外文翻譯--服務(wù)在經(jīng)濟中的作用

1、<p><b>　　附　　錄1</b></p><p>　　The Role of Service in an Economy</p><p>　　1. Economic evolution</p><p>　　In the early 1900s, only three of every ten workers in the Uni

2、ted States were employed in the services sector. The remaining workers were active in agriculture and industry. By 1950, employment in services accounted for 50 percent of the workforce. Today, services employ about eigh

3、t out of every ten workers. During the past 90 years, we have witnessed a major evolution in our society from being predominantly manufacturing-based to being predominantly service-based.</p><p>　　Economists

4、 studying economic growth are not surprised by these events. Colin Clark argues that as nations become industrialized, there is an inevitable shift of employment from one sector of the economy to another. As productivity

5、 increases in one sector, the labor force moves into another, This observation, known as the Clark-Fisher hypothesis, leads to a classification of economies by noting the activity of the majority of the workforce. </p

6、><p>　　Stages of Economic Activity</p><p>　　The table above describes five stages of economic activity. Many economists, including Clark, limited their analyses to only three stages, of which the t

7、ertiary stage was simply service stage into three categories.</p><p>　　Today, an overwhelming number of countries are still in a primary stage of development. These economies are based on extracting natural

8、resources from the land. Their productivity is low, and income is subject to fluctuations based on the prices of commodities such as sugar and copper. In much of Africa and parts of Asia, more than 70 percent of the labo

9、r force is engaged in extractive activities.</p><p>　　Based on the work activity of their populations, however, many of the so-called advanced industrial nations would be better described as service economie

10、s. Several observations can be made: global economic development is progressing in unanticipated directions, successful industrial economies are built on a strong service sector, and just as it has in manufacturing, comp

11、etition in services will become global. In fact, many of the largest commercial banks in the world at present are owned by the </p><p>　　The service sector now accounts for more than three-fourths of total e

12、mployment in the United States, which continues a trend that began more than one century ago. Therefore, based on employment figures, the United States can on longer be characterized as an industrial society; instead, it

13、 is a postindustrial, or service, society.</p><p>　　2. Nature of the service sector</p><p>　　For many people, service is synonymous with servitude and brings to mind workers flipping hamburgers

14、and waiting on tables. However, the service sector that has grown significantly over the past 30 years cannot be accurately described as composed only of low-wage or low-skill jobs in department stores and fast-food rest

15、aurants. Instead, the fastest-growing jobs within the service sector are in finance, insurance, real estate, miscellaneous services (e.g., health, education, professional services</p><p>　　Changes in the pat

16、tern of employment will have implications on where and how people live, on educational requirements, and, consequently, on the kinds of organizations that will be important to that society. Industrialization created the

17、need for the semiskilled worker who could be trained in a few weeks to perform the routine machine-tending tasks. The subsequent growth in the service sector has caused a shift to white-collar occupations. In the United

18、States, the year 1956 was a turning point.</p><p>　　Today, service industries are the source of economic leadership. During the past 30 years, more than 44 million new jobs have been created in the service s

19、ector to absorb the influx of women into the workforce and to provide an alternative to the lack of job opportunities in manufacturing. The service industries now account for approximately 70 percent of the national inco

20、me in the United States. Given that there is a limit to how many cars a consumer can use and how much one can eat and drink, </p><p>　　The growth of the service sector has produced a less cyclic national eco

21、nomy. During the past four recessions in the United States, employment by service industries has actually increased, while jobs in manufacturing have been lost. This suggests that consumers are willing to postpone the pu

22、rchase of products but will not sacrifice essential services like education, telephone, banking, health care, and public services such as fire and police protection.</p><p>　　Service reasons can explain the

23、recession-resistant nature of services. First, by their nature, services cannot be inventoried, as is the case for products. Because consumption and production occur simultaneously for services, the demand for them is mo

24、re stable than for manufactured goods. When the economy falters, many services continue to survive. Hospitals keep busy as usual, and, while commissions may drop in real estate, insurance, and security businesses, employ

