專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)(土木工程 路橋方向)李嘉 第三版 翻譯 中英對(duì)照

1、Lesson7TransptationSystems交通交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)Transptationsysteminadevelopednationconsistsofawkofmodesthathaveevolvedovermanyyears.Thesystemconsistsofvehiclesguidewaysterminalfacilitiescontrolsystems:theseoperateaccdingtoestabli

2、shedproceduresschedulesintheaironlonwater.Thesystemalsorequiresinteractionwiththeusertheoperattheenvironment.Thesystemsthatareinplacereflectthemultitudeofdecisionsmadebyshipperscarriersgovernmentindividualtravelersaffect

3、ednonusersconcerningtheinvestmentintheuseoftransptation.Thetransptationsystemthathasevolvedhasproducedavarietyofmodesthatcomplementeachother.在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)由網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)組成的模式已經(jīng)發(fā)展了好多年。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)由交通工具、軌道、站場(chǎng)設(shè)施和控制系統(tǒng)組成。這些依照空中、陸上和水上已制定的程序和計(jì)劃運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)

4、。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)也需要和用戶(hù)、司機(jī)和環(huán)境互動(dòng)?，F(xiàn)在的運(yùn)輸體系可以反映出與投資和使用有關(guān)的多方?jīng)Q定，包括運(yùn)輸業(yè)主、承運(yùn)商、政府、每個(gè)出行者以及受影響的非使用者等。逐步發(fā)展的交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)形成了各種互補(bǔ)模式。TheU.S.transptationsystemtodayisahighlydevelopedcomplexwkofmodesfacilitiesthatfurnishesshipperstravelerswithawiderangeofch

5、oicesintermsofservicesprovided.Eachmodeoffersauniquesetofserviceacteristicsintermsoftraveltimefrequencycomftreliabilityconveniencesafety.Thetermlevelofserviceisusedtodescribetherelativevaluesoftheseattributes.Thetraveler

6、shippermustcomparethelevelofserviceofferedwiththecostindertomaketradeoffsmodeion.Furthermeashippertravelercandecidetouseapubliccarriertouseprivate(personal)transptation.Fexampleamanufacturercanshipgoodsthroughatruckingfi

7、rmwithcompanytrucksahomeownerwhohasbeenrelocatedcanhireahouseholdmovingcompanyrentatruckacommutercanelecttoridethebustowkdriveacar.Eachofthesedecisionsinvolvesacomplexsetoffactsthatrequireflexibilitythatmakeit“rightfthej

8、ob”underacertainsetofcircumstances.Theautomobileisconsideredtobeareliablecomftableflexibleubiquitousfmofpersonaltransptationfmanypeople.Howeverwhendistancesaregreattimeisatapremiumairtransptationwillbeedsupplementedbythe

9、autoflocaltravel.Ifcostisimptanttimeisnotatapremiumifanautoisnotavailablethenintercitybusrailmaybeused.在費(fèi)用，旅行時(shí)間，方便性和靈活性等方面，每種方式都有自身的優(yōu)勢(shì)，從而使得它在特定情形下成為最佳選擇。對(duì)很多人來(lái)說(shuō)，汽車(chē)是一種可靠、舒適、靈活且普遍存在的私人運(yùn)輸方式。然而，當(dāng)距離很遠(yuǎn)或者時(shí)間很寶貴時(shí)，人們將選擇航空運(yùn)輸并在當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)輸中補(bǔ)

10、以汽車(chē)運(yùn)輸。如果費(fèi)用很重要而時(shí)間并不緊，或者不能使用汽車(chē)時(shí)，可以使用城際巴士或火車(chē)。ingamodetohaulfreightfollowsasimilarapproach.Truckshavetheadvantagesofflexibilitytheabilitytoprovidedotodoservice.Theycancarryavarietyofparcelsizesusuallycanpickupdelivertomeetth

11、ecustomer’sschedule.Waterwayscanshipheavycommoditiesatlowcostbutonlyatslowspeedsbetweenpointsonarivercanal.Railroadscanhaulanimmensevarietyofcommoditiesbetweenanytwopointsbutusuallyrequiretrucktransptationtodeliverthegoo

12、dstofreightterminaltotheirfinaldestination.Ineachinstanceashippermustdecidewhetherthecosttimeadvantagesaresuchthatthegoodsshouldheshippedbytruckalonebyacombinationoftruckwaterwayrail.選擇貨運(yùn)方式也可以遵循相似方法?？ㄜ?chē)的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于靈活和提供門(mén)到門(mén)服務(wù)?？ㄜ?chē)可

13、以運(yùn)送多種尺寸貨物并可以按照客戶(hù)時(shí)間表上門(mén)收取或交付貨物。水運(yùn)可以低價(jià)運(yùn)送很重的貨物，但是速度很低，并且只能在河流或運(yùn)河的兩點(diǎn)間運(yùn)送。鐵路可以在任意兩地間運(yùn)送大量貨物，但往往需要卡車(chē)再將貨物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到終點(diǎn)或目的地。每種方式，托運(yùn)商都要權(quán)衡花費(fèi)和時(shí)間來(lái)決定只用卡車(chē)或者通過(guò)卡車(chē)、水運(yùn)和火車(chē)聯(lián)運(yùn)。Manyindustrieshavebeentryingtoreducetheirpartssuppliesinventiespreferringtot