

20、alism with Chinese characteristics,Soviet system,electrification,In 20th of last century,communism,Present century,,,To complete a better-off society or Middle developed countryor realization of Chinese

21、Dream,,,electrification,——列寧,——Lenin,煤炭清潔高效轉(zhuǎn)化的途徑Ways of Clean Coal Technology,先進(jìn)的燃煤發(fā)電技術(shù) Advanced coal-fired power generation technology進(jìn)一步提高能效,減少排放 more efficient and less emission例如:上海外高橋第三發(fā)電廠 e. g, Shanghai Ygaoqiao

22、 3rd power plant.IGCC煤基多聯(lián)產(chǎn)能源系統(tǒng)技術(shù) Coal based Poly-generation Technology系統(tǒng)過(guò)程集成,物質(zhì)和能量多維度梯級(jí)利用 Process Integration, Muti-dimentional Cascade Utilization of matter and energy甲醇電多聯(lián)產(chǎn)系統(tǒng) Methanol / Electricity Poly-generation

23、system,10,I. 上海外高橋第三發(fā)電廠的先進(jìn)指標(biāo)The advanced index of 3rd power plant of Ygaoqiao,原世界運(yùn)行效率最高的丹麥Nordjylland電廠3號(hào)411MW兩次再熱、低溫海水冷卻機(jī)組,2009年供電煤耗(不含供熱)286.08克/千瓦時(shí)(凈效率42.93%),平均發(fā)電負(fù)荷率89%。折合75%負(fù)荷率下的供電煤耗288.48克/千瓦時(shí)。,平均負(fù)荷率75%,75%,74

24、%,81%,77%,年平均運(yùn)行供電煤耗 (含脫硫、脫硝)Annual net coal consumption (including desulfurization and denitration,全國(guó)發(fā)電平均煤耗 321gce/kWh National average net coal consumption is 321gce/kWh in 2013,11,外三當(dāng)前的實(shí)際運(yùn)行性能Currant operating perform

25、ance of Ygaoqiao,在全年平均負(fù)荷率為75-81%的條件下,其實(shí)際全年平均供電煤耗(包括脫硫和脫硝)276gce/kWh,折算到額定負(fù)荷下的供電煤耗為264gce/kWh Net coal consumption of 276gce/kWh at an average load rate of 75~81%, amount to 264gce/kWh in nominal load.全年平均實(shí)際供電效率(包括脫硫和脫硝)

26、為44.5%,折算至額定負(fù)荷工況,則供電效率應(yīng)為46.5%。Annual average power supply efficiency is 44.5%, amount to 46.5% in nominal load. 排放濃度emission粉塵排放dust:7.55mg/m3; 二氧化硫SO2:17.7mg/m3;氮氧化物NOx:15.19mg/m3廠用電率(額定負(fù)荷)Auxiliary power ratio:

27、<2.0%,,已達(dá)到氣體燃料的排放指標(biāo)Similar to the emission index of gas fuel,12,根本問(wèn)題是CO2的捕捉與處理,這是外三模式所不能處理的問(wèn)題。The key point is CO2 capture and storage, the Ygaoqiao mode can`t be solved.,1350MW、二次再熱、超超臨界機(jī)組高低位分軸布置汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)組1350MW,doubl

28、e reheat,super-heat,parameter with two-shaft arrangement,設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù):design parameters額定功率design output: 1350MW主蒸汽流量:3229T/h,最大3416T/h主蒸汽壓力/一次/二次再熱蒸汽壓力: 30MPa/9.17MPa/2.25MPa主蒸汽溫度/一次/二次再熱蒸汽溫度: 600℃/610

29、℃/620℃冷卻水溫: 19℃,13,自主產(chǎn)權(quán)成果:高低位分軸布置的汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)組The new version of coal fired steam power plant,技術(shù)目標(biāo): Technical index在成熟的600oC參數(shù)下,目標(biāo)為 Steam temperature keeps 600oC,14,自主產(chǎn)權(quán)成果:高低位分軸布置的汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)組The new version of coal fired steam

30、power plant,燃煤超超臨界蒸汽電站不一定是煤高效利用的唯一重點(diǎn)方向 The USC is not the only way for clean and efficient utilization of coal,歐盟AD700計(jì)劃(37.5MPa/700℃/720℃,η=52~55%),此工作自1998年在歐盟國(guó)家已開(kāi)展了10余年,至今未商業(yè)化。The AD 700 programe,already have lasted