25、ees need not be laid off.</p><p>　　Second, during a recession, both consumers and business firms defer capital expenditures and instead fix up and make do with existing equipment. Thus, service jobs in maint

26、enance and repair are crested.</p><p>　　We have discovered that the modern industrial economies are dominated by employment in the service sector. Just as farming jobs migrated to manufacturing in the ninete

27、enth century under the driving force of labor-saving technology, manufacturing jobs in due time migrated to services. We'll conclude our discussion of the role of services in our new society and prepare us for develo

28、ping new managerial skills by arguing that the distinctive characteristics of services require an approach to managem</p><p><b>　　附　　錄2</b></p><p><b>　　服務(wù)在經(jīng)濟中的作用</b></

29、p><p><b>　　1.經(jīng)濟演進(jìn)</b></p><p>　　20世紀(jì)初期，美國的每十個工人中只有三人在服務(wù)部門受雇，其余的工人活躍在農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè)部門。到1950年，服務(wù)部門的就業(yè)人數(shù)達(dá)到了勞動大軍的一半。今天，服務(wù)部門的就業(yè)人員占到了工作人數(shù)的80%。在過去的90年里，我們親眼目睹了我們的社會從主要以加工業(yè)為基礎(chǔ)變?yōu)橹饕苑?wù)業(yè)為基礎(chǔ)的一場大演進(jìn)。</p>

30、<p>　　研究經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟學(xué)家不會為這些事件感到驚訝?？剂挚死苏J(rèn)為當(dāng)國家工業(yè)化時，不可避免地有一個就業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)變，從一個經(jīng)濟部門轉(zhuǎn)到另一個。當(dāng)一個部門的生產(chǎn)力提高時，勞動力便轉(zhuǎn)到另一個部門。這個被稱為克拉克—菲舍假說的觀察結(jié)論，引出了一種依據(jù)主要的勞動力的活動而進(jìn)行的經(jīng)濟分類。</p><p><b>　　經(jīng)濟活動階段</b></p><p>　　上面

31、的表格描述了經(jīng)濟活動的五個階段。很多經(jīng)濟學(xué)家，包括克拉克在內(nèi)，將他們的分析限制在僅僅三個階段，其中第三階段只是服務(wù)。我們采納了一些科學(xué)家的建議，把服務(wù)階段再分為三類。今天，壓倒性多數(shù)的國家仍然處于發(fā)展中的第一階段。這些經(jīng)濟以從土地上獲取自然資源為基礎(chǔ)。它們的生產(chǎn)力低下，而且經(jīng)濟受制于像糖和銅這樣的商品的價格的波動。在非洲的大部分和亞洲的一部分，70%以上的勞動力從事從土地上獲取的活動。</p><p>　　然而，

32、以人們的生產(chǎn)活動為基礎(chǔ)，許多所謂先進(jìn)的工業(yè)化的國家被描述為服務(wù)經(jīng)濟或許更合適。我們可以得到這樣的觀察結(jié)果：全球經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展正走向沒有料想到的方向，成功的工業(yè)經(jīng)濟是建立在強大的服務(wù)部門之上，而且正如在生產(chǎn)加工業(yè)中一樣，服務(wù)業(yè)中的競爭將是全球性的。事實上，世界上很多最大的商業(yè)銀行目前被日本人擁有。然而，服務(wù)貿(mào)易仍是一個挑戰(zhàn)，因為很多國家設(shè)立了屏障來保護(hù)國內(nèi)公司。例如，一些例子中的印度和墨西哥，禁止銷售外國公司的保險。</p>&

33、lt;p>　　服務(wù)部門現(xiàn)在占有美國總就業(yè)人數(shù)的3/4以上，這一趨勢已延續(xù)了100多年。因此，以就業(yè)數(shù)字為基礎(chǔ)，美國的特征不再是一個工業(yè)社會，而是一個后工業(yè)的，或服務(wù)的社會。</p><p><b>　　2.服務(wù)部門的性質(zhì)</b></p><p>　　對許多人來說，服務(wù)是勞役的同義詞，而且它使人想起飛快擺弄漢堡包和靜候餐桌旁的工人。然而，經(jīng)過過去30年重大發(fā)展的服

