外文翻譯--針對巴基斯坦農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口的壁壘世界貿(mào)易組織實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施協(xié)定產(chǎn)生的作用

1、<p>　　1960單詞，3700漢字</p><p><b>　　外文翻譯 </b></p><p><b>　　原文 </b></p><p>　　Barriers against Agricultural Exports from Pakistan: The Role of WTO Sanitary and

2、 Phytosanitary Agreement</p><p>　　Material Source: The Pakistan Development Review 42 : 4 Part II Winter 2003 pp. 487-510 Author: KHALID MUSTAFA </p><p>　　I. INTRODUCTION </p><p>　　

3、There has been growing recognition that Sanitary and Phytosanitary SPS agreement can impede trade in agricultural and food products. Pakistan, in particular experiences problems in meeting the SPS requirements of develop

4、ed countries and, it is claimed, this can seriously impede its ability to export agricultural and food products. Attempts have been made to reduce the trade distortive effects of SPS measures through, for example, the Wo

5、rld Trade Organisation WTO SPS Agreement, although it is cla</p><p>　　The present paper explores implications of Sanitary and Phytosanitary SPS agreement on exports of agricultural and food products from Pak

6、istan. It identifies the problems that Pakistan faces in meeting SPS requirements and how these relate to the nature of SPS measures and the compliance resources available to Government of Pakistan and the supply chain.

7、The paper examines the impact of SPS agreement on the extent to which SPS measures impede exports from Pakistan. It identifies the problems tha</p><p>　　II. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY

8、 SPS AGREEMENT </p><p>　　The SPS agreement concerns the application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures? in other words, food safety and animal and plant health regulations. The agreement recognises that

9、governments have the right to take Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures but that they should be applied only to the extent necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health and should not arbitrarily or unjustifi

10、ably discriminate between members where identical or similar conditions prevail. </p><p>　　In order to harmonise Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures on as wide a basis as possible, members are encouraged to

11、base their measures on international standards, guidelines and recommendations where they exist. However, members may maintain or introduce measures, which result in higher standards if there is scientific justification

12、or as a consequence of consistent risk decisions based on an appropriate risk assessment. The Agreement spells out procedures and criteria for the assessment of ris</p><p>　　Given that Pakistan implements qu

13、alitatively or quantitatively lower SPS standards than developed countries, in principle the SPS Agreement should help to facilitate trade from Pakistan to developed countries by improving transparency, promoting harmoni

14、sation and preventing the implementation of SPS measures that cannot be justified scientifically. Much of this is dependent, however, on the ability of the government to participate effectively in the Agreement. The Agre

15、ement itself tries to facil</p><p>　　III. KEY ISSUES ARISING FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SPS </p><p>　　No work has been undertaken to study the impact of Sanitary and Phytosanitary agreement of W

16、TO on export of agricultural products from Pakistan. Few studies have however addressed the issue of SPS measures and developing country exports directly, although in most cases the related cost of compliance and impact

17、of trade flows is not quantified. SPS measures are claimed to be an impediment to exports of, for example: fish, spices, livestock products and horticultural products. More theoretical wor</p><p>　　An attemp

18、t was undertaken to quantify the costs of compliance with SPS measures in Bangladesh. It was found that the cost of upgrading sanitary conditions in the Bangladesh frozen shrimp industry to satisfy EU and US hygiene requ

19、irements amounted to $ 17.6 million, mainly incurred for upgrading plants over the years 1997-98. This gave an average expenditure per plant of $ 239,630. The natural industry cost required to maintain HACCP was estimate

20、d to be $ 2.2 million per annum. Further, the Gover</p><p>　　The degree to which SPS requirements impeded exports of agricultural and food products from African countries was assessed through a survey of Cod

21、ex Alimentarius contact points. Of the countries that responded, 57 percent indicated that exported products were rejected following border inspection. The main reasons were microbiological spoilage or contamination. Alt

22、hough all these countries inspected food products prior to export, most considered that financial constraints limited the effectivenes</p><p>　　The cost of SPS-related projects supported by the World Bank wa

23、s examined as an indicator of the resources required for the development of SPS controls, both domestically and related to trade, in many developing countries. For example, the cost of achieving disease and pest free sta

24、tus to enable Argentina to export meat, fruits and vegetables was reported to have been $ 82.7 million over the period 1991-96. Similarly, the cost of upgrading hygiene standards in slaughterhouses in Hungary over 198<

25、;/p><p>　　Sri Lanka faced SPS related quality problems in its produce, particularly spices in terms of presence of mould, high moisture level and aflatoxin. The quality related problems were mainly due to cultu

26、ral practices and technological limitations. The estimated average volume loss was about 5,500 metric tons during 1999-2000 and the estimated value of foreign exchange loss due to non-compliance was reported to be US$ 2.