31、more than10 years, but still not commercialization.使用大量昂貴的合金材料,其根本原因在于鍋爐是外燃式,高溫?zé)煔庖ㄟ^(guò)管壁來(lái)加熱工質(zhì)。我國(guó)28MPa、600℃超超臨界參數(shù)鍋爐所用的材料P91、P92主要靠進(jìn)口,1000MW級(jí)機(jī)組鍋爐成本約5億,其中2.5億用于進(jìn)口材料。目前已運(yùn)行的超超臨界鍋爐已發(fā)生過(guò)熱器蒸汽側(cè)管道較嚴(yán)重的腐蝕問(wèn)題,其機(jī)理不明。Unidentified of large

32、 amount of expensive alloys for boiler and turbines.若要進(jìn)一步提高蒸汽溫度(如720 ℃或以上)和相應(yīng)壓力,在材料方面會(huì)有更高的要求,這種高級(jí)合金的每單位裝機(jī)所用數(shù)量是相對(duì)比較大的,材料的價(jià)格是一大關(guān)鍵。Increasing the inlet temperature of steam, more and more higher requirements of materials n

33、eeded, it is key.,15,煤直接燃燒,從煙氣里收集CO2代價(jià)很大。High valve of energy and finance should be paid to capture the CO2 from exhaust gas of coal fired power plants煙氣中CO2濃度低(濃度大約13~14%,70~80%都是氮?dú)猓?、壓力低、處理的煙氣體積流量大,因而能耗大(分離和再生過(guò)程均是耗能的)。

34、Because of low density of CO2 in exhaust gas (70~80% is nitrogen),low pressure.按目前的技術(shù),CO2捕捉和埋存使整個(gè)燃煤發(fā)電效率降低11個(gè)百分點(diǎn),投資將增加1倍。原來(lái)發(fā)電效率是45%,則加上CO2捕捉、埋存環(huán)節(jié)會(huì)降為34%。According to present technology CO2 capture will lower the efficien

35、cy of power generation about 11% points.隨著環(huán)保要求越來(lái)越高,尾部煙氣所需脫除的污染物標(biāo)準(zhǔn)越來(lái)越嚴(yán),除SO2、NOX、Hg、PM2.5,進(jìn)一步還有CO2(在直接燃燒條件下脫除要耗費(fèi)較大能源和成本)With more and more stringent environmental requirement, the cost of emission reduction is increasing

36、.燃煤超超臨界蒸汽發(fā)電從技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)(價(jià)格)、常規(guī)污染物的脫除、 CO2減排上都具有一定先天性的缺陷。So, the direct coal combustion has inherent drawback in reduction of conventional CO2 emission.,16,燃煤超超臨界蒸汽電站不一定是煤高效利用的唯一重點(diǎn)方向 The USC is not the only way for clean and

37、efficient utilization of coal,II. IGCC(Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle),IGCC系統(tǒng)的熱效率為44% The thermal efficiency of IGCC is about 44%華能公司在天津建成一套200MW的IGCC電站 Huanen Corp already constructed 200MW IGCC in Tianjin.IG

38、CC系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜,首套造價(jià)12000¥/kW,超臨界約為¥4000/kW。Very complex system,the cost about 12000¥/kW(only ¥4000/kW for super-critical steam power plant),來(lái)自空分設(shè)備,oxygen from ASU,合成氣syngas CO+H2,燃?xì)?400oC,17,stack,gasifier,gas,heat recovery

39、 boiler,gas turbine,steam turbine,desulfuration,sulphur,ash,IGCC(Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle),捕捉CO2較容易 easier for CO2 capture 合成氣壓力高 high pressure of syngas ,≈ 3 ~ 4MPaCO2濃度高 high density of C

40、O2,≈ 40%由于單位裝機(jī)投資較大,所以以氣化為基礎(chǔ)的IGCC只用于發(fā)電在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有較大問(wèn)題,暫不適合推廣。Because of the high capital investment,IGCC only for power generation at present is not suitable for large scale dissemination.,18,III.多聯(lián)產(chǎn):資源/能源/環(huán)境一體化能源系統(tǒng)Poly-gener