34、務(wù)部門不能被嚴(yán)格地描繪成僅僅由百貨商場和快餐店的低工資和低技術(shù)工作所構(gòu)成。相反，服務(wù)部門中快速增長的工作崗位是在金融、保險、房地產(chǎn)、混雜服務(wù)（例如保健、教育、職業(yè)服務(wù)等）和零售之中。注意那些增長率低于總的工作增長率（少于31.8%）的工作領(lǐng)域，它們丟失了市場份額，盡管它們顯示增長了它們的絕對數(shù)量。采礦領(lǐng)域和加工領(lǐng)域是例外，它們的絕對數(shù)字減少了，因此顯示了負(fù)的增長率。這種趨勢是隨著冷戰(zhàn)的結(jié)束和隨后的軍事與國防工業(yè)的縮減而加速的。</

35、p><p>　　就業(yè)格局的變化將給很多方面帶來影響，包括人們在哪里和怎樣生活，人們的教育需求，以及隨之而來的對那些對于社會將是很重要的組織。工業(yè)化創(chuàng)造了對半技術(shù)工人的需要，他們可以在幾個星期之內(nèi)被訓(xùn)練來做日常的看機器的工作。后來的服務(wù)部門的增長引起了向白領(lǐng)工作的轉(zhuǎn)變。在美國1956年時一個轉(zhuǎn)折點。在工業(yè)社會的歷史上，白領(lǐng)工人的數(shù)量首次超過了藍(lán)領(lǐng)工人的數(shù)量。自從那以后這個差距一直在擴大。最有意思的增長一直在管理和職業(yè)技

36、術(shù)領(lǐng)域，那些只有受過大學(xué)教育的人才能從事。</p><p>　　今天，服務(wù)業(yè)是經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的源泉。在過去的30年里，超過4400萬的新工作由服務(wù)部門創(chuàng)造出來，吸收蜂擁而至的婦女到勞動大軍中，而且為制造業(yè)中工作機會的短缺提供了另外的選擇。服務(wù)業(yè)現(xiàn)在大約占美國國民收入的70%，假如一個消費者可以使用的車的數(shù)量有限，一個人吃喝的消費量有限，這個數(shù)字并不驚人。然而人們對服務(wù)，特別是對創(chuàng)新服務(wù)的欲望是不知足的。當(dāng)前需求的服務(wù)

37、包括體現(xiàn)老齡人口的服務(wù)，比如老人健康護(hù)理，和體現(xiàn)雙收入家庭的服務(wù)，比如白天照料。</p><p>　　服務(wù)部門的增長造成了一種周期性不明顯的國民經(jīng)濟。在美國的最近四次經(jīng)濟衰退中，服務(wù)業(yè)中的就業(yè)實際是增長了，而制造業(yè)的工作崗位卻減少了。這說明消費者愿意推遲產(chǎn)品的購買，卻不會犧牲基本服務(wù)，像教育、電話、銀行、保健和防火與警察保護(hù)等公共服務(wù)。</p><p>　　有幾個原因可以解釋服務(wù)抗衰退的性

38、質(zhì)。首先，由于自身的性質(zhì)決定服務(wù)是不能像產(chǎn)品那樣儲存的。因為服務(wù)的消費與生產(chǎn)同時發(fā)生，對服務(wù)的需求比對加工產(chǎn)品的需求更穩(wěn)定。當(dāng)經(jīng)濟搖擺時，很多服務(wù)繼續(xù)生存。醫(yī)院像通常一樣仍然很忙，而且房地產(chǎn)、保險和治安等行業(yè)的酬金可能會下降，但是雇員不必下崗。</p><p>　　其次，在衰退中，消費者和企業(yè)都推遲資金的支出，代替的是修理和湊合使用現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備。因此產(chǎn)生了保養(yǎng)和修理方面的服務(wù)工作。</p><p