27、9 million per year. The net loss of employment was 2,400 persons every year as a</p><p>　　A broader indication of the impact of SPS requirements on developing country exports of agricultural and food product

28、s are provided by data on rejections following border inspection in developed countries. At the current time, these data are only systematically collected and publicly available for the United States. Over the period Jun

29、e 1996 to June 1997, there were significant rejections of imports from Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean due to microbiological contamination, filth</p><p>　　There is strong need for applicati

30、on of Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures that include enforcement of laws which protect human, animal or plant life and health based on scientific evidence, environmental considerations and use of child labour in the pr

31、oduction process for enhancing export of agricultural products from Pakistan. Appropriate measures are required for curtailing illicit trade practices and ensuring quality of exports in terms of purity of the product, en

32、vironmental considerations</p><p>　　IV. PARTICIPATION IN THE SPS AGREEMENT </p><p>　　Although the majority of low and lower middle-income countries are members of the WTO, the rate of membership

33、62 percent was found significantly lower than amongst upper middle or high income countries 83 percent and 92 percent respectively. Likewise the majority of low and lower middle income countries were reported to be the m

34、embers of the three major international standards organisations, Codex Alimentarius, OIE and IPPC, although less than 30 percent were reported as members of WTO and all th</p><p>　　The SPS Agreement lays dow

35、n certain requirements that aim to ensure transparency in the implementation of SPS measures in member countries. Members are required to establish specific contact points to facilitate communication regarding SPS measur

36、es. This involves firstly, a single national ‘enquiry point’, which is responsible for responding to queries from a single national ‘notification authority’, which is responsible for all procedures associated with notifi

37、cation of new or amended SPS measu</p><p>　　The most significant constraint of Pakistan on effective participation in the SPS Agreement is judged to be its insufficient ability to assess the implications of

38、developed country SPS requirements following notification. Insufficient ability to participate effectively in the dispute settlement procedures and to demonstrate that domestic SPS measures are equivalent to developed co

39、untry requirements are considered as major constraints. These constraints clearly relate to the level of access to sc</p><p>　　VI. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE SPS MEASURES FOR PAKISTAN </p><p>　　E

40、conomic Dependency </p><p>　　SPS measures can effectively force exporters in Pakistan and various institutions that represent them, into very specific production and trading methods. To service export trade,

41、 firms in Pakistan will have to implement specific systems such as HACCP, or sign up to particular quality assurance schemes that would add significantly to their costs. In the extreme, such requirements may tie exporter

42、s in Pakistan to a particular trade. These arrangements may be attractive and lucrative in the short t</p><p>　　Quality of Products in the Domestic Market </p><p>　　The issue of product quality

43、in the domestic market has an important bearing on its export to developed country markets. There are several examples of products that do not meet the required SPS standards for exports, being sold in local markets. Giv

44、en the circumstances of rejection of products from the export trade, this might seriously threaten the welfare of local consumers. Naturally this will depend on how local SPS standards are applied, but there are widespre

45、ad complaints of products with </p><p>　　The export business may even detract products from the local markets. As such, local consumer welfare in the country may be compromised by either the nonavailability

46、of the product, or its limited availability at high price. This is obviously a dualistic problem. On the one hand, consumer welfare may be lowered by nonavailability of the traditional product, whilst on the other it may

47、 be augmented by financial benefits to exporters. </p><p>　　Enhanced Export Potential </p><p>　　Once exporters from Pakistan have met SPS standards as applied by other countries, it may be possi

48、ble for them to widen their export base, and supply to a range of different markets. As noted earlier, a number of developed countries have relatively higher SPS standards and as a result, higher export potential. Exacti

49、ng SPS requirements will actually benefit exporters in Pakistan and offer them an important source of competitive advantage. Associated with this they can also exploit the fact that </p><p><b>　　譯文

50、0;</b></p><p>　　針對巴基斯坦農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口的壁壘:世界貿(mào)易組織實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施協(xié)定產(chǎn)生的作用</p><p>　　資料來源: 巴基斯坦的經(jīng)濟(jì)42:4第二部分冬刊2003年 487-510頁</p><p><b>　　作者:博穆斯塔法</b></p><p><b>　　1 簡介