41、ation: modern synergetic utilization of coal,多聯(lián)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品:1、城市煤氣 coal gas2、電力 power3、熱/冷 heating /refrigerating4、液體燃料 liquid fuel5、化工產(chǎn)品 Chemical products6、氫氣 Hydrogen7、純CO2 pure CO2,19,多聯(lián)產(chǎn):多維度梯級(jí)利用Poly-generation: casca

42、de utilization of energy a materials,過(guò)程相互耦合,實(shí)現(xiàn)能量流、物質(zhì)流、 流等總體優(yōu)化 Coupling of all process,optimization of energy,materials and exergy flows氫碳比合理優(yōu)化利用(若是一股腦燒掉太可惜) rational utilization of carbon hydrogen盡量減少“無(wú)謂”的化學(xué)放熱過(guò)程(

43、Shift)Minimize the chemical unnecessaries thermal process熱量的梯級(jí)利用(過(guò)程內(nèi)部和燃?xì)?蒸汽聯(lián)合循環(huán))Cascade utilization of heat (different steam and gas cycles) 壓力潛力的充分利用(高壓反應(yīng)、各種膨脹……)Fully use of pressure potential(different kinds of exte

44、nders)物質(zhì)的充分利用(如CO2) Fully use of materials(CO2)電力與化工在運(yùn)行中可起相互調(diào)峰的作用 Power generation and Chemicals production can play the role of peak-valley compensation,20,多聯(lián)產(chǎn):能量與物質(zhì)梯級(jí)利用Poly-generation: Cascade Utilization of Energy

45、and Materials,按化工生產(chǎn)與動(dòng)力過(guò)程的耦合方式:According the Coupling mode of power generation and chemical production并聯(lián)、串聯(lián) Parallel connection,series connection有無(wú)水煤氣變換 with / without shift process有無(wú)反應(yīng)氣循環(huán) with / without recirculation

46、of reactive gases,21,,,,22,通過(guò)過(guò)程集成,聯(lián)產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)可以在能量利用上獲得收益 Via integration of process , Poly-generation system is beneficial in energy and material use.評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)--節(jié)能率:聯(lián)產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)原料消耗與單獨(dú)系統(tǒng)原料消耗(產(chǎn)出相同)相比的下降率 Index—energy conservation rate: the

47、 raw material consumption of poly-generation in comparison with that of standalone production.與單產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)相比,并聯(lián)系統(tǒng)中獲得的節(jié)煤收益甚微;而串聯(lián)系統(tǒng)的節(jié)煤效果顯著,特別是串聯(lián)無(wú)變換系統(tǒng),節(jié)煤率能夠達(dá)到8%。 In comparison with standalone production, the poly-generation syste

48、m in series with shift is the best, the energy conservation rate is up to 8%,Energy conservation rate,Parallel connected,series connected without transformation,series connected with full transformation,多聯(lián)產(chǎn):能量與物質(zhì)梯級(jí)利用P

49、oly-generation: Cascade Utilization of Energy and Materials,23,從物質(zhì)利用角度,最終轉(zhuǎn)化為化學(xué)產(chǎn)品的元素定義為被有效利用。From point of view of material use, the element which is finally transformed to chemicals—so called: efficient material use rate

50、.通過(guò)過(guò)程集成,串聯(lián)系統(tǒng)的碳元素利用率和氫元素利用率均優(yōu)于并聯(lián)。與串聯(lián)完全變換系統(tǒng)相比,無(wú)變換系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)利用率較高,特別是氫元素利用率有明顯地提高。Via integration, poly-generation in series has the better carbon and hydrogen element use.綜合考慮能量利用和物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化水平因素,無(wú)變換、一次通過(guò)的串聯(lián)系統(tǒng)性能最優(yōu) Conclusion:

51、From energy and material use ,once through poly-generation system in series is the best.,Utilization rate of carbon,Utilization rate of hydrogen,多聯(lián)產(chǎn):能量與物質(zhì)梯級(jí)利用Poly-generation: Cascade Utilization of Energy and Materials,

52、Ratio of electricity and methanol,Ratio of electricity and methanol,24,多聯(lián)產(chǎn):能效進(jìn)一步提升Poly-generation: further increase of efficiency,伴隨單元技術(shù)進(jìn)步,多聯(lián)產(chǎn)能效可以進(jìn)一步地提升 Alongside with the technology advancement, the efficiency of poly-

