大學(xué)化工專業(yè)英語(yǔ)lesson-1

1、ChemicalEngineeringChemicalengineeringisthedevelopmentofprocessesthedesignoperationofplantsinwhichmaterialsundergochangesinphysicalchemicalstateonatechnicalscale.化學(xué)工程是過(guò)程的開(kāi)發(fā)和工廠的設(shè)計(jì)與操作，在工廠中材料以某種技術(shù)規(guī)模進(jìn)行的物理或化學(xué)狀態(tài)的變化。Appliedthro

2、ughouttheprocessindustriesitisfoundedontheprinciplesofchemicalphysicsmathematics.它建立在化學(xué)、物理和數(shù)學(xué)的原則上，適用于整個(gè)流程工業(yè)。Thelawsofphysicalchemistryphysicsgovernthepracticabilityefficiencyofchemicalengineeringoperations.物理化學(xué)和物理定律支配著化工

3、業(yè)務(wù)的實(shí)用性和效率。Energychangesderivingfromthermodynamicconsiderationsareparticularlyimptant.能量的變化，從熱力學(xué)考慮派生，顯得尤其重要。Mathematicsisabasictoolinoptimizationmodeling.數(shù)學(xué)是一個(gè)優(yōu)化和建模的基本工具。Optimizationmeansarrangingmaterialsfacilitiesenergy

4、toyieldasproductiveeconomicalanoperationaspossible.優(yōu)化意味著合理安排材料、設(shè)備和能源，盡可能生產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)多產(chǎn)的操作。Modelingistheconstructionoftheeticalmathematicalprototypesofcomplexprocesssystemscommonlywiththeaidofcomputers.建模是將復(fù)雜過(guò)程系統(tǒng)建設(shè)出其理論數(shù)學(xué)原型的過(guò)程，通常需

5、要借助電腦完成。Chemicalengineeringisasoldastheprocessindustries.化學(xué)工程和過(guò)程工業(yè)一樣古老。Itsheritagedatesfromthefermentationevapationprocessesoperatedbyearlycivilizations.其遺產(chǎn)起源于早期文明的發(fā)酵和蒸發(fā)過(guò)程。Modernchemicalengineeringemergedwiththethedevelo

6、pmentoflargescalechemicalmanufacturingoperationsinthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.在19世紀(jì)下半葉，隨著大規(guī)模的化學(xué)制造業(yè)操作的發(fā)展，現(xiàn)代化學(xué)工程出現(xiàn)了。Throughoutitsdevelopmentasanindependentdisciplinechemicalengineeringhasbeendirectedtowardsolvingproblems

7、ofdesigningoperatinglargeplantsfThisconcentratedonthedesignofplantitemsfspecificoperations.這本書(shū)集中描述了設(shè)計(jì)工廠項(xiàng)目的具體操作。Thenotionofaprocessingplantencompassinganumberofoperationssuchasmixingevapationfiltrationoftheseoperationsbei

8、ngessentiallysimilarwhatevertheproductledtotheconceptofunitoperations.注意到加工廠包括的一系列操作，如混合、蒸發(fā)、過(guò)濾，無(wú)論產(chǎn)物是什么，這些操作都基本相同，從而導(dǎo)致了單元操作的概念。ThiswasfirstenunciatedbytheAmericanchemicalengineerArthurD.Littlein1915fmedthebasisfaclassific

9、ationofchemicalengineeringthatdominatedthesubjectfthenext40years.這被美國(guó)化學(xué)工程師理特于1915年首次解釋，形成了化學(xué)工程分類的基礎(chǔ)，主導(dǎo)了未來(lái)40年的主題。Thenumberofunitoperations—thebuildingblocksofachemicalplant—isnotlarge.單元操作的數(shù)目——一個(gè)化工廠的建設(shè)模塊數(shù)并不大。Thecomplexity

10、arisesfromthevarietyofconditionsunderwhichtheunitoperationsareconducted.復(fù)雜性來(lái)自于單元操作進(jìn)行的條件的多樣性。Inthesamewaythatacomplexplantcanbedividedintobasicunitoperationssochemicalreactionsinvolvedintheprocessindustriescanbeclassified

11、intocertaingroupsunitprocesses(e.g.polymerizationsesterificationsnitrations)havingcommonacteristics.同復(fù)雜的工廠可劃分為基本的單元操作一樣，過(guò)程工業(yè)中涉及到的化學(xué)反應(yīng)也可分成一定的單元過(guò)程（如聚合、酯化和硝化），它們具有共同的特性。Thisclassificationintounitprocessesbroughtrationalizat

12、iontothestudyofprocessengineering.單元過(guò)程的這種分類對(duì)于過(guò)程工程的研究是合理的。Theunitapproachsufferedfromthedisadvantageinherentinsuchclassification:arestrictedoutlookbasedonexistingpractice.單元方法遭受這種分類固有的缺點(diǎn)：基于現(xiàn)行方法的限制性前景。SinceWldWarⅡcloserexa

13、minationofthefundamentalphenomenainvolvedinthevariousunitoperationshasshownthesetodependonthebasiclawsofmasstransferheattransferfluidflow.世界二戰(zhàn)以來(lái)，仔細(xì)觀察各種單元操作中包含的基本現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)表明，這取決于傳質(zhì)、傳熱和流體流動(dòng)的基本規(guī)律。Thishasgivenunitytothediverseuni