51、 </b></p><p>　　人們越來越發(fā)現(xiàn),衛(wèi)生和植物檢疫(實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施)的協(xié)議會(huì)阻礙農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品貿(mào)易。巴基斯坦聲稱,特別是在經(jīng)歷滿足發(fā)達(dá)國家的實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施的要求時(shí),實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施協(xié)定會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品的出口能力。目前世貿(mào)組織(世界貿(mào)易組織)實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施協(xié)定未能解決巴基斯坦和其他許多發(fā)展中國家遇到的關(guān)鍵問題,人們試圖通過出臺一些措施來減少實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫

52、措施對貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面效果。 </p><p>　　本文探討了衛(wèi)生和植物檢疫(實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施)中的相關(guān)協(xié)定對巴基斯坦農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口的影響。它指出了巴基斯坦在滿足實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施的要求時(shí)所面臨的問題,并從巴基斯坦政府和其現(xiàn)有供應(yīng)鏈資源的實(shí)際狀況出發(fā),遵守實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施的條約。本文探討了實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施阻礙巴基斯坦出口的影響程度。本文也指出了在實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施協(xié)議時(shí),限制巴基斯坦參與的問題

53、以及對它目前運(yùn)營方式的關(guān)注。 </p><p>　　2 衛(wèi)生和植物檢疫(實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施)的協(xié)議突出的特點(diǎn) </p><p>　　實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施協(xié)定中涉及到衛(wèi)生和植物檢疫方面的應(yīng)用,實(shí)際上就是食品安全和動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生法規(guī)。該協(xié)議承認(rèn)政府有權(quán)采取動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施,但它們應(yīng)該只適用于保護(hù)人類、動(dòng)物或植物的生命或健康的必要范圍內(nèi),而不應(yīng)通過相同或類似條件的條款任意或無理歧視參與的成員

54、。 </p><p>　　為了在廣泛的基礎(chǔ)上盡可能協(xié)調(diào)衛(wèi)生與植物檢疫措施,他們鼓勵(lì)成員立足于國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、指南和建議。然而,只有在有科學(xué)依據(jù)或者在適當(dāng)?shù)娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估為基礎(chǔ)做出的一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策下,成員國才有可能會(huì)維護(hù)或引進(jìn)措施。該協(xié)定規(guī)定了衛(wèi)生或植物檢疫保護(hù)的程序和適當(dāng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估水平的測定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。如果出口國能向進(jìn)口國證明其措施達(dá)到進(jìn)口國的適當(dāng)衛(wèi)生保護(hù)水平,預(yù)計(jì)成員國將平等的接受別國的衛(wèi)生和植物檢疫措施。該協(xié)議包括控制

55、、檢查和批準(zhǔn)程序的規(guī)定。 </p><p>　　考慮到巴基斯坦在質(zhì)量上或定量上只達(dá)到發(fā)達(dá)國家的動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施的低標(biāo)準(zhǔn),動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫協(xié)議將通過改善透明度、加強(qiáng)協(xié)調(diào)和預(yù)防不科學(xué)的履行衛(wèi)生和植物檢疫措施從原則上來幫助和促進(jìn)巴基斯坦和發(fā)達(dá)國家之間的貿(mào)易。這在很大程度上是依賴的表現(xiàn),不管怎樣,政府還是有能力去參與該協(xié)議并保護(hù)其有效。該協(xié)議本身試圖促進(jìn)巴基斯坦和許多其他發(fā)展中國家在面對遵守衛(wèi)生和植物檢疫措施時(shí),允許受到

56、特殊差別待遇。 </p><p>　　3 實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施所產(chǎn)生的關(guān)鍵問題 </p><p>　　在巴基斯坦已經(jīng)開展研究實(shí)施世貿(mào)組織衛(wèi)生和植物檢疫協(xié)定對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口的影響。盡管在大多數(shù)情況下,遵守相關(guān)條款所花的費(fèi)用和對貿(mào)易流動(dòng)的影響并沒有數(shù)量化,而且很少有研究涉及到實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施和發(fā)展中國家直接出口的問題。實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施被視為商品出口貿(mào)易的一個(gè)障礙,例如在魚,香料,畜產(chǎn)