53、generation system could be further increased.,火用 效率 exergy efficiency,串聯(lián)無(wú)變換一次通過(guò),45.5%,in series without shift once-through,25,A:高溫合成氣凈化技術(shù)(盡可能利用合成氣的高溫顯熱)New technology of high temperature syngas cleaning(more through util

54、ization of sensible heat of syngas),串聯(lián)無(wú)變換一次通過(guò),45.5%,49.3%,高溫凈化技術(shù),火用 效率 exergy efficiency,New technology of high temperature syngas cleaning,多聯(lián)產(chǎn):能效進(jìn)一步提升Poly-generation: further increase of efficiency,26,B:離子膜分離制氧技術(shù)(降低制氧的

55、能耗)Ion membrane separation for oxygen production (to reduce the energy consumption of oxygen production,串聯(lián)無(wú)變換一次通過(guò),45.5%,49.3%,50.1%,高溫凈化技術(shù),膜分離制氧技術(shù),火用 效率 exergy efficiency,oxygen production with membrane,多聯(lián)產(chǎn):能效進(jìn)一步提升Poly-

56、generation: further increase of efficiency,27,C:1700oC燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)技術(shù)(提高熱功轉(zhuǎn)換水平) High temperature gas turbine technology (increase the transformation efficiency of heat cycle),串聯(lián)無(wú)變換一次通過(guò),45.5%,53.0%,49.3%,50.1%,高溫凈化技術(shù),膜分離制氧技術(shù),1700o

57、C燃機(jī)技術(shù),火用 效率 exergy efficiency,多聯(lián)產(chǎn):能效進(jìn)一步提升Poly-generation: further increase of efficiency,28,D:水煤漿預(yù)熱技術(shù)(減少煤漿中水的汽化潛熱,降低氧耗)preheat technology coal-water slurry in gasifier(reduce the heat for evaporization of water in slurr

58、y in gasifier,串聯(lián)無(wú)變換一次通過(guò),45.5%,53.0%,57.3%,49.3%,50.1%,高溫凈化技術(shù),膜分離制氧技術(shù),1700oC燃機(jī)技術(shù),水煤漿預(yù)熱技術(shù),多聯(lián)產(chǎn):能效進(jìn)一步提升Poly-generation: further increase of efficiency,火用 效率 exergy efficiency,Coal slurrypreheat technology,29,多聯(lián)產(chǎn):綜合解決我國(guó)能源問(wèn)題

59、的重要方案Poly-generation: comprehensive solution of the energy problem in china,有助于緩解能源總量要求 Beneficial for reduction of energy total amount聯(lián)合生產(chǎn)多種產(chǎn)品,效率提高可以減少總量需求;采用高硫煤拓展了煤炭資源的利用。 Poly-generation of different kinds of prod

60、uct ,higher efficiency, utilization of coal of high sulphur content有助于緩解液體燃料短缺 Mitigation of shortage of liquid fuel可以大規(guī)模地生產(chǎn)甲醇、二甲醚、F-T合成油和氫等替代燃料,緩解石油進(jìn)口壓力。徹底解決燃煤污染問(wèn)題 To solve the emission problems thoroughly完全消除常規(guī)燃煤污

61、染物排放,重金屬等痕量污染物脫除更經(jīng)濟(jì)。,30,有助于解決快速城市化引起的小城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村潔凈能源問(wèn)題:Solve the problems of energy supply in the light of rapid urbanization為具有天然氣管道的城鎮(zhèn)提供城市煤氣煤制DME可以作為L(zhǎng)PG的補(bǔ)充或替代物,很可能是小城鎮(zhèn)尤其是住宅高度分散的農(nóng)村地區(qū)的重要解決方案 To supply the syngas for small

62、 towns and especially the highly urbane parts滿足未來(lái)減排CO2的需要 To satisfy the CO2 reduction with lower cost煤氣化系統(tǒng)可以以較小的成本捕捉CO2在煤的清潔高效利用方面電化共軌有很大潛力,是重要方向 Electricity /chemical common rail has large potential in clean and ef