57、品和園藝產(chǎn)品等方面。更多理論工作表明,由于發(fā)展中國家與發(fā)達(dá)國家存在著質(zhì)量檢測設(shè)備上的差異,很難與發(fā)達(dá)國家進(jìn)行貿(mào)易,而這反過來反映出實(shí)際消費(fèi)需求或者政府調(diào)控能力(墨菲和施萊弗,1997)。 </p><p>　　孟加拉國嘗試以數(shù)量化計(jì)算在遵守實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施時(shí)支出的成本。據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn),在1997年至1998年,孟加拉國為滿足歐盟和美國的衛(wèi)生要求,主要用于提升冷凍蝦業(yè)衛(wèi)生狀況的成本合計(jì)高達(dá)1760萬美元。這使每一個(gè)工

58、廠的平均開支23.963萬美元。用來維持食品安全管理體系要求的自然產(chǎn)業(yè)成本估計(jì)為每年22萬美元。此外,孟加拉國政府估計(jì)在此期間已用了28.3萬美元,并預(yù)測每年22.5萬美元的開支用來保持食品安全管理體系監(jiān)控程序(卡托,1998)。 </p><p>　　通過食品法典委員會(huì)的調(diào)查,顯示了實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施的要求在一定程度上阻礙了非洲農(nóng)業(yè)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口。在作出答復(fù)的國家中,有57%的國家表示,出口產(chǎn)品被邊境檢查拒絕

59、。其主要原因是微生物變質(zhì)或污染。盡管這些國家在出口食品前都仔細(xì)檢查,但大多數(shù)都由于財(cái)政拮據(jù)限制了檢查程序的有效性,尤其是現(xiàn)有的設(shè)施存在測試和檢驗(yàn)的不足(穆塔薩和尼亞曼迪,1998)。 </p><p>　　很多發(fā)展中國家調(diào)查與實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施相關(guān)的項(xiàng)目的花費(fèi),作為控制發(fā)展實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施所需資源的一個(gè)指標(biāo)。舉例來說,在1991年到1996年期間,為了實(shí)現(xiàn)無疾病和無蟲害,阿根廷出口的肉類、水果和蔬菜的成

60、本達(dá)8270萬美元以上。同樣,1985年至1991年期間,匈牙利的屠宰場在提高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)后,成本超過約4120萬美元(菲格爾和舒勒,1999)。 </p><p>　　斯里蘭卡也面臨著實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施中關(guān)于產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的問題,特別是有關(guān)存在模具、高濕度水平和黃曲霉毒素的條款。相關(guān)聯(lián)的質(zhì)量問題,主要是由于文化習(xí)俗和技術(shù)的限制。在1999-2000年期間,不遵守實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施中的質(zhì)量問題條款而流失的外匯虧損約為每

61、年290萬美元,貨物平均虧損約5500噸。每年由于外貿(mào)出口的損失而帶來的就業(yè)凈虧損值為2400人。此外,7萬個(gè)貿(mào)易商提供符合質(zhì)量要求的培訓(xùn)成本大約為195.4萬美元(賀瑞斯,2001)。 </p><p>　　一個(gè)更為廣泛的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,在發(fā)達(dá)國家邊境檢查的中實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施對發(fā)展中國家農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口的影響。目前,系統(tǒng)只收集到美國公開的數(shù)據(jù)。在1996年6月到1997年6月期間,由于微生物污染,污垢和分解的影響,有

62、大量的來自非洲、亞洲、拉丁美洲和加勒比地區(qū)的進(jìn)口食品和糧食被拒絕。在邊境被拒絕的成本也相當(dāng)可觀,包括產(chǎn)品價(jià)值的損失,運(yùn)輸和其他的出口成本,產(chǎn)品再出口或毀壞(糧農(nóng)組織,1999)。這表明發(fā)展中國家在滿足基本食品衛(wèi)生要求時(shí)也存在著很大的問題。 </p><p>　　巴基斯坦為提高農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口,在其生產(chǎn)過程中大量的應(yīng)用實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施,包括法律的執(zhí)法?在以科學(xué)為依據(jù),環(huán)境問題和使用童工情況的基礎(chǔ)上來保護(hù)人,動(dòng)物或植

63、物的生命和健康。需要采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧┯脕矶糁品欠ㄙQ(mào)易行為,以及從產(chǎn)品的純度、環(huán)境因數(shù)和勞工標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的角度出發(fā),確保出口的質(zhì)量,才能滿足世貿(mào)組織的新興要求。 </p><p>　　4 參與實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施協(xié)議 </p><p>　　雖然大部分低收入和中等收入國家是世界貿(mào)易組織的成員,但入會(huì)率還是顯著低于中上或高收入國家(低收入和中等收入國家為62%,中上或高收入國家分別為83%和92%)。同