63、ficient coal utilization,多聯(lián)產(chǎn):綜合解決我國(guó)能源問(wèn)題的重要方案Poly-generation: comprehensive solution of the energy problem in china,理論上,CO2是一種潛在的能源。那么是否存在將CO2轉(zhuǎn)化利用同時(shí)輸出能量的CO2利用方法?,,能量輸出,,高附加值的產(chǎn)物,“燃燒”CO2的反應(yīng)裝置,,?,CO2減排問(wèn)題:礦化發(fā)電,發(fā)電,數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源:四川大學(xué)

64、研究成果,2015,思路:將CO2礦化過(guò)程的化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能,同時(shí)聯(lián)產(chǎn)具有高附加值的化學(xué)產(chǎn)品。 CO2礦化過(guò)程是將CO2轉(zhuǎn)化為碳酸鹽,在眾多碳酸鹽中,碳酸氫鈉(NaHCO3)具有較高的工業(yè)及應(yīng)用價(jià)值。因此,傾向于將CO2轉(zhuǎn)化為碳酸氫鈉。 設(shè)計(jì)了如下化學(xué)反應(yīng):,數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源:四川大學(xué)研究成果,2015,CO2減排問(wèn)題:礦化發(fā)電,如圖,不同濃度(6%~100%)的CO2都可以作為CO2礦化發(fā)電的能量來(lái)源,這說(shuō)明

65、直接采用煙氣CO2發(fā)電是可行的,同時(shí)CO2濃度越高,輸出功率也越高。,不同CO2濃度的礦化發(fā)電效果,數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源:四川大學(xué)研究成果,2015,CO2減排問(wèn)題:礦化發(fā)電,自然堿性礦物礦化CO2的潛在發(fā)電總量,由于自然礦物儲(chǔ)量巨大,利用自然礦物礦化CO2發(fā)電的潛力很大,數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源:四川大學(xué)研究成果,2015,能夠礦化CO2的自然礦物中,橄欖石的儲(chǔ)量尤為豐富,其化學(xué)反應(yīng)為: Mg2SiO4 + CO2 = MgCO3 +

66、SiO2 橄欖石 二氧化碳 碳酸鎂 二氧化硅 據(jù)報(bào)道,其儲(chǔ)量足以礦化燃燒煤炭所排放的所有CO2(即礦化10萬(wàn)億噸CO2 ),其中蘊(yùn)含著約 1080萬(wàn)億度電(理論上相當(dāng)于1萬(wàn)多個(gè)三峽電站發(fā)電量)的巨大潛在能量,是一座未被開(kāi)墾的“金礦”。 但相比與工業(yè)固廢及硅灰石等天然礦物,橄欖石的礦化活性較低,利用橄欖石礦

67、化CO2發(fā)電需要對(duì)橄欖石進(jìn)行活化。目前,我們課題組正在探索高效,經(jīng)濟(jì)的橄欖石活化方法,從而使得橄欖石能夠作為CO2礦化發(fā)電的原料加以利用。,自然堿性礦物礦化CO2的潛在發(fā)電總量,數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源:四川大學(xué)研究成果,2015,Ⅰ 分布式能源系統(tǒng):指由多種模塊化、小型的能源設(shè)備組成,安裝在用戶側(cè),可滿足多種能源需求的能源系統(tǒng)。三個(gè)主要表現(xiàn):小規(guī)模、接近用戶、具備熱電冷聯(lián)供能力的能源系統(tǒng)。分布式電源:指靠近它服務(wù)負(fù)荷的小規(guī)模電力發(fā)電技術(shù)和儲(chǔ)能技術(shù)。

68、,分布式能源系統(tǒng)、可再生能源與智能電網(wǎng),36,Ⅱ 智能電網(wǎng):指以物理電網(wǎng)為基礎(chǔ),將先進(jìn)的傳感測(cè)量技術(shù)、通訊技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和控制技術(shù)與物理電網(wǎng)高度集成而形成的新型電網(wǎng)。特點(diǎn)是電力和信息的雙向流動(dòng)性,以便建立一個(gè)高度自動(dòng)化和廣泛分布的能量交換網(wǎng)絡(luò)。電網(wǎng)安全性要求電力供需保持平衡。,37,分布式能源系統(tǒng)、可再生能源與智能電網(wǎng),Ⅲ 可再生能源發(fā)電: 利用多種取之不盡、用之不竭的能源,這種能源可以再生,是人類歷史時(shí)期內(nèi)都不會(huì)耗盡

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