64、樣,大部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)顯示出在世貿(mào)組織以及三大國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織中??食品法典委員會(huì)、國際獸疫局和國際植物保護(hù)公約的成員國中,低于30%的成員國是低收入和中等收入國家。 </p><p>　　實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施協(xié)定對成員國在做了一些規(guī)定和要求,旨在確保執(zhí)行實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施時(shí)的透明度。成員國必須建立具體的聯(lián)絡(luò)點(diǎn),方便相互間關(guān)于實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施的交流。首先,這涉及到一個(gè)國家的“查詢點(diǎn)”,它是一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)對疑問作出反應(yīng)

65、的國家“通報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)”,也負(fù)責(zé)所有程序中新的關(guān)聯(lián)文件或修改衛(wèi)生與植物檢疫措施的通知。據(jù)報(bào)道,只有65%的低收入和中等收入國家已經(jīng)指定了一個(gè)“查詢”點(diǎn),直到1999年6月,在這其中才有59%的國家擁有指定的“通知機(jī)關(guān)”。另外,這些比例中也包括了29個(gè)最不發(fā)達(dá)國家直到2000年才被要求必須遵守這一規(guī)定。 </p><p>　　巴基斯坦不能有效參與的最大約束來自于發(fā)達(dá)國家實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施要求的通知,其被判定為對實(shí)施動(dòng)

66、植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施的影響評估能力不足。沒有足夠的能力有效地參與爭端解決程序,并證明國內(nèi)的實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施達(dá)到發(fā)達(dá)國家的要求被視為重要因素。這些限制是一個(gè)重要的問題,顯然涉及到巴基斯坦當(dāng)前的科學(xué)水平和法律專業(yè)知識,在很大程度上也反映了其有限的財(cái)政資源。 </p><p>　　6 實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施給巴基斯坦帶來更大的影響 </p><p><b>　　經(jīng)濟(jì)依賴 </b

67、></p><p>　　實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施,可有效地迫使巴基斯坦的出口商以及代表他們的各個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)使用特殊的生產(chǎn)和交易手段。為了服務(wù)出口貿(mào)易,在巴基斯坦的企業(yè)將實(shí)施具體的系統(tǒng)(如食品安全管理體系認(rèn)證),或報(bào)名特定的質(zhì)量保證方案,這將大大增加他們的成本。這種要求可能會(huì)極大程度的約束巴基斯坦某一行業(yè)的出口商。這些安排可能是有吸引力的,以及在短期內(nèi)利潤是豐厚的,但也意味著出口商將要增加其總生產(chǎn)成本,大量的投資于人

68、員、設(shè)備和貿(mào)易關(guān)系上,同時(shí)也是一個(gè)長期的潛在負(fù)擔(dān),例如以任何理由停止貿(mào)易。 </p><p><b>　　國內(nèi)市場產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量 </b></p><p>　　在國內(nèi)市場上的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量問題嚴(yán)重影響其在發(fā)達(dá)國家市場的出口。有幾種不符合實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施出口標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的產(chǎn)品,卻在當(dāng)?shù)厥袌錾铣鍪?。鑒于這種被拒絕的出口產(chǎn)品仍在當(dāng)?shù)厥袌鲣N售的情況,可能會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響到當(dāng)?shù)叵M(fèi)者的利益。這

69、自然取決于地方實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的采用率,然而在巴基斯坦本地的市場上仍然出現(xiàn)了很多有關(guān)高污染的產(chǎn)品的投訴。 </p><p>　　出口業(yè)務(wù)甚至可能有損于當(dāng)?shù)厥袌龅漠a(chǎn)品。因此,產(chǎn)品的未利用率或者以高價(jià)格來限制其中的任何一方都有可能使該國當(dāng)?shù)叵M(fèi)者的利益受到損害。這顯然存在著正反兩面。一方面,未利用的傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品可能降低消費(fèi)者的利益,而另一方面增加了出口商的其他經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。 </p><p>

70、;<b>　　加強(qiáng)出口潛力 </b></p><p>　　一旦巴基斯坦的出口商通過應(yīng)用符合了其他國家的實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施標(biāo)準(zhǔn),就可能會(huì)為其而擴(kuò)大出口基地,并供應(yīng)一系列不同的市場范圍。如前文所述,一個(gè)國家投入到研究實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的項(xiàng)目越高,就有越高的出口潛力。嚴(yán)格地實(shí)施動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施要求,真正受益的是巴基斯坦的出口商,并為他們提供一個(gè)重要的競爭優(yōu)勢的來源。與此相關(guān)的,他們